Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the location and geographical setting of MountVesuvius. The writer examines the violent nature of the volcano and looks at its geological cycle. Further, the writer discusses the history of MountVesuvius and looks at the people who lived in its vicinity over the years. The writer concludes that despite the overwhelming chances that MountVesuvius will eventually erupt again, perhaps creating even worse destruction than in the past, the people of the Bay of Naples and those that live in the scattered villages and towns of the Vesuvian plains have chosen to remain. The writer claims that perhaps, as has been said about Vesuvius over the years, there is a magical quality about the mountain which draws people to it, yet those that choose to live and work under Vesuvius do so at their own peril as the volcanic clock continues to tick toward yet another eruption.
From the Paper "Geologically, Mount Vesuvius is classified as sub-plinian which is associated with higher eruption columns which create extensive sheets of tephra deposits, "pyroclastic rocks which fall to the ground from eruption clouds in the form of ash and pumice" . Most sub-plinian eruption columns are sustained for long periods and can rise heights of over thirty kilometers. Large volumes of tephra may be erupted in sustained blasts in the form of new magmatic material rather than shattered bits of old rock. Because the degree of fragmentation is less than in vulcanian eruptions, clast sizes (rock fragments) are generally larger at a given distance from the main vent. Various types of magmas are involved in this process, but generally, more mafic compositions (a high magnesium and iron content) exist.
However, sub-plinian eruptions, such as those exhibited by Mount Vesuvius, are not necessarily of less consequence than normal plinian activity. Vesuvius also has what is called an irregular volcanic cycle, being twenty-five to thirty years of general non-activity followed by a full-blown eruptive phase when great columns of ash and pumice rise far above the city of Naples. Of course, Vesuvius, throughout its long geologic history, has erupted many times there is much well-founded concern about what will happen when the next eruption occurs which cannot be predicted with absolute certainty."
Abstract This paper discusses MountVesuvius and its previous eruptions and the ongoing seismic monitoring in the region which is aimed at predicting when the next eruption will take place. The author provides a detailed description of an eruption, and explains that although scientists know what to expect in case of an eruption, it is much harder to forecast when exactly it will take place. Emergency evacuation plans are based on advance notice of several days, but there is a real possibility of a large eruption from Vesuvius with very little advance warning or time to evacuate the region, including the city of Naples. The author concludes that a much more effective plan must be developed and implemented to assure that the public can be moved out in time.
From the Paper "Before the eruption, there were warning signs that were ignored or not correctly interpreted. Seven years before, there had been a major earthquake that had destroyed large parts of the city, which were still being rebuilt when the eruption came. A small earthquake earlier in August had shaken the town, and wells had gone dry. The only written report of an eyewitness came from Pliny the Younger, who saw a cloud of unusual size, a cloud that resembled the umbrella pine tree. This cloud was actually a column of hot gas mixed with tons of rock and ash, reaching skyward to about twenty miles. As the column cooled, it rained down in the form of ash, covering Pompeii. Those remaining behind in the city tried to flee and were often encased in ash as they ran, creating death statues that have been excavated from the ruins."
Abstract This paper reports the dates and types of eruptions emitted by the volcano Vesuvius throughout its history. The paper examines the possibility of future eruptions.
Abstract There are approximately 500 active volcanoes world wide and a couple dozen of those erupt every year. Humans have learned to live around volcanoes, for the most part. They have been avoided, feared and even worshipped for millennia. However, that by no means guarantees that humans and the environments that humans depend on, will not come into harm's way. The paper shows that as the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 proves, even with advanced warning and strict security measures, nature can take its toll. The paper describes the aftermath of the explosion, where about 60 people and countless plants and animals died and it would be almost two decades before the surrounding area returned to a stable and comparative ecosystem. The paper shows that if two decades sounds like a long time, one need only keep in mind that scientists were actually pleasantly surprised with the rate of recovery.
From the Paper "It would be a while before the people could breathe freely after this natural disaster. It would be even longer before the world healed itself. Contrary to what one might expect, conservation efforts to help nature along were often doomed to failure. No duplicated ecosystem could replace a lost one. However, scientists eventually learned that the ecosystem was self-correcting. Some things had survived the lava, like small fungi too small to be thoroughly trapped and destroyed. Small animals often survived as well. Over time, when left to its own devices, it seemed that nature worked to preserve itself intact. For example, insects that conservations might think would be harmful killed many surviving trees, but the fallen trees provided prime shelter and a budding environment for other survivors."
