Abstract
This paper delves into the ideas of European nationalism as it is presented in modernity and in the past focusing briefly on the French Revolution and the time period after 1900. A definition of nationalism is provided as it works in terms of politics, nature, and sociology and how these apply to two presented examples of nationalism working in Europe. Finally the paper gives a synopsis of the interaction of nationalism between Europe and America in terms of trade and commerce and national identity.

Outline:
Nationalism Defined
Examples of Where Nationalism was Successfully Employed
The Effects of Nationalism on the Euro-American History since 1900
The Continuing Effects of Nationalism on the World Today

From the Paper
"The concept of a national identity has lead Europe through a myriad of wars even before the idea of nationalism was full fledged. National identity in a progressively economic state begets unsettling avenues by which the enforcement of particular modernization views by other countries and the struggle to remain the better nation is still prevalent in Europe and in America (Berdahl 1972; 75). Every nation seeks to be able to be the best, provide the best of any number of variables and in the nation's provisions for the people is born patriotism or nationalism and herein, in these economic states is where competition becomes noteworthy because of its instinct to be contrary to the beliefs of other nations and their ideals. "

Tags:hitler, french, revolution, Versailles

Abstract
This paper looks at how, from a certain perspective today, nationalism can be seen as increasingly threatened and how mass migration on a scale unseen before threatens the link between ethnicity and nation and poses the possibility of a nation based on civil rights rather than culture. It explores the origins of nationalism in Europe and the characteristics that can be seen in the nation states of Europe. It then considers the concept of the colonial state and how the "new states" have changed and problematicized out the concept of the nation. It also examines the challenges nationalism will face in an age of globalization.

From the Paper
"What is noticeable about the discourse on ethnicity in anthropology is that ethnic identities (and perhaps all identities predicated on a mimetic self-other relationship) reach their greatest force in times of flux and change. It is not surprise then, to see ethnic and national identity becoming most natural and forceful in times of stress. Indeed, as Mamdani notes (2000) the success of the post colonial leaders in Africa was dependent in part upon their success as deracialisation and forging a common identity for the new nations. Ethnicity and nationalism often co-exist in conflicting ways; one can be, for instance, Italian-American."

Tags:ethnicity, globalisation

Abstract
This paper discusses how the concept of national sovereignty established by the Treaty of Westphalia has slowly but surely been replaced with one of supra-national organizations of various types, assuming both the authority and the responsibility for many tasks that were jealously guarded by the nations of Europe in the past. It examines the Treaty of Westphalia in light of these recent trends and illustrates how the actions of transnational organizations are Machiavellian in their very nature. The paper suggests that this represents a source of future conflict within Europe wherein only a supra-national body can apply effective governance.

Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Review of the Literature
Treaty of Westphalia
Post-Modern Europe
Trans-Nationalism
Transnational Organisations
Essay
Introduction
Part One
Current European Political Climate
Pre-Westphalia Treaty Europe
European Spatial Development Perspective and the Issue of Polycentricism
Part Two
Three Types of Transnational Organizations
Transnational criminal/terrorist organizations
International non-governmental organizations
Part Three
Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe and Transnational Organisations
Summary

From the Paper
"The research clearly showed that the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 represented a demarcation point in European history wherein the concept of national sovereignty was established only to be replaced over time by a number of historical transformations in international law that have profound implications for the European Union of the 21st century. Based on the foregoing, it is reasonable to conclude that the actions of TNOs are Machiavellian in their very nature and this represents a fundamental source of future conflict within Europe and creates an environment in which only supra-national bodies can apply and sustain effective governance."

Tags:INGO, harmony, globalization

Abstract
This paper traces the roots of modern nationalism back to the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars and describes how its ideologies affected Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. The writer of this paper defines nationalism as the right of every citizen and every nation to exist in freedom and to develop its own singularity. The strongest catalyst for European nationalism emerged in the 19th century with the industrial revolution. This paper examines the pros and cons of modern nationalism and discusses how the central European revolution of 1848 sparked a bonfire of nationalism. This paper also explores the effects of nationalism during Hitler's reign.

