Abstract
Narcissism as it applies to psychology was first applied by Freud who drew it from the obvious connection to the Greek mythological character, Narcissus who was involved in an exclusive self-absorption. While considered a completely normal and natural stage in child development, narcissism is marked by that period in our lives when the entire world exists because we are there. In adolescence, after puberty, secondary narcissism occurs and is manifested in a sexual expression that is directed exclusively toward the self. Some degree of narcissism throughout all stages of life is considered normal as it is manifested in a healthy self-regard coupled with realistic aspirations for the self and life. The point at which narcissism becomes pathological and can be diagnosed as a personality disorder is when it begins to impair social function. Individuals with this disorder have little or no empathy for others and an inflated sense of their own importance and of the significance of their achievements. It is common for persons with this disorder to compare themselves to famous people of achievement and to express surprise when others do not share or voice the same perception. They feel entitled to great praise, attention, and deferential treatment by others, and have difficulty understanding or acknowledging the needs of others. They envy others and imagine that others are envious of them. The person with narcissistic personality disorder has no patience with others, and quickly strays from situations where he or she is not the center of attention and conversation. A person who demonstrates narcissistic personality disorder tends to maintain a highly exaggerated sense of self-importance and "specialness". Often, the clinically diagnosed narcissist is frequently occupied, to an excess, with fantasies about his/her own attributes and potentials for success in all aspects of life, and also generally depends upon confirmation from others for reinforcement of that self-image. The narcissist tends to experience difficulties maintaining healthy interpersonal relationships, stemming primarily from a distinct lack of empathy with a propensity for the taking of advantage of others in the interest of self-aggrandizement. Narcissism is often diagnosed comorbidly with antisocial personality disorders.

Tags:narcissism, applies psychology

Abstract
This paper presents a general overview of Narcissism. It focuses on narcissistic traits, causes, prevention and treatment. Research indicates that narcissism is a disorder that is difficult, if not impossible, to control or cure. As well as offering an overview of narcissism, this article explicates reasons for the grim psychological prognosis that accompanies the disorder.

From the Paper
Abstract This paper presents a general overview of Narcissism. It focuses on narcissistic traits, causes, prevention and treatment. Research indicates that narcissism is a disorder that is difficult, if not impossible, to control or cure. As well as offering an overview of narcissism, this article explicates reasons for the grim psychological prognosis that accompanies the disorder. Narcissism: The Hopelessness of Self-Love According to Greek mythology, the beautiful youth Narcissus was guaranteed a long life if only he never gazed upon his own reflection. When Narcissus

Tags:narcissism, disorder, personality

Abstract
This paper examines various contributing factors to narcissism and violence in U.S. prison inmates, first citing W. Gillespie's study then considering a study linking narcissism with father-absent homes, mother's compensation and delinquency. The paper then proceeds to a proposed inductive study of observed narcissism in youths to draw opinions from parents, teachers, social workers and others to interact with youth. The paper also notes how delinquency has many times been linked to poor backgrounds or trauma in youth but may have much more to do with child raising practices, a cult of raising self esteem, and unwanted results.

From the Paper
"Different fields of Psychology stressed self esteem in the 1980s and 1990s towards applied psychology stating that children's self esteem must be encouraged. One result has been narcissism in a sense of self-importance, inflated ideas of the self and abilities, and anger when this special status is not recognized or proves false that can include violence. The topic to be explored stems from an article on self esteem, narcissism and violence in 644 American state prison inmates. (Gillespie:2005) This ethnographic study refers to self-reported behaviours and those provided..."

Tags:narcissism, aggression, delinquency

Abstract
This paper examines how Chatterjee and Hambrick (2006) conducted a study that introduced CEO narcissism as a formal construct to be used in the explanation of strategies and performance by companies. The researchers investigated whether the personality dimension of narcissism is positively related to grandiosity and strategic dynamism among CEOs, which is expressed through organizational performance that is both volatile and extreme. The paper looks at the hypotheses used, methodology and results.

From the Paper
"Chatterjee and Hambrick (2006) explain how the theoretical background of the concept of narcissism ties back to Freud, who conceptualized the personality dimension in various manifestations, including "self-love, self-admiration, self-aggrandizement, and a tendency to see others as an extension of one's self". Chatterjee and Hambrick (2006) referenced a work by Emmons (1987) that identified four factors of narcissism. These factors were 1) Exploitativeness/ Entitlement; 2) Superiority/ Arrogance; 3) Leadership/ Authority; and 4) Self-absorption/ Self-admiration. Narcissism was also found to have both cognitive and motivational elements. Cognitively, narcissism led to belief in the superiority of one's qualities, while the motivational element of narcissism resulted in an intense need for the reaffirmation of one's superiority. The researchers note that few studies in the past have examined CEO narcissism, and that they anticipate CEOs to demonstrate a higher level of narcissism than the general population."

Tags:organizational, performance, Freud

Abstract
This paper highlights and discusses the progressive development of narcissistic personality disorder in Pip, the hero of Charles Dickens' novel, "Great Expectations", which is often overlooked and passed off as a social norm by a society that is more impetuously self-consumed than ever. The paper also briefly explains similarities between Pip and the famous rap artists Lil' Wayne and Floyd Mayweather.

