Abstract
This paper discusses the National Guard, America's militia, exploring its critical importance to America's success in wars between 1776 and 1918. The paper explains that the National Guard is the oldest component of the Armed Forces of the United States and one of the nation's longest-enduring institutions. The paper presents a brief history of the role played by the National Guard in America's military history, with an examination of its specific, incalculable contributions during the War of 1812 and the Spanish-American War.

From the Paper
"American's history parallels the National Guard's history. The roots of the National Guard emanate from the various colonial militias organized by English colonists during the 1600s. The actual moniker "National Guard" was initially utilized used by units of the New York State Militia. The use of the name was in reference to the Revolutionary War hero, the Marquis de Lafayette, during his visit to the United States in 1825. "After the American Revolution, the Marquis had returned to France where he commanded the Paris militia, the famous "Garde Nationale," during the French Revolution. By the 1880s, the new designation had been adopted by state militias throughout the United States." In 1877, for instance, the Iowa Militia was officially renamed the Iowa National Guard."

Tags:armed, forces, militia

Abstract
This paper studies the formation and emergence of the U.S. Army Reserves and National Guard, from volunteer state run militias to a federal reserve and federally controlled National Guard. Through the Spanish American War of 1898, the Dick Act of 1903, the National Defense Acts and two World Wars, this paper traces the wars and events that shaped and molded a modern military power. The paper also examines the political and social ramifications of establishing an extended military.

From the Paper
"Throughout American history, Americans have generally disliked a strong military. This "antimilitarism" as some historians' term it has dated back since the Revolutionary War. One prominent historian reports: "in resentment of red-coat garrisons in the colonies before the American Revolution, their presence becoming the primary cause of the Revolution." A standing army came to be depicted as a threat to individual liberties and as an oppressor of republican governments. Most people saw the military as only necessary in war, thus the general idea was that the army was praised during war but ridiculed during peacetime."

Tags:american, army, emory, guard, ii, military, national, reforms, reserves, spanish, upton, war, world

Abstract
On September 8, 2004, CBS news anchor Dan Rather aired a report on apparent gaps in presidential candidate George W. Bush's service in the Texas Air National Guard. In order to portray these gaps as evidence that Bush had received preferential treatment, Rather relied on memos that had allegedly been written by Lieutenant Colonel Jerry Killian, one of Bush's superiors during the early 1970's. Immediately after Rather's report, bloggers across the Internet began to raise doubts about the authenticity of these memos. By describing how the bloggers' suspicions eventually led to Rather's downfall, this paper attempts to show that the scandal revolved, not around the actual facts of Bush's service, but around the methods that CBS had used to gather and present documentary evidence.

From the Paper
"The report that aired on "60 Minutes Wednesday" featured an exclusive interview with Ben Barnes, a former lieutenant governor of Texas and speaker of the Texas House of Representatives, who said that he helped get Bush into the Texas Air National Guard at the pinnacle of the Vietnam War. As mentioned above, the report included documents from 1972 that were allegedly written by the late Lt. Col. Jerry Killian, one of Bush's former commanders. The Lt. Col. had previously alleged that Bush's Guard records had been "scrubbed" to hide information. The story was part of an investigation alleging that Bush benefited from political favoritism in getting out of commitments to the Texas Guard. The documents, supposedly made by Killian, included criticisms of Bush's service in the Guard and allegedly showed that Bush disobeyed orders. "

Tags:Jerry, Killian, Vietnam, War

From the Paper
"This study will consider the alternatives to the Ohio National Guard's opening fire on Kent State Students on May 4, 1970, resulting in the deaths of four students during demonstrations on campus protesting President Nixon's war policies in Vietnam and Cambodia.

An examination of the policies and actions of government officials in the Kent State tragedy makes clear that in almost every conceivable instance those officials failed miserably in carrying out their duties. From the politicians (especially Governor Rhodes and Kent Mayor Satrom) to the school administration (especially President White) to the National Guard (especially Generals Del Corso and Canterbury), these officials demonstrated an extraordinary insensitivity and outright stupidity in dealing with the situation, so that, in retrospect, a tragedy of some ... "

From the Paper
"The 1960s was a period of ferment in American society and politics, and it was also a period of violence both by disaffected groups within society and by society itself in Vietnam and against various demonstrators in the U.S., from anti-war demonstrators to delegates and news people as well as agitators at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968. The event that most challenged America's view of the era and of itself took place at Kent State University in Ohio on May 4, 1970 as members of the National guard fired on student demonstrators, killing 4 and wounding 9. This was the culmination of a decade of student demonstrations both violent and non-violent. For some, the event was the fault of the students--nothing would have happened had the students been attending to their own business, and in any case the National..."

Tags:VIETNAM

Abstract
This paper describes some of the laws passed by Congress in order to ensure employees with fair employment opportunities and prohibit discrimination in the workplace. The paper lists the federal laws prohibiting discrimination and explains the various types of discrimination they are intended to guard against.