From the Paper
"For modern nationalism was born in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Effectively controlled by the French republic during the Reign of Terror, nationalism helped repel France's foreign foes. Meanwhile, all across Europe, patriots tried to kindle nationalist flames in the war against Napoleon. So by 1815 there were already clues of how nationalism could spread and quickly develop. During this early age of nationalism, its proponents usually believed that every nation, like every citizen, had the right to exist in freedom and to develop its singularity."

Tags:history, world, war, 2, WWII, history, hitler, ideology, political, europe, industrial, revolution

Abstract
The paper is a historical examination into the German national movement that began after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The desire for unity among the German states, mainly between Prussia and Austria, would eventually be a main reason for World War I and World War II. This in the desire to see a Greater Germany exist as the competing power in Europe by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as an opposition to English, French and Russian domination of the continent. The paper is divided up into three main parts. The first section gives a history of the Napoleonic Wars and the growing concept of nationalism in the German states under Napoleon. It was this hope for unity that helped push the French back and convince the world that German unity was in the best interest as a buffer to further French aggression. The second part of the paper deals with the unification of the German states and the problems and progress that existed from the time of 1815-1870. The growing industrial movement is heavily discussed as being the backbone to the new German Confederation of states. The rivalry that existed between Austria and Prussia, which eventually splintered Austria from the Confederation, is also discussed and how the German nation became stronger due to a more powerful Prussian influence. A complete investigation into German culture, economics and military system of the 19th century is given in this section in a very detailed manner. Repeated sources from English observers and German politicians give an insight into how Germany began to grow as a European power during the middle 19th century. A huge part of this section deals with the German economy and their desire to match England in terms of economic dominance of Europe. The German economic system is examined, run by a harsh yet amazingly efficient centralized government that maximizes output and production from its workers. Finally, the last section deals with the establishment of the German Empire, and how nationalism completely took over Germany as the predominant unifying factor of the German people. The Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent territorial grabs by Otto Von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm The First are discussed, right up until the outbreak of World War I where Germany has officially taken its place as the predominant military and economic power on the continent.

From the Paper
"Throughout the history of Europe, there have been numerous incidents in which a country will affect the entirety of the continent through political, economic or cultural means. These influences upon fellow European countries usually tended to be permanent changes, whether it was the religious division that came upon The Protestant split or The French Revolution's impact on neighboring countries. However, the one event that changed the course of European history and would eventually impact every European nation was the unification of the Germany city-states into a conglomerated country in 1815. Through this development of a united Germany at the Congress of Vienna, Europe would be forever changed and would be forced to compete with Germanic ideals that the new nation would sponsor as it began to build up a nationalistic Germany. What the European powers saw as a means of ending local rivalries and improving economic trade and prosperity to the former states of the Holy Roman Empire, the unification of the German people would taint any optimistic expectations of peaceful coexistence in Europe for the latter half of the 19th century and would take on much more dangerous and bloody connotations as the 20th century unfolded. The united country of Germany, through a series of beliefs and practices that each German citizen began to trust while the country was building itself in the 19th century, would become one of the most dominant and influential nations in European history. These principles were the strong nationalistic feelings that came from the pride and love of what it was to be German, the growing industrial practices that began to be developed in German economic production, and the emphasis on military dignity and strength of the army, coupled with the German tendency to give powerful prominence to German military leaders, would become grounds for building a nation that would tower over the European political environment for years."

Tags:bismarck, kaiser, nationalism, wilhelm, Prussia

Abstract
This paper looks at how nationalism is ostensibly a term which covers such elements as national consciousness, the expression of national identity and loyalty to the nation. It analyzes the concepts of civic and ethnic nationalism and attempts to highlight some of the contrasting aspects, while, at the same time, examine connections between the two ideologies which strive for the establishment, retention or advancement of a nation state. It contains a theoretical, as well as practical discussion of the two forms, citing examples from Europe and South East Asia.

