Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the location and geographical setting of Mount Vesuvius. The writer examines the violent nature of the volcano and looks at its geological cycle. Further, the writer discusses the history of Mount Vesuvius and looks at the people who lived in its vicinity over the years. The writer concludes that despite the overwhelming chances that Mount Vesuvius will eventually erupt again, perhaps creating even worse destruction than in the past, the people of the Bay of Naples and those that live in the scattered villages and towns of the Vesuvian plains have chosen to remain. The writer claims that perhaps, as has been said about Vesuvius over the years, there is a magical quality about the mountain which draws people to it, yet those that choose to live and work under Vesuvius do so at their own peril as the volcanic clock continues to tick toward yet another eruption.

From the Paper
"Geologically, Mount Vesuvius is classified as sub-plinian which is associated with higher eruption columns which create extensive sheets of tephra deposits, "pyroclastic rocks which fall to the ground from eruption clouds in the form of ash and pumice" . Most sub-plinian eruption columns are sustained for long periods and can rise heights of over thirty kilometers. Large volumes of tephra may be erupted in sustained blasts in the form of new magmatic material rather than shattered bits of old rock. Because the degree of fragmentation is less than in vulcanian eruptions, clast sizes (rock fragments) are generally larger at a given distance from the main vent. Various types of magmas are involved in this process, but generally, more mafic compositions (a high magnesium and iron content) exist.
However, sub-plinian eruptions, such as those exhibited by Mount Vesuvius, are not necessarily of less consequence than normal plinian activity. Vesuvius also has what is called an irregular volcanic cycle, being twenty-five to thirty years of general non-activity followed by a full-blown eruptive phase when great columns of ash and pumice rise far above the city of Naples. Of course, Vesuvius, throughout its long geologic history, has erupted many times there is much well-founded concern about what will happen when the next eruption occurs which cannot be predicted with absolute certainty."

Tags:volcano, erupt, Pompeii, Bay, of, Naples

Abstract
This paper discusses Mount Vesuvius and its previous eruptions and the ongoing seismic monitoring in the region which is aimed at predicting when the next eruption will take place. The author provides a detailed description of an eruption, and explains that although scientists know what to expect in case of an eruption, it is much harder to forecast when exactly it will take place. Emergency evacuation plans are based on advance notice of several days, but there is a real possibility of a large eruption from Vesuvius with very little advance warning or time to evacuate the region, including the city of Naples. The author concludes that a much more effective plan must be developed and implemented to assure that the public can be moved out in time.

From the Paper
"Before the eruption, there were warning signs that were ignored or not correctly interpreted. Seven years before, there had been a major earthquake that had destroyed large parts of the city, which were still being rebuilt when the eruption came. A small earthquake earlier in August had shaken the town, and wells had gone dry. The only written report of an eyewitness came from Pliny the Younger, who saw a cloud of unusual size, a cloud that resembled the umbrella pine tree. This cloud was actually a column of hot gas mixed with tons of rock and ash, reaching skyward to about twenty miles. As the column cooled, it rained down in the form of ash, covering Pompeii. Those remaining behind in the city tried to flee and were often encased in ash as they ran, creating death statues that have been excavated from the ruins."

Tags:Herculaneum, landslide, dormant, pyroclastic, excavation, geophysical, seismological, caldera, magma, plinian

Abstract
A review of Dawkins' "Climbing Mount Improbable", which is a nontheistic explanation of Darwin's theory of natural selection as a consequence of random recombinations of DNA and genes rather than a creature of intelligent design.

From the Paper
"Dawkins' "Climbing Mount Improbable" is deceptively simple. It is simple because the author provides common sense explanations of the natural world in an almost systematic fashion. He uses the metaphor of a mountain that is very gradually and very slowly building up and becoming itself over thousands of years, yet throughout the process is changing all the time. That is an easy concept to grasp. Yet the book is deceptive, because underneath the common sense explanations, are extremely complex ideas about how the natural world as the modern period knows..."

Tags:evolution, natural selection, replication, randomness, probability

Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a general overview regarding volcanoes on earth. The writer then concentrates on health effects following the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980.

From the Paper
"There are over 1000 volcanoes on Earth, which were active during its geological history. Some of them are extinct and have not been active during the historical times. Scientists find that these are unlikely to become active again. The dormant volcanoes have a recorded activity in the past but now appear quite. The active volcanoes are the ones that erupt more or less regularly or show some signs of unrest (like earthquakes). The large amounts of hot red lava that pours from the volcano crater is ..."