From the Paper
"Pip's narcissistic mindset begins as he commences visiting Miss Havisham and her stunningly beautiful ward, Estella. Stood-up on her wedding day, Ms. Havisham is a surreal character who embodies grievance, vengefulness and a longing to be vindicated. She is the essence of a broken soul- a relic of yesterday, who only lives to inflict misanthropic pain on others, and on Pip. And for this cause, Pip is invited to Satis House, to provide a so-called playmate for Miss Havisham's beautiful young ward Estella. Though for Pip, these visits were often filled with mockery, ridicule, and humiliation of his socioeconomic status as a blacksmith's apprentice. Nevertheless, a mysterious benefactor seems to have recognized Pip and grants him the opportunity to become a gentleman in London. Pip believes this benefactor to be Miss Havisham. With this opportunity, he gets an unwarranted release from feelings of smallness, weakness, and inadequacy by means of becoming a gentleman."

Tags:estella, miss, havisham, Lil', Wayne, Floyd, Mayweather

Abstract
This essay discusses the actions of the King in Shakespeare's "King Lear," and how his narcissism, distrust for those closest to him and descent into madness lead the King to divide rule of the fictional, ancient England. The paper explores how this solitary act effectively destroys the
body politic of England. The essay argues that it is the unnatural passing of power that destroys the social order of England and that the kingdom will not easily recover from the mess King Lear has created. Further, the paper argues that the play implies that the only act that could save England would be replacing the brutal leaders with a single, worthy king.

From the Paper
"It is only too late that Lear realizes he gave power to those who would seek to destroy him and pushed away those he should have put faith in. The treacherous acts of those around him, the shunning of those he should trust, and the descent into madness that King Lear experiences effectively destroy the Body Politic as well as the lives of the characters."

Tags:Shakespeare, King Lear, Body Politic

From the Paper
"In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein is a man suffering from pathological narcissism. This narcissism is manifested specifically in Frankenstein's case in his grandiosity and the gratification he derives from his admiration for his own mental attributes. As with Narcissus, Frankenstein's self-obsession ends in disaster and death as the object he creates outside of himself as representation of his self-love ultimately brings about his own demise. Frankenstein is completely obsessed with the quest for power and knowledge, specifically power over nature, and, by extension, over death. His creation of the monster, in this context, is an expression of his desire to live beyond death, if indirectly in the monster. Ironically, that is what does occur--the monster outlives his narcissistic creator, although perhaps not for long, as the monster exits vowing to ..."

Abstract
The paper explores how Saddam Hussein's dangerous personality was shaped by the tragic brutality of his early life. The paper discusses Hussein's incapacity for empathy and his malignant narcissism that led to profound ideas of self-grandiosity. The paper applies Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to the character of Saddam Hussein as a psychological being and then shows how Erickson's theory of personality development best describes Hussein's life.

From the Paper
"In recent history, perhaps no national leader has run amok with world politics over the last fifty years more than Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq. Certainly Fidel Castro was for a long time a thorn in the side of many US presidents, and more recently, figures such as Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez, Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and the unpredictable leader of North Korea, Kim Jong-il, have all come to represent threats to American national security. However, none of them have yet come close to creating the havoc that Hussein did during his tenure, igniting as he did several wars with his neighbors and being the target of two military campaigns led by the United States. Several influential American psychologists have come to believe that Hussein was such a dangerous foe of the United States not because of international political circumstances, but rather because Hussein himself had a dangerous personality that was shaped by malignant psychological development."

Tags:empathy, narcissism, grandiosity, aggression, Hierarchy, of, Needs, Erickson

Abstract
This paper explains that, through symbolism, Joyce conveys central themes of symbolic blindness, escapism, and a lack of identity. The opening line of the tale describes North Richmond Street as "being blind," as if the street itself has the potential to see itself and its residents. The author points out that death and religion are closely linked in "Araby"; religion is portrayed as a form of escapism, as a link to another world. The paper relates that, in "Araby," which is filled with imagery related to sight and eyes, the narrator sees more with his inner eye, the eye of his dreams and imagination, than he does with his real eyes; thus, he is blind to the present moment and sees only what he wants to see until the end of the tale, when his narcissism finally dawns on him.

From the Paper
"The dead priest and Mangan's sister both represent exoticism and esotericism. The priest is exotic because he is dead and because in his life he served as an intermediary between this world and the spiritual world. To the narrator, the priest must have been privy to wisdom and knowledge that the average person like him is not. Likewise, the narrator imagines that Mangan's sister is privy to esoteric wisdom. Her sexuality also represents this esoteric and mysterious wisdom. "Her dress swung as she moved her body and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side," (30). Convey the connection between sexuality and esoterism, Joyce uses the motif of blindness as well as the central theme of escape: "The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that I could not be seen." Here, Joyce also includes a double entendre, which is often used in conjunction with sexual innuendo."

Tags:narrator, symbolism, religion, eye, narcissism

Abstract
This paper consists of the various ways that individuals with anorexia use forms of control to maintain their disease. Specific control issues discussed are control over previous sexual abuse, control over social ideals of thinness, control over narcissism, and control over food. The author briefly describes the disorder itself, then spends most of the paper discussing various types of control.

From the Paper
"Research has been done on the ways control is shown through the expression of anorexia. Studies have shown that many anorexic individuals try to exert control over their bodies through deprivation of food because they have very little control over any other aspect of their lives. The aspects of control can vary from individual to individual. Therefore one anorexic individual may have one or many aspects of control in his or her life that is related to the disorder. Finally, in addition to the various aspects of control, an anorexic individual may have obsessive-compulsive characteristics that accompany the disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its characteristics are more commonly found in individuals displaying the behaviors of anorexia than individuals with bulimia (Hall et al., 1992; Wonderlich, Swift, Slotnick, & Goodman, 1990; Rogers, & Petrie, 2001, p. 181). Another disorder that can coexist quite often with anorexia is depression."

Tags:abnormal, disorder, eating, psychology