Abstract
The paper explains that music is not only similar to mathematics, but listening and practicing music results in an increase in mathematical ability and improves performance in all academic fields. The paper looks at the evidence suggested by a study of babies, that shows how the mathematical structures upon which music is built are recognized by functions of the brain, which then are improved by listening to music.

Outline:
Math and Music
Mathematics, Music, and Intellect
The Math of Music in Action
Music, Math, and Education
The Universal Mathematical Appeal of Music

From the Paper
"The relationship between math and music has been well established, in that the basic foundations of music lie in the production of balanced sounds, which when boiled down, equates to mathematics. Simply defined, music is an ordered pattern of sounds. While the music in and of itself may be quite complex, it may be analyzed in terms of three primary musical structures, those being melody, harmony and rhythm. Each of these structures possesses its own types of patterns which are of course mathematical in nature. (Shaw et. al. 54) Music occurs in time, and the inherently temporal or time-related aspects of musical patterns is of particular interest when considering the function of music in relation to higher brain functions, as well be discussed further in a later section. In music there is a succession of musical sounds, characterized by pitch and time, replete with relationships and devoid of obvious connotations, which are the characteristics which often give music its deep and almost universal appeal (Van de Water 172) These characteristics of music are what create the mathematical structure upon which pleasing sounds are built."

Tags:melody, harmony, rhythm, brain, patterns, academics

From the Paper
"Music and mathematics are closely linked, and musical rhythm serves as an example of the practical use of different mathematical principles. It has recently been noted in fact that the mathematical regularity of certain music, such as that of Mozart, can be a spur to clearer thinking, at least for a short period of time after listening to a piece of music. Music has a psychological effect that is partly explained by its mathematical regularity, seen in the way music is divided into regular bars, beats, and different note lengths. Psychologists have discovered the importance of patterns in music and in aspects of human behavior. Music satisfies certain human needs for order and rhythm, and mathematics both explains and empowers this process.

Edward Rothstein writes about the relationship between music ..."

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of electronic music and how this history can help explain the way music is made today. The paper describes the different types of electronic music, the instruments used to make electronic music, composers of electronic music, the development of the synthesizer, and how computers are used to generate music.

Outline
Changing Instrumentation
Electronic Music
The Development of the Synthesizer
The Music
Computer Music

From the Paper
"Electronic music has become a staple in popular music, a vital part of experimental and avant-garde music, and an occasional means of performing classical music. Different types of electronic production are also common for music in films, television programs, and commercials. Electronic music has been produced in some form for more than a century, but it has become more common with the creation of the synthesizer and other electronic instruments, and even more common as these and similar devices have been computerized and digitized. The synthesizer can simulate an entire orchestra or just one or two instruments. The adept user can produce a wide variety of sounds, composing in studio or in performance. A single user can thus use this system to produce short or long works, including adding a soundtrack to a silent film at minimal cost and without the need for a studio full of musicians. The synthesizer was produced after decades of experimentation with electronic music as different composers sought ways to express themselves in this manner."

Tags:robert, moog, engineers, musician, mathematics, sound, palette, enriched, artistic, expression

Abstract
In this paper the writer discusses the music of the spheres. The writer explains that this is a concept originated by Pythagoras in which the heavenly bodies make sounds as they move in their orbits. The writer continues that these sounds follow certain mathematical principles that are the basis for musicology - intervals of the perfect scale.

From the Paper
"The music of the spheres in Pythagorean philosophy is the harmony produced by the movement of the heavenly bodies in their orbits. Pythagoras believed that the movements of the stars were governed by fixed laws which could be expressed in numbers according to the numbers which give the harmony of sounds. This is the theory Shakespeare alludes to in 'The Merchant of Venice' Act V Scene I. Such harmony is in immortal souls but we cannot hear it. Pythagoras taught not only the magic of numbers ... "

Tags:harmony, planetary songs, harmonic intervals

Abstract
Resonance is a term belonging to the mathematics of sound, and to different fields of physics and applied physics. In music, resonance involves the cause of sound produced by musical instruments, in effects that affect standing waves of sound due to resonating strings and air columns that create different frequencies.

Tags:meaning, resonance, music

Abstract
Children are natural artists, often using arts as a means to express themselves through color, form, sound and movement. Arts based learning is a vehicle in which students can learn subjects such as language, history and mathematics through poetry and song, narratives and drawings, dance and drama. The paper shows that arts-based learning supports a stronger model for engaging individual learning styles and preferences and tapping into children's "multiple intelligences." Arts based learning also has the ability to increase student self-esteem by encouraging many different forms of self-expression of knowledge. The paper reviews literature on the subject.

