Abstract This paper examines Benito Mussolini's march on Rome not as an attempt to control Italy, but as an intelligently conceived plan which went virtually unscathed which proved to be the greatest victory in Mussolini's political career.
From the Paper "Benito Mussolini's triumph of Italian Fascism had just begun in October of 1922 when he received a telegram from General Cittadini: ?His Majesty the King asks you to come immediately to Rome for he wishes to offer you the responsibility of forming a Ministry...?1 Previously to this offer, Benito Mussolini had created a party called the Partito Nazionale Fascista (that is, the Fascist party) which was meant to topple the weak Italian government and install a regime of militarism and anti-socialism. Mussolini's followers and sympathizers were mostly young men who had fought in World War I. "
Tags: axis, benito, fascism, italian, mussolini, war, world, ww2
Abstract This paper presents some of the conditions that allowed Mussolini to come to power in Italy - originating at its unification. It discusses the complex interplay of different factors that Mussolini was able to gain power. These factors include the First World War and its aftermath and the nature of "fascism" as a set of beliefs. It explains why Mussolini's personal character and his personal and political background are also very important in understanding how he was able to come to power. The complex relationships between the different social and political groups in Italy before Mussolini came to power are also discussed.
From the Paper "Nationalisation of Italy failed to create a truly unified state. There was little sense of national identity and many people more readily identified with their historic local region than the central government. This was obviously a big weakness in the new Italian state. Among those who did develop a sense of national identity there were immediate expectations of power and greatness. There was also a strong desire to compete with the fellow emerging "new" European country, Germany. This led to a high level of dissatisfaction with the government and the weak monarchy. There was also a big divide economically and socially between the north and south of Italy. A large economic and political gap between the relatively advanced north and the rural south weakened Italy as a cohesive, unified state. "
Abstract This paper discusses a wide range of topics about fascist Italy under Mussolini. The paper includes: A discussion of Mussolini - Dictator and Ideology, Propaganda and Terror, Directed Economy, and the Role of the Family, Youth and Religion in Fascist Italy.It also details the affect of Mussolini's friendly relationship with the Catholic Church on his policies.
From the Paper "Benito Mussolini ruled Italy as a Fascist dictator from 1922 until 1945. He employed several tactics to gain power and maintain his regime. Elements of central Fascist ideology, the party's widespread use of propaganda, Mussolini's ?corporate state,? and vast Fascist power over the Church and family resulted in the development and perpetuation of the Fascist single party state in Italy from 1919 until 1945."
Abstract This paper is a biography on Benito Mussolini focusing on the life of Mussolini as a young man who struggled to become one of the greatest dictators of the world. It focuses on how Italy was elevated to a prominent position under his leadership and how it again fell to the same position after over throwing Mussolini from his dictatorship.
Abstract The paper explores whether Mussolini's fascism was strictly a revolutionary concept or whether it was a shift in existing political and social norms under a new name. The paper relates that fascism under Mussolini was not totally original, nor was it able to remain consistent over the years. The paper explains that because its stated principles could not function within the actual socio-political environment, Mussolini's brand of fascism could not survive.
Outline:
Introduction
Fascism as a Revolutionary Concept
Conclusion
From the Paper "Benito Mussolini is credited as playing a fundamental role in the establishment of fascism as a political construct. The publication of his Fascio di Combattimento in March of 1919 helped to define the principles of fascist thought and communicate these to a wide audience (Cannistraro, 1972). An early article from 1926 suggests that the development of fascism was done specifically as a response to new trends and themes within the socio-political environment of Europe, and thus fascism could be seen as a response to these (Elliot, 1926; 161). Other scholars, however, have expressed doubts as to whether Mussolini's version of fascism was "a traditional reactionary phenomenon of the conservative right, or a genuine revolutionary movement that sought the total reordering and modernization of Italian life" (Cannistraro, 1972; p. 115)."
Abstract This paper examines how the rise of Mussolini was welcomed by many Italians not because of the ideological appeal of Fascism, but because it seemed to offer practical solutions to the Bolshevik menace on the domestic front and the mutilated victory which resulted from a depressed international prestige. It discusses how, when the rhetoric of the regime became identified with a confused statement of ends, Italian policy became unpopular and eventually was rejected. It attempts to assess the success or failure of the Fascist government, by analysing the economic, political and social conditions inherited and the outcome of the policies adopted by Mussolini.
