Abstract
The paper explores what being "Canadian" means and what the essence of the Canadian national identity is. The paper shows how this turns out to be a surprisingly difficult question to answer - and it does not suffice to say that being Canadian means "not-being-American"! The paper discusses how there are not many countries in the world where people wonder as much about their national identity as in Canada.

From the Paper
"What does being "Canadian" mean? In other words, what is the essence of the Canadian national identity? Once we start to think about it, this turns out to be a surprisingly difficult question to answer - and it will not suffice to say that being Canadian means "not-being-American"! There are not many countries in the world where people wonder as much about their national identity as in Canada. Most Iraqis, for example, seem pretty clear about who they are, as do most South Africans, most Americans, most Israelis, most Brits, most French people, most Scots, most Germans, and so on. In this essay, the difficulties inherent in defining..."

Tags:canada, identity, hockey

Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that national identity should take precedence over other possible identities in the United States, because the United States was founded on the principles of unity and trust, and because if the national identity is not front and foremost in most people's eyes, civil unrest would erupt threatening the safety of all people living in the country. The writer notes that the United States is the only nation in the World to create a national identity, partly because the United States welcomes as its own so many people from different nations, of different cultures, and people that speak different languages. The writer discusses that the national identity that belongs to the United States is not one that is exclusive, but rather inclusive of all others. This is one reason the United States is a model of freedom for people throughout the world. The writer maintains that the democratic principles that govern the nation offer people of all languages, ethnicities, races and cultures to enjoy democracy and freedom for all, so there is no need for the people living in American to associate with any other identity than "American".

From the Paper
"The cause of a nation may vary from dispute to dispute, but historically people have always identified with others in their group, the group that shares a common identity. When you are a member of a national identity, you are often considered part of a team, the same team that will provide you with guidance, safety, information and education. A national identity is something all Americans have, although some people do not present themselves in a way that would allow others to recognize this. What distinguishes the United States from other countries is its history of being a "melting pot". What this means is many people from many different cultures and those that speak many different languages live in the United States. This is much unlike other countries, where people tend to share one common identity. People speak one language typically in other countries, as the primary language. The same can not be said for people living in countries other than United States. If people do not readily accept the concept of a national identity, there is too much risk that war, violence and the loss of democracy must follow. This is one of many reasons the national identity is so important to the livelihood of this country and of the American people living within its borders. "

Tags:heritage, identification, principles, unity

Abstract
This paper proposes a plan for ensuring the security of a National Identity Registry, and explains that the development, introduction and continual maintenance of a national identity registry system require a systematic and thorough approach to defining security policies, programs and strategies. After exploring Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), Virtual Private Networks (VPN), and secure socket layer (SSL)-based connections, the paper concludes by acknowledging the need for an overarching security strategy that unifies all these components and defines how, from a process standpoint, the ministry managing this initiative can quickly modify it to meet the changing needs of the nation relying on this system, while at the same time keeping it secure. The paper contains five illustrative data tables.

Outline:
Introduction
Part I - Security Analysis and Recommendation
Access Security for the National Identity Registry Access Security: Comparing SSL and IPSec
Summary
Part Two - Private Organization Access to the National Identity Registry
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The development, introduction and continual maintenance of a national identity registry system require a systematic and thorough approach to defining security policies, programs and strategies. Implicit in the design of the National Identity Registry are authentication technologies for ensuring records can be securely and accurately updated over the Internet at any point in time, from any location. Authentication technologies and models (Saltzman, 2006) defined as being policy-based, trust-based, reputation-based or general in their structure are all analyzed as part of the essential research necessary for defining security recommendations for the National Identity Registry."

Tags:network biometrics, internet-based authentication

Abstract
This paper uses the resources of Linda Colley?s "Britons," a book about how such an identity came to be. It shows that the religion, British Protestantism, and its unique monarchy, as well as imperialistic dominance all played a part in creating a pride in being British.

