Abstract
As part of illuminating this relationship, the paper looks at the key phases of the evolution of nationalism starting from the eighteenth century in Europe to the twentieth century around the globe - though some time is also devoted to the seventeenth century insofar as that was the decade wherein the Westphalian system privileging state sovereignty was established.

From the Paper
"The following paper looks at nationalism. Specifically, this paper looks at the relationship between contemporary forms of nationalism and international conflict. As part of illuminating this relationship, the ensuing essay looks at the key phases of the evolution of nationalism starting from the eighteenth century in Europe to the twentieth century around the globe - though some time will also have to be devoted to the seventeenth century insofar as that was the decade wherein the Westphalian..."

Tags:nation, state, viable, models

Abstract
This paper details the fascist regimes in Europe that used archeology as a means to justify and solidify the policies of political leaders and that the abuse of this science continues to this day. This paper centers on Germany's Nazi regime and their manipulation of past history in their rise to power. The research in this paper shows that the Nazis used archaeology not only to justify their claims of superiority but also for oppression and torture. The writer concludes that while archaeology explores the past it will always be subject to manipulation by political leaders who want to legitimize their nationalistic agendas.

From the Paper
"The Nazis did not just use archaeology to justify their claims of superiority, they also used it to oppress and torture other people. They would go on to use pseudo-science to justify their morbid hatred for the Jews. "The Ahnenerbe had a special section known as the Institute for Scientific research for Military Purposes." (Epstein 31) This section carried out horrible experiments on live human prisoners from Dachau and other concentration camps. With these experiments, the Nazis invented anthropological evidence to suggest that it could be proven that Jews were an inferior race by measuring the size of their head. These beliefs combined with Hitler's call for Aryan pride roused a genocidal fury among Germans. For example, the administrator of the Ahnenerbe, Dr. Wolfram Sievers, became heavily involved in medical experiments on Jews who had been thrown in concentration camps. His tests were specifically meant to prove racial differences and the superiority of the Aryan race."

Tags:history, science, europe, politics, nazi, germany, regime, manipulation, nationalism

Abstract
This paper explores the assumption that the views and theories about nationalism are to a great extent determined by the dominant theories, philosophies and perceptions of the age. In this sense it is a contention of this paper that modern nationalism needs to be understood within the context of the broader issues of modern and postmodern speculative thought. This paper also attempts to ascertain the way that theorists and thinkers over the years have understood and influenced the concept and ideology of nationalism. The study therefore provides an overview of the salient most cogent theories and perspectives on the changing views of nationalism. Additionally, the paper attempts to refer these theories and counter theories to actual contemporary situations.

Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Nationalism?
Nationalism and Ideology
Cultural Nationalism
Romanticism and Nationalism
Nationalism as a Social Construction
Hobsbawm and Geller
Summations and Reflections

From the Paper
"It is something of a truism to say that ethnic and nationalist movements have become a dominant force in the world in the past century. It is also relatively easy to forecast that the future of Europe will be shaped to a great extent by nationalistic imperatives and philosophies. One only has to look at the recent history of Eastern Europe and the Balkans for general and tentative conformation of these assumptions. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the fragmentation of the region have allowed nationalisms and ethnic groups to emerge in many areas. And, according to modern theorists of nationalism, we are also seeing the invention of new "nationalisms" that are being constructed by political and ideological forces - sometimes with devastating consequences."

Tags:politcal, social, philosophical, discourse, national, identity, sentiments, movements

Abstract
The writer shows how liberalism in Britain led to the establishment of a welfare state in the next century, and how in Russia, the idea of socialism proposed by Karl Marx developed into the communism of the 20th century. The writer explains how, in Germany, Johann von Gerder encouraged all the states to recognize, absorb and develop their mutual culture, immersing themselves in the country's language, mythology and literature in order to strengthen national pride, and how this sense of nationalism was heightened after World War I to become the fascism propounded by Adolf Hitler in the period immediately before World War II. In conclusion, the paper shows how these developments led to the aggression that inevitably led to World War II.

Table of Contents:
The Rise of the Welfare State in Britain
Communism in Russia
The Rise of Fascism in Germany
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"European nations in the early 1900s entered into a new age of imperialism, and built up their armies in accordance with their imperialistic goals. Mobilization led to antagonism between the nations, and Germany responded by being the first to attack its neighbor, Russia. The policies of the Welfare State were already firmly entrenched in Britain by the time of the First World War, and the government responded to the pressure to provide for its soldiers and their families by increasing its pensions and entitlements. The war itself was an immense drain on England's finances. Defense expenditures rose from 91 million pounds in 1913 to 1.956 billion in 1918. The enormous casualties of the war added an even bigger burden to the medical expenses and pensions the government was obliged to pay. Britain sold its vast amount of securities to help pay their debt, but in October 1916, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer warned that in less than a year, the President of the "American Republic" would be in a position to dictate terms.
"When the Great Depression hit in the 1930s, it hit an already weakened Britain, and the burden of unemployment insurance was deeply felt. What had started out to be an attempt at ending oppression by the wealthy classes in the 19th century, had become an outright attempt to redistribute the wealth by the early 20th century. Britain supported a massive bureaucracy in order to accommodate the welfare system, and the country was barely able to keep up with its obligations. A disproportionate amount of funds was going into the society with not enough being brought back into it by the recipients of social programs."