From the Paper "However, the effects on the Italian economy were far from beneficial. Suddenly, foreign buyers found Italian goods nearly twice as expensive, and it was not surprising that Italian export industries, particularly textiles, went into depression. Even the macro-industry Fiat was exporting fewer cars in the late 1930s than it had done in the early 1920s. The revaluation of the lire was supposed to have helped the Italian consumer because imports of foods and other products from abroad should have become cheaper. However, the Duce prevented this by placing high tariffs on many foreign imports. Therefore, the only winners in economic terms were those industries such as steel, armaments and ship building which needed large supplies of cheap tariff-free imported raw materials. However, Mussolini's economic policies had never been designed simply to increase the wealth of the country or the prosperity of the ordinary Italian, and this became very apparent by the mid 1930s, as he became increasingly preoccupied with foreign affairs, whilst the living standards and the general welfare of the economy suffered."
Abstract This paper explains Mussolini's aims towards his desire to achieve autarky in Italy and how he launched massive propaganda campaigns to reach his ultimate objective.
From the Paper "Mussolini's 'Battle for Birth's' was set up in 1927, and in addition to propaganda through the media (by then controlled by the fascists), included awards for the mothers of several children. After 1939, the campaign became so desperate that mothers were given a medal with a silver bar for every child they bore. Financial incentives existed in 'marriage loans' and tax relief: repayment of the loans was cancelled if women bore four children, and the parents of ten children paid no income tax. Bachelors, furthermore, were forced to pay more in taxation, divorce remained illegal, abortion was banned, contraceptives were limited and the new 1931 Penal Code encompassed 'crimes against the wholeness of the race'. Promotion soon became possible only for fathers and civil service jobs were reserved for them too. All this, it seems, was in order to provide more soldiers, workers and inhabitants for the new colonies that said soldiers were supposed to be conquering in Africa. Mussolini's birth rate targets were high: he aimed to increase the population from 37 million in 1922 to 60 million by 1950. Despite these efforts, however, both the birth rate and the marriage rate continued to fall: the population in 1950, after the fall of fascism, was 47.5 million. The 'Battle for Births' may have prevented an even greater drop in birth rates, but in terms of its own aims, it achieved very little."
Abstract The paper explains that Benito Mussolini's war ambitions with Ethiopia primarily stemmed from a two-folded national embarrassment and therefore the Ethiopian "problem" was created and instigated by Mussolini. The paper examines the possible solutions that could have averted an Italian war with Ethiopia and illustrates how the historical account of the event presents many "should have, could have and would haves." The paper explains that these solutions all would have required a collaborative effort on the part of Britain and France in ensuring that Mussolini would have neither had the capability nor desire to go to war with Ethiopia.
From the Paper "The second Italo-Ethiopian War of the 1930s exemplifies the pervasiveness of national pride in territorial conquest and state rivalries. The Italians, having suffered an embarrassing defeat at the hands of the Ethiopians during the colonization of Africa in the late 1800s, sought this conflict thirty years later in an effort to revitalize a national sense of superiority. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini wanted to streamline his fascist regime by pre-empting a war with independent Ethiopia in order to remedy the initial embarrassment of being the only European army to lose a war with native Africans during colonization."
Tags:Mussolini, Selassie, Britain, France, Stresa, Conference
Abstract In this article, the writer points out that the start point in analyzing and understanding any social phenomena requires unambiguous definitions, empirical generalizations, general explanatory theories and a method of moral evolution. The writer maintains that regarding fascism, one cannot make a clear definition of what it means because there is no agreement between theories in any of these areas. The writer discusses that fascism can best be presented by the ideology of Mussolini's fascism in Italy. The writer concludes that this ideology, put into practice by Mussolini, is the most comprehensive and well-argued theory that pictures fascist beliefs, in comparison to any other theory, that was not as firmly formulated.
From the Paper "Analyzing the theories from this list, Gregor makes a critique of all theories, presenting their strong arguments, as well as their flaws. In his view, all of these theories, although they seem well organized, have a shortcoming that makes them unusable."
"Taking into account the categorization of fascist theories into six categories, one can identify that a comprehensive theory of fascism would embody elements from all six categories. The only theory that Gregor identifies as being a solid fascist ideology is the ideology of Italian fascism, which uses some parts of all ideologies. As stated before, Gregor believes that there are many flaws in the theories developed so far, but there are also many elements that can be linked to what he believes to be the best representation of fascist ideas - Italian fascism under Mussolini."
Abstract The paper examines Mussolini's achievements and shows how fascism relied hugely on the publicity and propaganda that its foreign policy generated, as opposed to actual material gains. The paper illustrates how Mussolini's foreign policy only buoyed his image in the short term since a rule based on fragile and temporary victories proved unsustainable.
