Abstract
This paper explains that the term narco-terrorism is commonly applied to the use of terrorist techniques by drug traffickers and dealers to distract attention from and facilitate drug abuse. This phenomenon is examined and discussed.

From the Paper
"From a broader sociological perspective Narco-terrorism can also be seen in terms of its emphasis on the aspect of terrorism per se. From this broader and more inclusive perspective a number assessments of the meaning of the term may be made. Firstly, in this wider context narcotics can be used as another weapon in the terrorist's arsenal to influence and detrimentally affect and destabilize a society. This refers to the idea of narcotics being used as part of a terrorist campaign which includes many aspects and functions to create a specific atmosphere and environment within a given society. This view is more contemporary and in line with the idea of "postmodern terrorism". Postmodern terrorism is terrorism in which a different mindset has come into play and where the terrorist expands his or her possibilities and opportunities on a number of fronts."

Tags:narcotics, drug, attack, traffickers

Abstract
The paper investigates narco terrorism trafficking not only from Pakistan and Afghanistan but also Bulgaria, Syria and many Latin America and Caribbean countries, which are associated with organizations such as the Taliban, the Palestinian Liberation Organization and several Latin American revolutionary groups.
The paper explains that narco terrorism refers to terrorist acts carried out by groups that are directly or indirectly involved in cultivating, manufacturing, transporting or distributing illicit drugs. The paper also recommends ways in which the countries of the globe must unite to face this challenge.

Table of Contents:
The Shadowed "Face" of Narco Terrorism
History of Narco Terrorism
Impact of Narco Terrorism
Narco-Terrorism in Afghanistan
How Narco Terrorism Will Continue to Change the Face of Tomorrow's Terrorism

From the Paper
"Creating a "specialized force" composed of special-operations forces from the Western Hemisphere nations, according to Davids, along with a group of legal experts to perform arrests and provide legal advice, to accompany this multinational force, or MNF could more effectively attack he command and control structure of the drug cartels first and foremost. Next, the MNF could target the active narco-traffickers. In areas such as Columbia, where guerrillas and the right-wing paramilitary are currently deeply caught up in drug trafficking, it would be inevitable."

Tags:opium, moral fiber, sandinista guerrillas, special-operations, global cooperation

Abstract
This paper explains that the literature states the necessity of extending the scope of terrorism to include related trends of drug-trafficking, organized crime and unlawful migration to America because these trends serve as breeding grounds to terroristS who have been looking for newer ways to broaden the terrorist funding base. The author points out that the literature indicates that the methodology adopted by the drug mafia in Columbia, to distribute their narcotics at the global level and subsequently to use that money to fund organizations creating civil unrest, has been adopted by the terrorists in the Middle East. The paper relates that literature discusses the actions taken by global institutions at the forefront of global anti-money laundering administration and reviews some fundamentals of the critical anti-money laundering law, such as the constant attrition of confidentiality and the obligation of augmented necessities of carefulness.

Table of Contents
Terrorism
Analysis of Literature on Terrorism Pre-Post 9/11
Money Laundering
Relationship between the Colombian Narco-Traffickers and Colombian Insurgency
Trans-national Organized Crime and Terrorism

From the Paper
"Michael Reisman (1999) gives a fair review of the past and the present actions and procedures of calculated and politically provoked violent non-government groups. Many critics have questioned the unwillingness of the American courts to prosecute terrorist activities that have taken place outside American grounds. Michael reviews the reasons behind the reluctance of the American courts to take legal action in these scenarios. He also reviews the dilemma of the incompetent countries whose soil has been exploited as a foundation for terrorist training and terrorist activities against other countries, particularly the United States. Similarly, Peter Chalk (1998) reviews a number of terrorist events which could have resulted in greater understanding and classification of terrorism and the fundamentals that serve as driving forces for terrorist acts. He concludes his study by creating a model for responding to terrorist actions within the customs of political and social legality."

Tags:courts, migration, methodology, funding, globalization

Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of literature on drug trafficking organizations and their links to terrorism in order to ascertain the ties that exist between drug trafficking and terrorism and to understand how the leadership of these organizations coordinate the two illegal activities in order that each benefits one from the other. The rationale in this proposed study is that understanding the leadership of those who are leaders in the illicit trafficking of drugs and in the terrorist groups throughout the world will serve to assist in ultimately bringing these leaders down and with them their drug trafficking and terrorism groups.

Outline:
Purpose of Study
Research Questions
Importance of Study
Methodology
Rationale
Literature Review
Summary of Literature Review
Recommendations

From the Paper
"Asa Hutchinson, Director for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) stated in a 2002 article entitled: "Narco-Terror: The International Connection Between Drugs and Terror" that Afghanistan "is a major source of heroin in the world, producing in the year 2000 some 70 percent of the world's supply of opium, which is converted to heroin." (p.1) The Taliban was during that period of time ruling authority in Afghanistan and thereby taxed the drug trade and was at some points involved in trafficking of the drugs directly. The government has managed to take receipts into its possession that the Taliban wrote to traffickers of drugs who paid taxation levied on the passage of the drugs. Hutchinson states that 74 American citizens have been kidnapped in Colombia and taken hostage since 1990 and another 50 have been taken by narco-terrorists with at least 12 American citizens being murdered by terrorist and drug-related groups."