From the paper:

"The United Kingdom today, along with France and Germany, is thought of as having one of the strongest senses of national identity of any country in the current European Community. Yet this was not always the case. How did a concept of ?Englishness? or ?Britishness? develop and solidify in the national consciousness? How did this small island nation of Scots, Welsh, and Anglo-Irish, and Anglos form a cohesive sense of themselves? Linda Colley?s book 'Britons' attempts to answer this question."

Tags:England, Britons, U.K., religion, kingdom, imperialism

Abstract
An examination of the relationship between ethnicity and identity as understood as basis structures of individual life-worlds. The essay is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to sketching conceptual fieldwork, while the second part deals with the analysis of collected data. Therefore, in the first part, the writer explains the concepts "identity", and "ethnicity" and indicates possible ramifications the particular usage of concepts implies. In the second part, identity is discussed as a variable that influences ethnic ideologies one adheres to. In this part he also shows how the level which a particular ethnic group occupies at the stratification level, influences the shape of one's identity. In conclusion, the writer summarizes the findings by suggesting that identity and ethnicity mutually influence each other and they are both complementary expressions of each other.

From the Paper
"In the following essay, I am going to locate the focal point of this problem in the one particular community - Highland Park High School. Highland Park is a small town in New Jersey, Middlesex County, where many emigrants from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America are there. At the Highland Park High School, although not apparently seen, the question of identity and ethnic belonging is still a problem among the American youths. While staying a year at Highland Park, I have been thinking a lot about the problems characteristic for the multicultural societies. All the questions I have asked myself may be boiled down to one single question namely, whether ethnicity and identity should be treated as interdependent variables, or rather one of them is more fundamental?"

Tags:ethnicity, identity, questionairre, foreign, nationality

Abstract
This paper examines how Victor Hugo and Heinrich von Kleist pose the question of an individual's shaky sense of racial, national and personal identity in both the texts of "Burg-Jargal" and "Michael Kohlhaas". It looks at how the authors trace notions of personal identity directly to societal causes, influences and forms of societal oppression, but identity is always something immutable and true in the minds of their main characters. It evaluates how rather than psychological explanation being the key to either novel, the notion of identity emerges as a kind of litmus test for the relative justice of a particular element society.

From the Paper
"Burg-Jargal by Victor Hugo deals with the Haitian Revolution of the author's day. Thus, it may, on the surface, seem quite separate from issues of identity that would plague the French author. However, this also means that identity plays a crucial element in the text, for in any revolution of independence, what constitutes the nature of independence and of national identity is called into question. Hugo uses the events that transpire to show the hypocrisy of a society based on slavery that ignores the needs of its ordinary people because of their race. The love that the slave Pierrot feels for Marie becomes a symbol of a world that is split between slave and free. Identity becomes related to one's physical and social status in an unjust way, in a way that even love cannot fully extricate."

Tags:individual, societal, oppression, revolution, independence

Abstract
This paper discusses the role played by collective remembrance and forgetting of war in the reproduction of national identities. The paper contends that the most fundamental effect war remembrance has on national identity is in the cohesion it brings to the nation by highlighting the universality of the war experience for the nation's members. The paper focuses on American and European war experiences, in general and the world wars, in particular.

From the Paper
"As David Ingle and Carolyn Marvin say in Blood Sacrifice and the Nation, "Violent blood sacrifice makes enduring groups cohere." Collective war remembrance and forgetting are both important factors in shaping national identity. The collective remembrance of war adds coherence and strength to pre-existing national identities in four important ways. First, collective remembrance underscores the universality of the war experience for the nation's members: Everyone is affected; everyone can relate to the same pain and the same myths. Second, it can define a beak with the past, the beginning of a new era. Third and fourth, collective remembrance can elicit feelings of both pride and indebtedness. Since the self and the military are both identified with the national community, these feelings are transferred to the nation. The intensity and balance of these feelings varies greatly in different nations and eras. The collective forgetting of war occurs in two situations. In the first situation, forgetting is a counterpart to collective remembrance. Aspects of the war that would challenge national identity are forgotten. The second situation is that of a defeated nation for whom war memories produce shame."