From the Paper
"Moreover, another type of discrimination is an equal pay and compensation discrimination. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) requires that men and women be given equal pay for equal work in the same establishment. The jobs do not have to be identical, but they must be substantially equal. It is job content, not job titles, that determines whether jobs are substantially equal. Specifically, under EPA employers may not pay unequal wages to men and women who perform jobs that require substantially equal skill, effort and responsibility, and that are performed under similar working conditions within the same establishment. According to the statistics, in fiscal year 2002, EEOC received 1,256 charges of compensation discrimination. EEOC resolved 1,182 compensation discrimination charges in year 2002 and recovered $10.3 million in monetary benefits for charging parties and other aggrieved individuals (not including monetary benefits obtained through litigation)."

Tags:race, gender, age, national, origin, sexual, orientation, religion, disability, hiring, promotion, job, assignment, termination, compensation, discriminatory, of, harassment

Abstract
This paper looks at the possibility of up to two trillion dollars to be spent fighting in Iraq, given that it might be as long as ten years more before American troops come home. Additionally, the paper considers the cost in terms of salaries and business income for civilians called up to National Guard units.

From the Paper
"The cost in human American lives has topped... Tens of thousands of Iraqis have died. That is the human cost. The economic cost both in terms of actual expenses and loss of income for many soldiers called up with their National Guard units is staggering. The non-partisan Congressional Research Service (CRS) estimates the US war in Iraq costs..."

Tags:trillion dollars, military families, National guard, Congress, Iraq, oil

Abstract
This paper discusses how the executive branch of government has slowly and steadily provided itself with increasing amounts of power for the past five years, since September 11. The paper looks at three options that would curtail the presidential powers. The paper maintains that the best scenario is to have the power and responsibility of homeland security moved entirely to the National Guard with a mandate that the three executive branches of government have to approve of and sign off on any decision to declare war.

Outline:
Introduction
How It Happened
How To Get It Done
How To Do It
Conclusion

From the Paper
"From the inception of America, society has held the executive branches of government responsible for its use of power. There have always been checks and balances in place to prevent one branch from having more power than the other branches with respect to their place(Ginsberg), however the events of 9-11 has created many changes in governmental power and today many grass roots groups are concerned that the presidential executive branch has worked to provide itself with an unbalanced amount of power. Today the executive branch has a significant amount of influence and power over the other governmental branches. This was done in a step by step process using America's fear and anger at being attacked on American soil, but the end result was an overabundance of power being given to the presidential office without anyone for it to answer to."

Tags:terrorism, authority, homeland, security, National, Guard

Abstract
This paper looks at how thirteen seconds on May 4, 1970, became immortalized in history after members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on student protesters, killing four and wounding several others. It discusses how the event became a symbol of the division in America that had plagued the country during the preceding decade and raised many questions about the direction of Americans civil rights. It discusses how it was the bloody end to the standoff between liberal and conservatives, both at Kent and in America as a whole.

From the Paper
"During the 1960s the small Asian country Vietnam became a major battle ground in the cold war. As America's involvement in the civil war increased it became clear that there was another battle being fought on the college campuses of America. The nature of the anti-war movements, while held together through various national organizations, varied greatly from campus to campus. "The type of relationship antiwar students had with university administrators, prowar students, law enforcement agencies, and community residents determined the mode of dissent as well as the way in which confrontation unfolded." "

Tags:ohio, national, guard, civil, rights, vietnam

Abstract
This paper first provides a brief history of U.S. relations with the Dominican Republic (1869-1930) and the establishment of the Dominican National Guard by the United States. It examines the U.S. endorsement of Trujillo and Trujillo's subsequent military rise and the election of 1930. The structure and impact of the Dominican Army is analyzed along with the Dominican economy and American investments and Trujillo's economic monopoly.

From the Paper
"From 1930 until 1961, a ruthless dictator named Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina ruled the Dominican Republic. As a result of his actions as dictator, Trujillo can be accurately described as an ambitious, corrupt, intelligent megalomaniac. In order to maintain absolute control for thirty-one years, Trujillo ran his administration with efficiency and expediency. Trujillo ascended to power in the Dominican Republic through military accomplishment in the Dominican National Guard, an army established by the United States in 1916, during Marine occupation. Throughout Trujillo's dictatorship, the United States continued as a willing participant, both diplomatically and politically. Once securely in a position of power, Trujillo used several tactics in order to maintain his status until his rule as dictator ended with his assassination in 1961. These tactics included the establishment of a single-party state, forced intellectual and educational conformity, and the regular use of a secret police. However, of all the tactics used by the dictator himself, the most effective means of control were his use of both ruthless military power and economic monopoly on the domestic population. Trujillo's methods of gaining and retaining absolute power in the Dominican Republic, coupled with United States influence during his regime, resulted in the proliferation of his dictatorship from 1930 until 1961."

Tags:america, caceres, carvajal, domingo, dominican, guard, haitian, influence, latin, republic, santo, trujillo, united, vasquez