From the Paper
"The NAACP, or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, has been active since 1909 in its attempts to break legal ground and forge better opportunities for African Americans. The history, function, purpose, and current activities of the organization will be examined. It will be apparent that the NAACP stands as one of the progressive movement in America's major victories against legal, and thus political, oppression.

Early in 1909, some twenty persons met together in New York City for the purpose of utilizing the public interest in the Lincoln Centennial in behalf of African Americans, then known as colored people, or Negroes. Within a few weeks this number was enlarged to about fifty, one-third of whom were from other cities than New York. According to the NAACP's 1984 pamphlet ... "

Abstract
This paper examines the history and development of the NAACP. The author describes the transition from the organization being focused on human rights to its current focus on civil rights. The paper gives a background history of the situation of African-Americans from the days of slavery to our times. W.E.B. DeBois' role in founding the organization is highlighted.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of the NAACP
Key Players of the NAACP
NAACP and Communism
Human Rights
Civil Rights
Internal Atruggles of the NAACP
Moving Rowards Civil Rights
Today

From the Paper
"Since the days of slavery, African Americans have had to battle for rights that many people in the United States have been able to take for granted. The issue of slavery was put to rest many years ago, but the damage that the practice did to race relations is still a bruise on the hip of society as America works to provide true equality to those who reside in the states. If one were to trace the path of African American roots in the United States from the days of slavery until the 1960's, one would see a path filled with turmoil, angst, and hard earned victory in the area of civil rights for African Americans nationwide."

Tags:NAACP, African-Americans, civil, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses the Brown vs. Board case which established equal education for all races. It looks at why segregation can be disadvantageous and uses case studies to illustrate this point. The writer examines the tactics used by the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) when fighting to pass this ruling. The paper concludes with the advantages of equal education.

From the Paper
"For centuries, African-American parents and supporters have been challenging the United States' educational system. In 1954, the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruling changed this system forever. The unanimous decision by the U.S. Supreme Court eliminated a previous decision that established a "separate but equal" educational policy, and led to the integration of schools throughout the country. Without this necessary response to many unsuccessful attempts to ensure equal opportunities for all children, African American students would have remained at a serious disadvantage and the United States would not truly be a democratic country."

Tags:race, color, NAACP, law, case, court, racial, school, brown, topeka, kansas

Abstract
This paper discusses that, as a solution to better education, especially for low-income and racial-minority students, the "school choice" program provides parents with public-funded school vouchers to pay for tuition in private and parochial schools. The author points out that the National Education Association reports only 33 percent of voucher schools expressed willingness to participate in state-administered standardized tests; thus, there is no way to evaluate whether the tax dollars spent on a child's private education are yielding measurable results. The paper relates that, even though the majority of the beneficiaries of school vouchers are African-American, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) has long opposed the school voucher program because vouchers are merely a band-aid that does not solve the underlying problems of American public schools.

From the Paper
"There are no short-term solutions to the lackluster quality of education in many public schools in less affluent districts. However, diverting much-needed funding away from such schools will only worsen the problem in the long run. Instead of vouchers and its allied problems, more forward-thinking school districts in Tennessee have initiated the STAR class size project. This program was geared towards hiring more teachers and reducing class sizes in area public schools. A similar program, Success for All, has instituted a reading-based curriculum in 1,100 schools nationwide. This program, which cost a fraction of the voucher budget, has resulted in higher reading scores in standardized tests."

Tags:court, history, naacp, nea, testing

Abstract
This paper constructively analyses the philosophies of African-American leader Marcus Mosiah Garvey and his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), to that of W.E.B Dubois and his National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). It looks at how Marcus Mosiah Garvey had fierce militant philosophies while W.E.B Dubois took more of a passive attitude.

From the Paper
"Du Bois and the Niagara Movement did not last very long. They could not get a mass group of African Americans to follow and support their agenda. After the fall of the Niagara Movement, Du Bois joined the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopled). Members of the NAACP were from various backgrounds. There were African American members, white members, and even Jewish members. Unlike the UNIA, the main focus of Du Bois and the NAACP was to formulate plans on providing legal enforcement for African American Constitutional Rights. "

Tags:niagra, naacp, unia, passivism, radicalism

Abstract
This paper examines the issue of the display of the Confederate flag, an intermittent source of debate in the US for many years. The paper takes a particular look at one case in the late 1990s when controversy over the display of the flag on top of the South Carolina State House in Columbia led to a nationwide boycott instigated by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) against the state. The paper then makes the argument that individuals ought to be allowed to wear or display symbols containing the Confederate flag motif as a simple matter of their free speech rights, both on and off school campuses, or in any other venue.

