Abstract
This paper examines one of the ways in which the Chilean armed forces have continued to exert power and influence in post-dictatorship Chile -through the National Security Council, a quasi-governmental institution given the role of convening to discuss threats to national security. This paper shows how, due to the failures of the council to engage in legitimate national security discourse as well as the symbolic nature of this tool of military intervention, it is in actuality a body that is not conducive to the furthering of unity, stability, and democracy within Chile.

From the Paper
"Although the power and influence of the military has been diminished since the end of the Pinochet dictatorship in 1990, the Chilean armed forces nonetheless have managed to maintain a substantial political and civilian role in Chilean society after the transition back to democracy. One of the most important manifestations of this lingering power and influence has been the National Security Council, a near-perfect representation not only of the Chilean military's perpetual political ambitions but also of its fixation upon the notion of "national security." The symbolism of this institution has consequently cast the very existence of the National Security Council in the national spotlight, and it has been one of the most debated and controversial issues of contemporary Chilean politics, especially in the current administration of Socialist Ricardo Lagos. The negative consequences of a sustained opportunity for military involvement in civilian and political affairs, even on a seemingly small scale, such as exists with the National Security Council in its present form is not conducive to further democratic growth and unity in Chilean society. What this paper aims to do is identify the importance of the National Security Council in its implications on civilian-military relations, national unity, stability, and democracy, and to explain how it is an obstacle to these principles."

Tags:america, civilian, constitution, democracy, dictatorship, government, latin, military, political, politics, science, south

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that the National Security Council or NSC was created and established by the National Security Act of 1947. The writer notes that the NSC is the US President's principal forum for matters concerning national security and foreign policy. Further, the writer discusses that the establishment of the NSC has been the response to the need of each administration to develop and perfect a reliable set of executive institutions for managing national security policy. The writer notes that each President was guided by the deficiencies of his predecessors and wanted to set up a system that would reflect his individual or preferred management style. The writer relates that the NSC has, thus, been modified to suit the needs and preferences of each administration.

From the Paper
"The establishment of the NSC has been the response to the need of each administration to develop and perfect a reliable set of executive institutions, which would manage its national security policy. Each President was guided by the deficiencies of his predecessors and wanted to set up a system, which would reflect his individual or preferred management style. The NSC has, thus, been modified to suit the needs and preferences of each administration. The National Security Act of July 26, 1947 created the NSC with the President as Chairman and the Secretaries of State and Defense as its key members. Its principal function is to coordinate foreign policy and defense policy and incorporate diplomatic and military requirements. It also provided for a Secretary of Defense, a National Military Establishment, a Central Intelligence Agency and a National Security Resources Board. Because the NSC was several times modified to adapt to the preferences of each President, it came to be viewed as subservient to him alone. And because its role is to establish collegiality among the departments, it also came to be viewed as a means to controlling and managing opposed departments."

Tags:intelligence, foreign, policy, defense

Abstract
This paper describes the origins and organizational structure of the National Security Council, as well as how its style, vision, and requirements change with each new president and administration.

From the Paper
"The NSC was ratified by the National Security Act of July 26, 1947. The organization fell under the chairmanship of the President of the United States and included the Secretaries of State and Defense as its key members. It is the "highest committee in the executive branch of the federal government for the resolution of national security and foreign policy questions." (Elder 13) One of the essential tasks of the NSC is "to coordinate foreign policy and defense policy, and to reconcile diplomatic and military commitments and requirements." (History of the National Security Council) Furthermore, the creation of the NSC also provides for "a Secretary of Defense, a National Military Establishment, Central Intelligence Agency, and National Security Resources Board." (ibid) It has four statutory members: the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Defense."

Tags:second, world, war, manage, policy, chairman, of, joint, chiefs, of, staff, central, intelligence

Abstract
This paper examines why there is general agreement around the world that the United Nations Security Council is in thorough need of reform, for it has failed many times to meet its responsibility to prevent regional conflicts. The paper addresses this problem by establishing that these failures have been due primarily to fundamental structural and procedural flaws in the Security Council's composition and methods of debate.

From the Paper
The United Nations Security Council: Issues of Reform Part A Introduction There is general agreement around the world that the United Nations Security Council is in thorough need of reform, for it has failed many times to meet its responsibility to prevent regional conflicts. I propose to address this problem by establishing that these failures have been due primarily to fundamental structural and procedural flaws in the Security Council's composition and methods of debate. In the process, I would emphasize that the Council's lack of formal authority to enforce its decisions is another inherent flaw, which compounds its structural and procedural flaws."

Tags:un, security, council

Abstract
This paper argues that the guiding principles of the United Nations Security Council should be a mixture of representative justice and political realism. As the paper shows, the historic organization of the Security Council was shaped not by concerns over representation but by realities of power. In this context, it is argued that recommendations for change must balance issues of representing more of the world's population - the principle of representative justice - with the power principle that has defined the Security Council for its entire history.

From the Paper
"In being asked for recommendations for change with regard to the structure of the United Nations Security Council, and particularly in its permanent membership and veto power, this paper will argue that the guiding principles should be a mixture of representative justice and political realism. As will be seen, the historic organization of the Security Council was shaped not by concerns over representation but by realities of power. In this context, it will be argued that recommendations for change must balance issues of representing more of the world's population - the..."