From the Paper "Fascism in Italy was, according to Mack Smith, 'really a means for winning power by a single man'. To this end, appearance was certainly more important than reality in the short-term. Mussolini's aims in foreign policy were, according to his propaganda, to gain international prestige and aid the economy by building an empire, and along Mack-Smith's terms, this meant ameliorating his own position. Having put himself in direct charge of foreign policy from 1922 to '29, from '32 to '36, and after 1943, he showed the emphasis he placed upon it: in his own words, 'I want to make Italy great, respected and feared' (1925)."
Abstract The paper examines fascism in its early stages, when Mussolini and Hitler were still providing something positive for the general population. The paper looks at the similarities between the fascist movements and shows how Italian and German fascism emerged from similar origins and were generated by the same causes. The paper then notes the difference that Mussolini's movement was primarily nationalist and patriotic, whereas Hitler's was based on racial grounds.
Outline:
Abstract
The Rise of Fascism in Italy (1920)
The Rise of Fascism in Germany (1930)
Similarities between Italy and Germany
Differences between Italy and Germany
Conclusions
From the Paper "The world we know now has changed along the years; has suffered mutations that left everlasting imprints. Captured by our daily activities, we seem to forget the tremendous efforts made by our ancestors, their fight for the general good and their bravery acts. But aside from these acts, the world's history is filled with infinite examples of man's cruelty, misconception or misinterpreted facts to the benefit of the few and the wrong of the many. Fascism is but one of such situations in which most of the parties involved had to suffer negative implications. Fascism represents a "totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life" (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007). The current was most common in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Germany."
Abstract This paper talks about the rise and fall of Adolf Hitler, from his childhood up to his eventual suicide at the end of World War II. It also talks about the rise of the other major dictators of the time period, namely Stalin and Mussolini, and how the Axis Powers were eventually crushed by the Allied Forces in WWII.
From the Paper "Coming off of World War I, and wrapped up in the Age of Anxiety, morale was low among the people of Europe. People were losing hope in their lives, and countries began to look for security and stability anywhere they could find it. This led to the rise of dictatorships, mainly two opposing forces: Communism and Fascism. It was the beginning of the "totalitarianism" era in Europe, and would plunge the continent, as well as much of the rest of the world, into another World War. Chapter twenty-nine of A History of Western Society (Mc Kay, Hill, Buckler 956-88) goes into great detail about this chaotic period of European history."
Tags: communism, dictators, fascism, hitler, ii, mussolini, nazis, stalin, war, world, wwii
A study into how the beliefs and actions of Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler influenced the world during the early part of the twentieth century.
Abstract The paper shows that not only did the ideas and policies of Marx, Lenin, Stalin Mussolini and Hitler have significant effects within their own countries during their lifetimes, but became so widespread that their influence was felt throughout the world. The author of the paper shows that the ideas and actions of these five men are now of such importance to the study of history, politics and sociology, that their influence will be taught to, and discussed by, students for many generations to come.
From the Paper "In his desire to restore Italy to greatness, Mussolini was responsible for introducing the images that are now commonly associated with the word 'fascism', such as military rallies, emotional speeches and slogans, and a patriotic leader with great personal charisma (Griffin 1995). These ideas and images were soon adopted and developed by the leader of the country with which Italy would form a close alliance with during World War II, a man who saw Mussolini as a role model, but who would take the ideas of Mussolini and Fascism to such an extreme that he would become, arguably, the most notorious and despised man in history - Adolf Hitler."
This paper compares the ideological opposite perspectives of Karl Kautsky and Benito Mussolini: Political, historical, economic, social, religious views of Marxist and fascist.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 14 sources, 1994, $ 111.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to compare and contrast the ideological perspectives of Karl Kautsky and Benito Mussolini. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which the ideology of each figure emerged, to describe the tenets of their ideologies, and to discuss how and why they formed their political and social beliefs, with reference to specific issues, in particular their views of economics, governance, religion, and the position of the individual citizens vis-a-vis the state. The comparison between the ideologies will emerge in elaboration of Kautsky's views, followed by a comparative elaboration of Mussolini's.
Karl Kautsky (1854-1938) and Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) were at polar opposites of the ideological spectrum, with Kautsky espousing Marxist doctrine for most of his life and Mussolini... "
Abstract Benito Mussolini was the Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943. He was very popular for most of the time he was in power, but by the time he was shot by Communists in 1945 he had become very unpopular and his death was welcomed. My goal in this paper is to take a look at his family, his education and how he became so power-hungry that he brought about his own ruin. I also will look at whether he had emotional illnesses and how they might have affected his thinking and craving for power.