From the Paper
"Elliot Eisner supports the concept of arts based learning and suggests that by teaching reading and writing through the use of alternative mediums in the arts, such as stories, paintings and song, learners become more actively engaged from an experiential standpoint (Eisner, 1994). "To neglect the contribution of the arts in education, either through inadequate time, resources, or poorly trained teachers is to deny children access to one of the most stunning aspects of their culture and one of the most potent means for developing their minds" (Eisner, 1987, Music Educators Journal). Eisner believes that arts based education provides an outlet for students to express their knowledge and creativity by engaging all of the senses, thus allowing student's to tap into their intrinsic learning styles."

Tags:kinesthetic, creativity, imagination

Abstract
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an undeniable genius. Mozart's rejection of court musical life was transparent. Mozart's finances during the Vienna years must be counted a mystery. By the time of Mozart's final illness, he had completed only some of what has become known as "Mozart's Requiem". Considerable evidence suggests that Mozart dabbled in mathematics. In studying Mozart, we can see that his life was anything but ordinary.

Abstract
This paper explains that the Mayans, primarily from the lowlands in the central regions of southern Guatemala, built incredibly sophisticated urban centers, created an astronomical science and mathematics among the most sophisticated in the pre-modern world and established the most developed and complex system of writing in the Americas. The author points out that, because the Mayan cities were used as religious centers for the surrounding rural population and not as a true urban culture, the decline of the cities after 900 A.D. did not involve a colossal social change. The paper relates that customs and traditions of the ancient Maya are still very much a part of the fabric of Guatemalan life, sharing a common ancestral heritage that is expressed in religion, music, dance, foods and social organization.

From the Paper
"Today, the Maya can be found in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and the five Mexican states of Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo. There are approximately thirty different indigenous Mayan languages, however, the majority of the Maya also speak Spanish. The present day Guatemalan Mayas have preserved much of their culture and religion. However, there can be found a mixture of Mayan and Western European traditions, an aspect most obvious in religious practices, in which the modern Maya have created their own brand of Christianity, a blend of Catholic tradition and ancient ritual."

Tags:agriculture, mathematics, religion, handicraft, language

Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between the use of computers in the classroom and the decline in our national testing score averages. The writer explains that the government's goal to put computers in every classroom is being achieved at the cost of hiring more teachers, investing in books, artistic programs and field trips. The writer argues that having computers in classrooms may improve a child's ability to learn in a small way, but overall they cause more harm than they do good for young students. When computers are used as primary resources for education they often stunt creativity, reduce proper social skills, and can expose children to early loss of eyesight. The paper concludes that with a reemphasis on critical reading, writing, mathematics, debate, and situations where students have to interact directly with their peers, instead of through an instant message, we will see America's young people take the forefront of education once again.

From the Paper
"When computers are misused in our classrooms, or they are introduced to children when they are too young, they often have the reverse effects that we intend them to have. More often than not students have become accustomed to relying on computers rather than using them as a resource. That is an important distinction we have to make when it comes to computers in the classroom; computers are best when used as secondary resources, as opposed to using them as a primary source of information and learning. It is vital to maintain basic learning skills like critical reading and critical writing because we as a society have put more emphasis on relying on software to do things for us."

Tags:science traditional funding, social problem, music, sex education

Abstract
Change agents face a myriad of issues as members of school systems that are undergoing change or transformation. For example, when there are legal implications of change such as No Child Left Behind, accountability comes in to play. Where there were students that were left behind (special needs and second language learners) now they are receiving the help they need to become productive future citizens of the United States of America. Moreover, change agents must ensure that they are "highly qualified" in their respective subject area in order to ensure all students that they teach are knowledgeable in that particular subject area. The focus on reading and mathematics; however, has been detrimental to science and social studies. Physical education, art, and music have also taken a back seat in the teaching and learning process. Although technology has increased in the classroom, students need a more comprehensive education plan to alleviate disciplinary problems. Not having an outlet to release their energy such as participating in physical education on a consistent basis is a major contributing factor in classroom management problems.

From the Paper
Thompson Run Elementary: In the Midst of Change Identify the characteristics of Thompson Run Elementary that might impact efforts to initiate and sustain change. Thompson Run Elementary consists of a new principal, Shannon Ensman, whom has allowed nearly two years to pass before attempting to implement her educational visions for the school. Perhaps it would have been better to implement change at the beginning of the school year and not towards the end since this scenario began during the third nine weeks of the school year. The efforts to initiate and sustain change will not be realized until the succeeding school year.

Tags:curriculum, theory, issues