Tags:un, change, history

Abstract
This paper describes the background of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, why it was enacted and how it is based on the United Nations Charter: Article 2. Next, the author reviews the 1990 Madrid Peace, the 1994 Gaza-Jericho agreement, the ending of the Israel and Jordan state of war, the Oslo II Accord and the amending of the Palestinian Liberation Organization Covenant. The paper concludes that, although Resolution 242 may be seen as being weak in its own context, these accomplishments are examples of the success of this resolution as an operative framework for peace in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The paper includes footnotes.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Understanding Resolution 242 and Why It Was Enacted
Why Resolution 242 Was Enacted
United Nations Charter: Article 2
The Requirements of Resolution 242
UN Resolution 242: The Successful Outcomes of a Guiding Framework
The Madrid Peace Conference
Mutual Recognition in 1993
The Signing of the 1994 Gaza-Jericho Agreement
Israel and Jordan Declare an End to Their State of War
The Oslo II Accord
The Amending of the Palestinian Liberation Organization Covenant
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although it may seem clear what Resolution 242 was conveying after initially taking it in, it was far from what was interpreted by Arabs and Israelis. Israel has pointed out many times that politician's claims that the resolution directs Israel to withdraw to pre 1967 borders are false. Israel attributes these interpretations to misguided politicians who are attempting to infer the meaning of the single word "the" in the French version of the resolution. In the English version the single word "the" does not exist. It was no accident "the" was left out. Diplomats are very exact in their language. "

Tags:prescription interpretations recognition, self governing, hostilities

Abstract
This paper focuses on analyzing a particular aspect of the National Security Strategy, that is, NSS-2002. It uses the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) as a reference point to understand the difference in the perceptions of threat facing the United States and the difference between the two policies. The connection between the two policies highlights some political, economic, and cultural realms that have been affected by the dimensions of the policy. Overall, it is clear that US foreign policy is reactive rather than preventative, since both NSS-2002 and NSC-68 were devised to counter, rather than to prohibit actions that were seen as harmful to the United States. The paper concludes that even domestic policies necessarily affect global economy, due to the integration of societies, thus careful consideration of foreign policy on use of power is imperative.

Outline:
Introduction
National Security Strategy (NSS-2002) and NSC-68: A Critical Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"What are the similarities and differences between the NSS-2002 and the NSC-68? There is the common misconception that the NSS-2002 is simple about combating terrorism. As can be clearly seen from the eight principles outlines, the NSS-2002 surpasses combating terrorism, but has an overarching aim of promoting free trade and combating all aspects of terrorism. It is necessary to distinguish between state-sponsored and non-state sponsored terrorism, so as to understand how the NSS-2002 integrates all aspects of threats irrespective or origin and devises mechanisms to combat these issues."

Tags:foreign, policy, economy, terrorism, military, force

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the issue of reform for the United Nations Security Council. The writer looks at the world's primary instrument for maintaining international order and peace. Further, the writer discusses various proposals and argues that enlarging the structure of the Security Council would be beneficial.

From the Paper
"Inside the United Nations and in both the halls of governments and the popular press, a debate has raged over various proposals to reform the Security Council, to make that organ's membership less exclusive and to improve its capacity to function in response to various crises and issues. As Marianne Hanson commented, the United Nations' Security Council U.N.S.C. remains the world's primary instrument for maintaining international peace and security. Various reform proposals have been put forward reflecting the recognition on the part of ... "

Tags:United Nations, Security Council, international relations.

Abstract
This paper makes an attempt to trace the history of performance of the United Nations Security Council and purposes for which the veto has been used. It also discusses the various reform proposals and their supposed effectiveness in meeting the objectives of reforms. Finally, the paper presents a blueprint of a proposed reforms package.

Outline
The Main Problems of the Security Council
The Past as Prelude
The Reform Proposals
What Dent the Proposed Reforms Can Make-Can they Democratize the Security Council?
A Proposed Blueprint

From the Paper
"The reform of the Security Council has been on the international agenda for quite some time. Even by conservative standards, there seems to be an agreement on the existence of certain problems with the Security Council structure. Based on who happened to be on the winning side of the war 60 years ago, it is not representative of United Nations membership and out of key with the United Nations' Charter requirement of "equitable geographical distribution" of seats. It could reasonably be argued that the original 1945 bargain, which conceded privileges to certain nations in return for commitment, has broken down and should be revisited."

Tags:veto, charter, iraq

Abstract
This paper discusses how, as with any large bureaucratic organization, the United Nations is fraught with ineffectiveness and organizational disarray and how, in particular, recent crises such as the Iraqi Oil for Food Scandal and the un-answered genocide in Darfur have revealed an organization ill suited for the emerging 21st century and the problems that it bears. The paper attempts to analyze some of the proposed measures currently being considered in an effort to best determine the most effective and meaningful route through which reformation measures can be taken.

Outline:
The Issue
Background
Policy Alternatives

From the Paper
"he first approach and most direct approach to UNSC reformation would be centered on the adoption of Frm. Sec. Annan's for mentioned "In Larger Freedom"(Annan2005) outline. The most crucial element of this particular reform measure is its focus on the increase of permanent seats to the existing UNSC Model. "Freedom" focuses in particular on the inclusion of the G4 nations of Japan, Germany, India, and Brazil. The focus is on these nations in an attempt to better emphasize the shifting global power paradigms of the 21st century. Each of the mentioned candidates has emerged into the new century as powerful economic nations and better reflect a more modern approach to collective security. "

Tags:Kofi, Annan, G4, power