Abstract The writer looks at the NationalBallet of China and its history. This article also studies the form and history of dance in China. The writer describes how the objective of the NationalBallet of China is to introduce to the Chinese audiences Western classical ballets and contemporary ballet works. The NationalBallet also aims to explore the unique and possible fusion of classical ballet and the Chinese culture. The author explains that in 1957, the classic "Swan Lake," was performed on stage and signaled the formal entry of the ballet form into the country. The paper glances at recently produced successes and at how the company experiments with different modern styles.
From the Paper "One of the world's top 10 ballet companies, the National Ballet of China was founded on December 31,1959 (CCTV 2005, Orange County 2005) and has, in the past four decades, consisted of generations of striving and gifted artists. The dance company has turned out outstanding artistic achievements in Western and Chinese classical and contemporary ballet. It had rough and tough times too as when it was under-funded and its members became over-aged. Its only reward was art itself and its artists continued to devote themselves to their career to become the pioneer in China's unique ballet style."
Abstract This paper examines the history of ballet from 15th century Italy until present day. It then looks at the history of BalletNY, formerly DanceGalaxy and founded in 1997 by former New York City Ballet Principal Ballerina Judith Fugate and international guest artist, Medhi Bahiri.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Humble Beginnings
The Emergence of Ballet Opera Ballet Liberation Ballerina
Social Change
A Decline In Interest
The New York City Ballet and BalletNY: Full Circle
Bibliography
From the Paper "Judith Fugate is a former principal ballerina with the New York City Ballet. She has danced roles in virtually every ballet in the NYCB repertoire counting Peter Martins and Mikhail Baryshnikov among her many famous partners. In 1997, she left the New York City Ballet Company to purse a career as a freelance Guest Artist and Co-Artistic Director of what is now known as BalletNY. In addition to touring extensively, Fugate has appeared on "Live from Lincoln Center" with Ray Charles in Peter Martin's "A Fool for You", and in the Metropolitan Opera's production of "La Traviata", conducted by Placido Domingo."
Abstract The paper explains the origin of ballet in relation to semiotics and aesthetics. The paper then discusses its appeal to diverse audiences, using the example of Chinese and Chinese overseas culture. The paper includes notes on the theory of aesthetics and how some may appeal across cultures, as opposed to others. The paper presents ideas of ballet as an institution and not just a form of classical dance, explaining that this depends on location.
From the Paper "Marcel Danesi explains that dancing is found in all cultures, sometimes as a 'body art' that can be a form of aesthetic communication. (2004, 61) This form of dance can express emotions, moods, ideas, or it can tell a story. Danesi refers directly to Western classical ballet as his example. This paper tells more of ballet and how it can appeal to people, too, who live beyond Western countries, and those who belong to non-Western cultures. As aesthetic communication, ballet has become part of Chinese culture in particular."
Abstract This essay discusses that the catalyst and driving force shaping China's revolution was nationalism. The writer maintains that this was far more important than the issues of socio-economic injustice. Further, the writer claims that the revolution in 1949 was not a social revolution but a national one. The essay argues that it was nationalism that led to the changes in China from the fall of the Empire to the 1949 Revolution.
From the Paper "Imperial China played an important role in history and politics of the Far East for almost two thousand years. It was notable in itself by the landmass it covered and the length of time it lasted. Over time, the Chinese developed an old and strong civilization with its unique culture and economic system. According to Lieberthal, it also had a "relatively modern bureaucratic structures of state administration and its explicit, detailed state ideology". Much of its history shaped and influenced the events that occurred in the 20th century."
Abstract The paper explains that it is doubtful, given China's history of the past centuries as well as its more recent history under communism since 1949, that nationalism can form the basis of a new, legitimizing ideology. The paper describes Nationalism as a European concept that evolved over centuries with the appearance of the nation-state in Europe. The paper clarifies that nationalism is not simply patriotism, or a sense of shared cultural or linguistic identities. Rather, it is a complex array of responses to the nation-state and to a community of collective memory that a people take pride in and which they feel distinguishes them from others.
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the United States trade policy with China. This paper analyzes the most favored nations status that China currently holds. The writer examines how China does business, bearing in mind the trade status that China possesses. Further, the writer discusses the reaction of the Bush administration.