From the Paper
"In 2006, the Southern Legal Resource Center, a nonprofit civil rights group, filed suit to permit several students at a high school in Knoxville, Tennessee to wear Confederate flag images on clothing. Racial tensions at the school nearly resulted in violent altercations at one point, resulting in a temporary lockdown. The students involved in the suit complained that black students were permitted to wear images of Malcolm X and related symbols without undergoing the same restrictions as the white students, thus raising the familiar argument of the double standard (Watson.) The Southern Legal Resource Center, which focuses on such cases, is also involved in a similar case in Texas, where several students at a high school near Dallas sued for the right to carry purses with the Confederate flag symbol on them, after they had been banned by administration officials. It seem clear that the dispute between administration policies and student rights is a heated one, and has implications beyond that of one particular symbol which some may find offensive. If students are in fact to be prepared for assuming the full rights and responsibilities of adulthood, as has often been argued, it seems reasonable to respect their rights on such a seemingly trivial matter."

Tags:Dixie icon south, free speech, campus college student expression NAACP

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of voting discrimination and provides historical information about the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which became one of the nation's first civil rights organizations aimed at promoting equal rights for African-Americans. It charts the introductions of the amendments that created equal voting rights and explains the voting trends of black and white Americans up to today.

Outline:
Description and Evolution
Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments
Voting Rights and African Americans
The Civil Rights Division
Civil Rights Movement and Politics
African American Politics
American Society Turnout
Black Turnout vs. White Turnout
Voting Rights Now
Conclusion

From the Paper
"While the federal civil rights statutes and the Civil Rights Division were instrumental in helping end legalized segregation and helping forward equality in America, it would be unwise for one to assume that the Civil Rights Movement was a political movement. On the contrary, the Civil Right Movement of the 1960s was a social movement, and it was social pressure, not political pressure that helped change the face of America. While white narratives of black acquiescence during the Jim Crow era might lead one to believe that blacks tacitly accepted such discrimination, the reality is that African Americans actively opposed the institution of segregation from its beginning. "The NAACP had supported numerous legal battles from the 1920s forward- usually local litigation and investigations of lynching, challenging the unequal facilities of state institutions and laying down thereby a body of legal precedent used by the courts in the 1950s" (Davis, unknown). This resulted in a dramatic shift in African American voter registration, going from more than 150,000 southern African-Americans registered to vote in 1940 to more than a million by 1952, despite the fact that there were still strong laws that were determined to prohibit blacks from voting (Davis, unknown). Rather than fighting for equality in the political realm, where African Americans had little influence because they were being denied the right to vote, many of the early Civil Rights leaders chose to battle it in the courtroom, where they had a better chance of obtaining equality."

Tags:opposition, political, segregation

Abstract
This paper reviews the case of "Milliken v. Bradley" (1974), a class action suit filed by parents of students in the Detroit Michigan school system and the Detroit Branch of the National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) against the Michigan State Board of Education and various other state officials of the state of Michigan, alleging that the Detroit school system was racially segregated as a result of policy, in particular, a state statute known as Act 48. The paper gives the background of the case, a summary of both the plaintiff's and the defendant's arguments as well as the court's ruling. The author also provides his opinion on the case.

Outline:
Facts of the Case
Summary of Plaintiff's Argument
Summary of Defendant's Argument
The Supreme Court's Decision
Significant Concurring Opinions
Significant Dissenting Opinions
My Decision on the Case

From the Paper
"I understand why the families of the children in the suburban schools outside the city of Detroit felt like they did nothing wrong and should therefore not be sent to schools in Detroit. At this time in history I believe that whites felt secure inside the suburbs and did not want to interact with the African American community. I believe that this type of feeling needs to be deemed unacceptable because after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, the people needed to realize that racial desegregation is indeed moving in a positive direction and they should join in on it. I think the white people may have been afraid of the African American community but without them ever coming together there would be no way that they would ever realize there is really nothing to be afraid of."

Tags:racial segregation, education

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado. The paper explains that the park was built to preserve the cliff dwellings of the Anasazi people and that it is of historical and archaeological significance to visitors and scientists alike.

Tags:Mesa Verde, national park, Native Americans, Anasazi