Tags:volcanic, st., health

Abstract
This paper explains the concept of site-specific art and proceeds to explain why Mount Rushmore is a perfect example of this concept. It looks at the history of its creation and the impact that it has had on the surrounding area.

From the Paper
"However, Mount Rushmore also changed the environment. When it was begun, there was no road to the cliff face, so one had to be built. Taking six and a half years to complete, in intermittent work between 1927 and 1941, the project employed almost 400 local miners who "built roads, constructed buildings, ran the hoist house, generated power, took measurements, or sharpened thousands of bits for the pneumatic drills. Others set dynamite charges or completed delicate finishing work on the sculpture" (American National Park Network Web site). In short, the creation of Mount Rushmore interacted with the environment in substantial ways; in an environmental sense, it might be thought that these were not always complementary. ON the other hand, if one considers the environment to include cultural and societal components a well as physical, Mount Rushmore was a work of genius for its time. And, while it is regarded as something slightly laughable today, it remains, at the very least, a symbol Americans can mildly ridicule without too much fear of being politically incorrect (the pizza commercial), but one which still inspires awe when the kitsch component is gently shoved aside."

Tags:environment, president, mountain

Abstract
This is the first part of a multi-part project covering the description of the 1980 eruption and the resulting devastation.

From the Paper
"The May eruption of Mount St. Helens was notable not only because it was the first major volcanic eruption on the American mainland in recent history, but also because it was extremely well documented. This event demonstrates the many different types of effect-on wildlife, infrastructure, human lives, agriculture and the environment-that such events cause. The volcano was under close observation since March when increased earthquake activity indicated a potential eruption. Eruptions began on ... March with an event that resulted..."

Tags:emergency services, mount st. helens. volcanic eruptions

Abstract
This paper explains why volcanoes erupt and the most common types of eruptions: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic. The paper points out the three most recognized types of volcanoes, which are composite or "Hollywood", cinder cone and shield volcanoes. The paper also describes the volcanic areas of the Cascade Mountain Range and the Pacific Ring of Fire and specific famous volcanoes: Mount St. Helens, Mount Vesuvius, Mount K lauea, Mount Mauna Loa, Luzun Island, Lassen Peak and Mount Fuji.

From the Paper
"Why do volcanoes erupt? Volcanoes erupt when rocks melt deep below the earth's surface which creates magma. Magma chambers occur when magma collects before exploding to the surface of the earth. When the magma builds up in the chambers, it comes up through the volcano and spills out to the surface creating lava. Lava is the magma that has made it to the surface of the volcano. There are many types of eruptions, but the most common types include: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic."

Tags:unpredictable, plate tectonics, warning system, goddess killing

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of natural disaster on European society in the 17th and 18th centuries. The author focuses on the Lisbon earthquake, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and the Great Plague and fire in London. .

Abstract
This paper begins by providing a brief geological history of the mountain, separating it into nine different periods. It then examines various lava types found in the area. The paper moves to modern day when the first actual threat was realized for eruption. It discusses the process of eruption and the different types of blast - lateral blast (direct blast zone, channelized blast zone, seared zone); vertical blast and pyroclastic flows. It concludes with an analysis of the aftermath and its effect on wildlife in the area.

From the Paper
"On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helen's in southwestern Washington erupted with a massive explosion. Leading up to this day was increasingly intense earthquake activity. There were also lots of relatively weak eruptions and many locations of minuet gas discharge. The devastating impact of the suddenly unleashed volcanic energy caused the worst volcanic and geological disaster in the recorded history of the United States."

Tags:lava, volcano, pyroclastic, zone, blast

Abstract
This paper discusses the film, "Spartacus", its historical background, the significance of the movie being made and shown in 1960s America, the real-life events occurring in the U.S. in the 1960s, the historical significance of the slave revolt of Spartacus, how gladiators and slavery in Rome relate to the movie, and background information about Rome at the time of Spartacus, including the slave revolt and the rise of Roman generals to positions of power.

From the Paper
"Spartacus was a slave, who is famous for having led a revolt "the slave revolt" against the Roman Republic, from 73 BD to 71 BC. Spartacus was born in Thrace, a region northeast of Greece, and was a member of a group of nomadic herders and later served in the Roman Army (Sinnigen, 2003). Spartacus deserted the army, but was captured and enslaved, following which, the Romans trained him as a gladiator to fight other gladiators and wild beasts in the arena for entertainment (Sinnigen, 2003)."

Tags:capua, italy, mount, vesuvius, refuge, rebels, runaway, slaves, forces, cisalpine, gaul, marcus, licinius, crassus