From the Paper "Most-favored-nation status guarantees Chinese goods the same tariff treatment in America as those of most other countries. Jodie T. Allen of U.S. News and World Reports comments that U.S. trade officials reluctantly filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization charging that China's tax policies unfairly discriminate against U.S. exporters of semiconductors. Allen goes on to describe the ways in which the Chinese government competes unfairly and blocks U.S. imports now that China has most-favored-nation status. Another example of the way ... "
Tags: most favored nations, China, trade, economics, free trade
Abstract This paper looks at the evolution of Taiwanese nationalism and its interaction with the process of modernization and democratization and discusses how the evolution of Taiwanese nationalism has policy ramifications not just for Taiwan, but also for China and the United States of America. It examines how, although the prospect for both Taiwan and China to reach a negotiated settlement is extremely dim, it would make sense for them to "shelve" their differences over such sensitive issues as national unification and Taiwan's independence and to negotiate a modus vivendi that would allow them to get along with each other peacefully.
From the Paper "Caught between the crisscrossing pressures of Taiwanese nationalism and China, Taiwan has made national unification contingent upon conditions ? including democratization of China ? which China will not and cannot fulfill. On the other hand, the force of Taiwanese nationalism will not permit the government to enter negotiations with China within the framework of "one China" and to accept a negotiated settlement that reduces Taiwan's status to anything short of a sovereign state (Chun, 1994). Furthermore, the new power elite of Taiwan, having gained their deserving share of power after about fifteen years ? often at the risk of their lives and imprisonment ? will not accept a negotiated outcome that would place them again under the "Chinese" rule (Lo, 1994)."
Tags:china, united, states, unification, independence, modernization
Abstract The paper explores the factors which led to the different developments of the two most important communist powers of the Cold War, China and the USSR. The paper looks at how the communist ideology came to be implemented in both states and shows how the role of the national identity of the people was clearly underestimated by the soviets, while the Chinese managed to cater to the nationalistic needs of its people. The paper also discusses the lack of a strong connection between the Soviet led bloc of states while the Chinese used Confucianism that allowed people to identify their nation and their leader with a perennial system of thought.
From the Paper "The 20th century saw some of the most interesting political evolutions in the history of humanity. Throughout the one hundred years, the world lived the disastrous experience of the total war, it came to realize the power of the atomic bomb, but, most importantly it went through what came to be labeled as a "cold war", a political confrontation between two ideological systems, whose proponents, the US and the USSR never came in direct and face off contact. However, along these historical lines, the event that drew the most attention, due in part to its recent developments and its effects that are visible to this day was the unexpected yet imminent fall of communism in the USSR."
Abstract This paper explains that, in their haste to introduce market reforms and efficiencies into their antiquated agricultural systems, many emerging nations have sacrificed their environment and citizens' health in exchange for some well-intentioned but misguided short-term gains in productivity. The author points out that past agricultural practices were based on tradition and spiritual concepts; however, many emerging nations have succeeded in overcoming these constraints through innovative policies and initiatives. The paper stresses that modern western agricultural practices rely heavily on heavy and expensive equipment as well as industrial pesticides and fertilizers to wrench continued high yields from the soil are not readily transferable to many emerging nations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Existing Agricultural Practices in China Today
Innovative and Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Current and Future Trends
What Can Be Done?
Conclusion
From the Paper "Within rural sociology, sustainable agriculture is frequently considered to be a mutually exclusive "competing paradigm" that challenges conventional agriculture on environmental, economic and ideological grounds. As a result, much of the research on identifying sustainable agricultural practices has been focused on understanding the characteristics which differentiate conventional and alternative farmers, as well as the conditions that serve to constrain or facilitate the development of alternative practices and ways of thinking among farmers and agriculture more generally. For example, researchers have examined a variety of farmer and farm attributes such as age, education, orientation to risk, perception of environmental problems, farm size, and profitability; the impact of agricultural markets and prices and state policies, programs and services have also been examined extensively."
Abstract This paper reviews the article "China's Rising Demand for Oil and Pipelines Has Worldwide Implications," in which Gordon Feller discusses the unexpected negative impact that the ascendancy of China's economy into a major global economy has had on international markets. The paper goes on to discuss how for years companies all over the globe and especially in the West, have viewed China as an emerging market with vast potential for increasing sales for many years to come. Yet, most analysts seemed to overlook the fact that China's economy was expanding for a reason and that its emerging modern infrastructure and middle-class population with greater income levels would have the same energy demands as any other developed nation.