Tags:history, military, politics, sociology

Abstract
This paper examines how few periods in European history have resulted in more radical transformations as the one begun by the Protestant Reformation and how when the protracted wars brought about by the Reformation ended in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, the entire landscape of Europe had been altered beyond recognition. In particular, it assesses the impact the Reformation had on the development of national identity and nation states with a focus on the impact of the Reformation on national formation in Germany, England and France. The paper concludes that the impact of the Reformation differed considerably throughout Europe on the basis of innately internal factors.

From the Paper
"Although the reformation acted as a unifying force in England, such was not the case in France. Although France had a much more obvious territorial foundation than Germany, the central structure of the state remained very fragmented. Moreover, the only forces which served to unite this fragmented collection of regions were the monarchy and religion. As such, Robert Scribner asserts that beyond the two forces suggested, "It [France] had no unity of language, national identity, legal customs or history". In addition, the traditional Catholic Church exerted considerable influence, not only over the monarchy but also the wider population. As such, any attempt on the part of the state to accept Protestantism would be concertedly opposed. Furthermore, like Germany, although parts of France became sympathetic to the Protestant outlook, other areas remained virtually untouched. "

Tags:Treaty, of, Westphalia, England, France, Germany

Abstract
This paper takes a look into the true definition of a refugee and the Australian government's stance on 'boat people' - also referred to as asylum seekers - and their policy on unauthorised arrivals. Mention is made of the condition of Australia's detention centres, and some of the conundrums faced when determining the fate of illegal immigrants. Is it fair to give a place reserved for a genuine refugee to those who do not come via established means? Additionally, the paper looks at the everyday Australian's view on multiculturalism with reference to imagined communities and the old White Australia Policy. Clearly the influx of refugees has changed the way Australians view themselvs as a nation and led many people to re-examine Australia?s cultural and social makeup.

From the Paper
"As Australians, we have all been touched by the recent refugee crisis in some way or another, with an increased influx of asylum seekers coming to our shores over the last few years. Indeed it is a human tragedy that people can be so desperate to flee their homeland that they are willing to travel thousands of kilometres across land and sea, eventually culminating in a "passage of terror" on an unsafe boat that more than likely would be carrying three to four times the normal number of passengers. The arrival of these "boat people" has caused of a division within our society - those who are accommodating to the fact that these people have fled their county and should be allowed to stay, and those who believe that an influx of so called "illegal" refugees will lead to a perceived loss of national identity - who want them to be sent back where they came from if no sufficient enough reason is forthcoming. The plight of international refugees is a cause for global concern, however understanding the key issues can be difficult for those with little background knowledge."

Tags:asylum, centres, community, culture, detention, immigrants, multicultural, seekers

Abstract
The paper discusses Philip Resnick's essay on the European influences, both historical and contemporary, that have helped shape Canada's political and social culture. The paper explains how he argues that instead of using the United States as the model of comparison when discussing Canadian national identity, Canadians should look to their European counterparts with whom they share many similarities. The paper labels Resnick as a major voice in the debate on Canadian unity and nationhood.

From the Paper
"What makes a text worthy of such thorough analysis, requiring the full literary energies, of over one hundred and fifty students? The answer becomes quite clear from the onset of reading Philip Resnick's essay on the Eurpean influences, both historical and contemporary, that have helped shape Canada's political and social culture. The European Roots of Canadian Identity is a thought provoking and in fact quite convincing essay on the question that will probably haunt our national psyche indefinitely (perhaps a defining national feature in itself): the question of Canadian identity. Resnick, a staunch Canadian nationalist, is this country's main proponent of Euro-Canadianism."

Tags:unity, nationhood, United, States, Europe, culture, values