Tags:adolf, hitler, world, war, II, french, revolution

Abstract
The paper shows that, not unlike the rest of Europe at the time, nineteenth century Ireland was host to a strange new period of politics. The growth and empowerment of a new merchant class that had had its foundations in the later half of the eighteenth century changed politics and strengthened or re-forged alliances. The paper examines one of the results of this which was the gradual re-empowerment of Catholics in the country during a moral and political battle between classes, parties, and English and Irish parliaments.

From the Paper
"Amidst the fear of French revolution and liberal republicanism, a period of oppression set in during the final decade of the 18th century. The rising sectarianism and agitation was a result of many factors not limited to events in France, but the resultant militarization of the government only helped to inflame the situation. By the close of the century the final results of this campaign were anything but apparent. The political force of the catholic middle class had largely been silenced through the 1797 Act banning public conventions, but this did not quell the need for communication between the Catholic underclass and Protestant minority."

Tags:emancipation, free, irish, landlord, state

Abstract
This paper presents various explanations why the First World War began, what were its primary causes, and concentrates particularly on the significance of the rising imperialism during the 19th century, most especially among the European nations (Germany, Great Britain, and Austria- Hungary).

From the Paper
"The First World War was the first-ever war that had brought great destruction and required greater involvement of many countries, most especially the European nations. Evidence of the impending world war started during the early 19th century, wherein colonization and strengthening of military power is the most prevalent activity of all European nations at that time. The World War I was said to have many causes, although the most important and more popular cause discussed by historians today is that the First World War started because of the rising imperialism among competing European nations. The war had two competing groups, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. The Triple Alliance was composed of Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy, while the Triple Entente was made up of Great Britain, France, and Russia. These groups were not originally formed as a triad; rather, each nation became affiliated with each other before and during the course of the war. One of the earliest alliances that were formed (prior to the First World War) is the pact between Germany and Austria- Hungary against Russia in 1879, which is then called the Dual Alliance (Spartacus Educational 2002). The other alliances (that of the Triple Entente, in particular) were formed upon the declaration of the war. The other nations that participated in the war, like Japan and the US, only participated when the war is already escalating. Prior to the First World War, there is already tension between these countries (comprising the Triple Alliance and Entente) because of succeeding events (pre-1914 events) that became the primary reasons for the war to inevitably begin."

Tags:german, britain, hungary, austria, imperialism, europe, land, colony, assisination, national, military, power

Abstract
This paper discusses the cultural, political, and social divisiveness that have resulted from a paucity of central governmental services in some of the new nations in Eastern Europe and provides an analysis of the causes for the violent confrontations that have taken place in the recent past.

From the Paper
"The breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in a number of newly independent nations, whose borders were frequently based on old geopolitical lines without regard for the ethnically based demographics involved. Without a central government in place in many of these regions of Eastern Europe, basic public services have failed, economies have faltered or collapsed and wars have broken out between ethnic factions within these countries."

Tags:bosnia, chechen, cleansing, croatia, ethnic, genocide, kosovo, macedonia, minorities, nato, russia, serbia, yugoslavia

Abstract
This paper delves into the ideas of European nationalism as it is presented in modernity and in the past focusing briefly on the French Revolution and the time period after 1900. A definition of nationalism is provided as it works in terms of politics, nature, and sociology and how these apply to two presented examples of nationalism working in Europe. Finally the paper gives a synopsis of the interaction of nationalism between Europe and America in terms of trade and commerce and national identity.

Outline:
Nationalism Defined
Examples of Where Nationalism was Successfully Employed
The Effects of Nationalism on the Euro-American History since 1900
The Continuing Effects of Nationalism on the World Today

From the Paper
"The concept of a national identity has lead Europe through a myriad of wars even before the idea of nationalism was full fledged. National identity in a progressively economic state begets unsettling avenues by which the enforcement of particular modernization views by other countries and the struggle to remain the better nation is still prevalent in Europe and in America (Berdahl 1972; 75). Every nation seeks to be able to be the best, provide the best of any number of variables and in the nation's provisions for the people is born patriotism or nationalism and herein, in these economic states is where competition becomes noteworthy because of its instinct to be contrary to the beliefs of other nations and their ideals. "

Tags:hitler, french, revolution, Versailles

Abstract
This paper is on the development and similarities of the political system in the nations of Western Europe.

Abstract
This paper looks at how nationalism is ostensibly a term which covers such elements as national consciousness, the expression of national identity and loyalty to the nation. It analyzes the concepts of civic and ethnic nationalism and attempts to highlight some of the contrasting aspects, while, at the same time, examine connections between the two ideologies which strive for the establishment, retention or advancement of a nation state. It contains a theoretical, as well as practical discussion of the two forms, citing examples from Europe and South East Asia.

From the Paper
"Ethnic nationalism usually refers to nationalism determined by descent. Ethnic attachments are inherited rather than chosen, and those who exercise an ethnic form of nationalism are generally considered to be those who have been adversely affected by the political development of alternative civic societies elsewhere - the Jews in pre-war Europe, the Kurds in northern Iraq/eastern Turkey or the Muslims in Bosnia and Kosovo to name but three examples. Subject to the dominance of, and perceiving an inferiority to, such other territorially demarcated nation states, these individuals, feeling the need to adopt statehood in order to survive and progress, unite into groups, with the intention of achieving political recognition in the form of their own nation states."

Tags:nation, state, europe, asia, identity