Abstract This paper examines the importance of irredentism in explaining the behavior of reactive nationalist systems, both in the past and in the future, and analyzes the irredentist tendencies of the planet's newest emerging power, the People's Republic of China.
From the Paper "According to A. James Gregor, "reactive nationalism is more frequently associated with economic, and particularly industrial, retardation[.]" However, he goes on to write that "there are clearly anomalous instances when some forms are found in communities that are reasonably well-developed economically and industrially, but which, for whatever reasons suffer a persistent and singular sense of humiliation and corresponding resentment." Gregor cites Nazi Germany as one example, and says post-Soviet Russia might be another."
Abstract This paper considers the political, cultural, social and economic risks associated with Sprint Wireless doing business in China. It looks at what makes China an attractive market, and China as a high-risk nation.
From the Paper "China is a particularly attractive market to foreign companies because of its large population and because the country is in the process of a rapid modernization program ..."
Abstract The Opium Wars were fought between China and Great Britain between 1840 and 1860. The First Opium War covered the time period of 1840 to 1842. This paper focuses on the First Opium War and analyzes its causes. The paper shows that it was caused not simply by opium but by two other larger factors. The first was the clash of two proud nations that did not respect each other: China and Great Britain. The second was the aggressive desire of Great Britain to force China to trade with it, and in this way to further expand its great trading empire.
This paper examines Chinese political history to demonstrate and validate the claims that Taiwan should indeed be entitled to the title of "mainland" China.
Abstract This paper argues that the government currently in Taiwan is the proper and original government of China and therefore Taiwan, and not continental China, should be labeled the "mainland" for it is the first true China.
From the Paper "In February of 1912 the Republic of China was formed, prior to 1912 China had been run by a series of dynasties, this was the first time China had been united under a centralized government. The Republic of China underwent a series of changes in the following decades that led to the nationalist government that was in power in 1949. Led by Chiang Kai-shek the Nationalist government of China in 1949 became engulfed in a brutal civil war with the communists led by Mao Zedong. The communists quickly defeated Chiang and the Nationalist forces and forced them to retreat to the island of Taiwan, where Chiang proclaimed Tapei, Taiwan the temporary capital of China".
Tags: origin, chinese, taiwan, government, communism, nationalism, civil, war
Abstract This paper explains Japanese human resource management in China and looks at several hypotheses as to why the Japanese have been unsuccessful in adapting their own style of management to the Chinese culture and society. The paper then looks at possible solutions to the dilemma based upon lessons learned from the cultural/business guru, Geert Hofstede, and North American and European entrants into the Chinese marketplace.
Introduction and Statement of the Problem
Background
The Problem
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 3
Review of the Literature
Japanese Management in the U.S. and Canada
Japanese Management in the People's Republic of China Chinese Indigenous Management
Methodology
Findings
The Case Study: Nokia
How to Succeed in China
From the Paper "Any attempt to quantify, or even qualify, the activities of Japanese human resources managers in the People's Republic of China-especially in contrast to the way Japanese human resources managers behave at home-offers abundant pitfalls. While an extensive survey might possibly shed some light on the differences, if any, it would also point out the first of many problems in attempting to gather that sort of information: Chinese managers (not to mention the rank and file) are generally reluctant to fill out forms, a leftover from a time when it was simply safer to know nothing, say nothing and do nothing (Bruton & Chan 2000, p. 4). Therefore, the Chinese side of the story would necessarily be skewed. As for the Japanese side, it is unlikely, with the powerful Japanese emphasis on loyalty to the company (not to mention the fact of working for one company virtually for life), it unlikely that any responses from that population group would be devoid of inconsistencies. In short, with the complex societal expectations in both of those cultures, and the fact that change in the People's Republic of China is exceedingly rapid at the moment, a survey seems like an unreliable way to shed light on the differences between Japanese management at home, and Japanese management in the People's Republic of China. Far more accessible are the numerous studies of Japanese management in Japan and in other, more easily investigated nations: the U.S., Canada, and even other Asian nations that have been open to western commerce for much longer, and that have not had an almost complete lack of independent enterprise for the better part of a century."