Tags:trafficking, narco-terrorism, Taliban

Abstract
This paper addresses the problem in creating a comprehensive definition of terrorism, noting that defining terrorism more clearly is a beginning point for further discussion. How the term is defined can determine what solutions are offered. International terrorism creates particular problems because what is seen as terrorism in one context or by one particular observer may not be seen that way by another.

From the Paper
"Terrorism is a label for various forms of political violence directed at a civilian population by a non-military group trying to spread terror in order to force some political end. Americans more and more use the term as short-hand for attacks by Muslim groups, but terrorism around the world may have nothing to do with a specific religious group or political structure at all. The target of terrorism has often been the West, but terrorism can be directed at any regime that some group wants to influence. The approach taken is to frighten the populace in order to force the government to capitulate to some demand, even to the extent of demanding a complete change not merely of leadership but of the very form of government and of political ideology."

Tags:terrorism, international, definition

Abstract
This paper is based on work addressing three theories of criminology in relation to terrorism. The paper discusses what terrorism is, the conflict theory's usefulness to an understanding of why terrorism emerges, the forms it takes and the perceptions of those engaging in it. The paper makes reference to "Islamic" terrorism of the present, and the nature of Tamil terrorism in Sri Lanka.

From the Paper
"The public is familiar with the term of terrorism in the present day, though relatively few persons will scrutinize what is meant by it. Terrorism is a methodology that belongs to Military Science in a collection of techniques, but terrorism is included under the category of Criminology in library cataloguing systems. Richard Rosenfeld explained that terrorism can be well understood through the approaches of criminology, however, as came into view when looking at three criminological theories in (1) classical, (2) consensus and (3) conflict..."

Tags:terrorism, crim, conflict theory

Abstract
The paper explores how international terrorism is related to and often dependent on modern communications technology and the connectivity in our social, economic and personal environment. The paper looks at cyber-terrorism and shows how the spread of terrorism is an almost unavoidable result of the proliferation of electronic media and technology.

Outline:
Introduction
Extremist Groups and Technology
Divergent Groups and Communication
Varieties of Cyber-Terrorism
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The growth of terrorism in our contemporary world is a fact that is without doubt one of the greatest threats to peace and civilization today. The question that may be asked is why has terrorism become such a global and international threat to the world? Terrorism as a style of protest and even warfare, characterized by the aim of instilling fear and terror in certain countries or people is not something new in history. Terrorism in some form or another is evident, even from a brief glance at human history. However, in our age, terrorism is international and is often coordinated between different countries and regions of the world."

Tags:cyber-terrorism, hackers, Internet, extremist, groups

Abstract
The writer of this article discusses that the war on terror waged primarily by the United States against a variety of Islamic radical groups is arguably the dominant issue in the global community in the present day. The writer notes that while this war is conducted largely through the use of military forces there exists considerable debate whether this is the best means of combating terrorism. The writer points out that Benjamin Netanyahu in 'Preparing for the War on Terrorism' can be seen to argue that military means are the best way of defeating terrorism, while Bill Christison in 'Why the War on Terror Won't Work' argues that the military option will not work.

From the Paper
The "War on Terror" - waged primarily by the United States against a variety of Islamic radical groups - is arguably the dominant issue in the global community in the present day. While this war is conducted largely through the use of military forces, there exists considerable debate whether this is the best means of combating terrorism. Benjamin Netanyahu, in "Preparing for the War on Terrorism," can be seen to argue that military means are the best way of defeating terrorism, while Bill Christison, in "Why the `War on Terror' Won't Work," argues that the military option will not work and that we instead need to examine the "root causes" of terrorism.

Tags:political, science, terrorism

Abstract
Terrorism is an assertion of the will of a very few over the many. It is a protest, an attempt to gain power and influence, and an expression of cultural anger. Palestinian terrorists have been blowing themselves up in crowds of Israelis for decades. Theirs is an expression of protest against the very existence of the Israeli state. Terrorism is, then, a multi-faceted expression of violence against another party. The commonality is that some element of the cultures that generate terrorism makes the act of destroying innocent lives. It is the purpose of this paper to examine how a culture, particularly that found in some areas of the Islamic world, can breed terrorism.

Tags:terrorism, expression, culture

Abstract
In this in-depth examination of the subject, the author of this paper offers a clear definition of global terrorism. He studies the change in America's views on the subject and lists basic concerns of the effect global terrorism might have on the world and on the United States. The paper analyzes the direct and indirect dimensions of risks to U.S. interests and the patterns of global terrorism. It touches on September 11th, effects on the business sector and future plans to fight global terrorism. Finally, it examines the topic of bioterrorism and the UN response.

From the Paper
"The U.N. cited America as the most generous nation in the world in responding to emergencies and crises everywhere else. Perhaps that is why the world grieved and suffered along with Americans when terrorism hit U.S. soil. Nearly half the world joined the U.S. in its international war against terrorism. However, it is important to understand the thin line between global terrorism and global organized crime.

According to the U.N., in many important respects, terrorism is a problem to be tackled by law-enforcement agencies, in cooperation with military forces; its magnitude can be brought down to "tolerable" levels, but it can never be totally "defeated", just as we cannot have an absolutely crime-free society; and it is part of the growing trend toward the lowered salience of the State in the new security agenda that emphasizes human as well as national security. "

Tags:Political, kidnapping, The, Oklahoma, World, Trade, Center, Defense, Department's, Operations, and, Maintenance, Middle, East, Patterns, Global, Terrorism, 911, George, Bush, US, Airlines, Executive, Order, 13224, FBI, anthrax