From the Paper
"Ethnic nationalism usually refers to nationalism determined by descent. Ethnic attachments are inherited rather than chosen, and those who exercise an ethnic form of nationalism are generally considered to be those who have been adversely affected by the political development of alternative civic societies elsewhere - the Jews in pre-war Europe, the Kurds in northern Iraq/eastern Turkey or the Muslims in Bosnia and Kosovo to name but three examples. Subject to the dominance of, and perceiving an inferiority to, such other territorially demarcated nation states, these individuals, feeling the need to adopt statehood in order to survive and progress, unite into groups, with the intention of achieving political recognition in the form of their own nation states."

Tags:nation, state, europe, asia, identity

Abstract
This paper explains that the most potent and lasting legacy of East Central Europe is nationalism. The author focuses on differences in terms of national-states and ethnic minorities. The paper relates the political and economic legacies; however, the paper contends that, during and after the Soviet era, the national element had a greater effect on the development of this region.

From the Paper
"In the area of East Central Europe, the most potent and lasting legacy is national, centering on differences in terms of national-states and ethnic minorities. What held much of this region together as a nation-state for much of the twentieth century was Communism, not as an ideology but as the external power that kept the ethnic minorities in check by means of force. The peoples of Yugoslavia were linguistically and culturally differentiated after they had migrated to the Balkan Peninsula in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D.."

Tags:eastern, central, europe

Abstract
This paper uses some of Drakulic's examples of cleavages between Eastern and Western Europe to define the obstacles that stand before a united Europe. It points out that language barriers, currency, nationalism, and distrust are but a few of the aspects that keep Eastern and Western Europe divided, yet many political scientists see a future for Europe in which these cleavages dissolve.

From the Paper
"Through encounters with border police, stories of traveling, hygiene, and personal accounts across Europe, Slavenka Draculic, author of Cafe Europa captures many aspects of the strong social and economic cleavages that continue to divide Eastern and Western Europe. The question provoked by the book, that is, the future for Eastern Europe and its acceptance by the West, is a complex one."

Tags:communism, croatia, drakulic, europe

Abstract
This paper examines the concept of nationalism, which developed as a political ideology and a state reality in the nineteenth century, emerging once various groups of people began to see themselves as part of a nation rather than some other geographical designation. The paper further traces the development of nationalism to the early twentieth century, and can be seen as having a role in the development of various national conflicts, including both World Wars. German nationalism in particular is seen as an ideology of privilege and political entitlement that contributed to increasing aggression against neighbors.

From the Paper
"Nationalism developed as a political ideology and a state reality in the nineteenth century, emerging once various groups of people began to see themselves as part of a nation rather than some other geographical designation. Nationalism became a strong ideology in the early twentieth century and can be seen as having a role in the development of various national conflicts, including both World Wars, with German nationalism in particular seen as an ideology of privilege and political entitlement that contributed to increasing aggression against neighbors. Nationalism changed the face of Europe, creating a number of nation-states that ..."

Tags:Germany, Europe, war, agression

Abstract
This paper discusses the development of a number of social and political movements based around certain ideas about human behavior and society and the relationship between the two, during the nineteenth century in Europe. The paper focuses its analysis on the genesis, development and progress of these movements in the nineteenth century and how they are described by D. Mason in his book "Revolutionary Europe 1789-1989-Liberty, Equality, Solidarity."

From the Paper
"Wollstonecraft was dedicated to the primacy of reason, and it was her belief in reason that permitted her to conceive a world in which women might be seen by the world in a new way, a way that undid the violence of social norms requiring a simple, seemingly serene appearance in women, whose lives were thus molded to fit the dictates of masculine power in society. She also had a freed sensibility that brought her closer to an understanding of the true self. Wollstonecraft's language has a deliberate biblical undertone that is all part of her attempt to restore to women the human right of self-respect. Women resort to artifice in order to place the world, though such assumed feelings are awkward when compared to real feelings. She pleads for women to be seen as they really are. Her view is directly opposite that of Rousseau, though she begins with the same question, noting first that "either nature has made a great difference between man and man, or that the civilization which has hitherto taken place in the world has been very partial" (Wollstonecraft, 1975, p. 7)."

Tags:rights, law, behavior, nationalism, feminism, liberalism, socialism