Abstract This paper examines the power of volcanoes, specifically Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. The damages caused are outlined, as well as the environmental consequences of the eruption in 1991. The after effects from the chemicals unleashed in the eruption are documented and have affected the area almost a decade after the eruption.
Abstract This paper explains the concept of site-specific art and proceeds to explain why Mount Rushmore is a perfect example of this concept. It looks at the history of its creation and the impact that it has had on the surrounding area.
From the Paper "However, Mount Rushmore also changed the environment. When it was begun, there was no road to the cliff face, so one had to be built. Taking six and a half years to complete, in intermittent work between 1927 and 1941, the project employed almost 400 local miners who "built roads, constructed buildings, ran the hoist house, generated power, took measurements, or sharpened thousands of bits for the pneumatic drills. Others set dynamite charges or completed delicate finishing work on the sculpture" (American National Park Network Web site). In short, the creation of Mount Rushmore interacted with the environment in substantial ways; in an environmental sense, it might be thought that these were not always complementary. ON the other hand, if one considers the environment to include cultural and societal components a well as physical, Mount Rushmore was a work of genius for its time. And, while it is regarded as something slightly laughable today, it remains, at the very least, a symbol Americans can mildly ridicule without too much fear of being politically incorrect (the pizza commercial), but one which still inspires awe when the kitsch component is gently shoved aside."
Abstract This paper explains why volcanoes erupt and the most common types of eruptions: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic. The paper points out the three most recognized types of volcanoes, which are composite or "Hollywood", cinder cone and shield volcanoes. The paper also describes the volcanic areas of the Cascade Mountain Range and the Pacific Ring of Fire and specific famous volcanoes: Mount St. Helens, MountVesuvius, Mount K lauea, Mount Mauna Loa, Luzun Island, Lassen Peak and Mount Fuji.
From the Paper "Why do volcanoes erupt? Volcanoes erupt when rocks melt deep below the earth's surface which creates magma. Magma chambers occur when magma collects before exploding to the surface of the earth. When the magma builds up in the chambers, it comes up through the volcano and spills out to the surface creating lava. Lava is the magma that has made it to the surface of the volcano. There are many types of eruptions, but the most common types include: plinin, Hawaiian, fissure, strombolian, vulcanian, and hydrovolcanic."
Abstract This paper discusses the impact of natural disaster on European society in the 17th and 18th centuries. The author focuses on the Lisbon earthquake, the eruption of MountVesuvius, and the Great Plague and fire in London. .
A look at Spartacus, the gladiator of ancient Rome who led the slave rebellion against the Roman authority, and the film, "Spartacus", directed by Stanley Kubrick.
Abstract This paper discusses the film, "Spartacus", its historical background, the significance of the movie being made and shown in 1960s America, the real-life events occurring in the U.S. in the 1960s, the historical significance of the slave revolt of Spartacus, how gladiators and slavery in Rome relate to the movie, and background information about Rome at the time of Spartacus, including the slave revolt and the rise of Roman generals to positions of power.
From the Paper "Spartacus was a slave, who is famous for having led a revolt "the slave revolt" against the Roman Republic, from 73 BD to 71 BC. Spartacus was born in Thrace, a region northeast of Greece, and was a member of a group of nomadic herders and later served in the Roman Army (Sinnigen, 2003). Spartacus deserted the army, but was captured and enslaved, following which, the Romans trained him as a gladiator to fight other gladiators and wild beasts in the arena for entertainment (Sinnigen, 2003)."
Abstract This paper presents a discussion on two volcanic mountains. The author of this paper explores facets and facts about Mount Saint Helen and Mount Rainier and compares and contrasts them to each other.
Abstract This paper examines some of the most spectacular destinations on Earth. It begins with Mount Hekla, one of Iceland's most famous volcanoes and then moves on to Yellowstone National Park located in Wyoming, home to many geysers. In particular, it looks at Grand geyser one of the largest on Earth. It concludes with the Great Barrier Reef, home to a vast array of marine life and examines how it is a complete ecosystem unto itself.
Outline
Mount Hekla
Last Eruption
Predictions for Future Eruptions
Interesting Facts and Stories
Grand Geyser
The Formation of a Geyser
The Future of Grand Geyser
The Great Barrier Reef
Formation
Predictions of Future Activity
Marine Life and Tourism
From the Paper "Grand geyser is one of the many geysers that can be found at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The most famous geyser located at Yellowstone is Old Faithful, but Grand geyser should not be overlooked. Grand geyser is one of the largest geysers on Earth and has an interval of eight to twelve hours with a height of 150-180 feet and a duration of 10-12 minutes. Grand geyser, like most geysers, is formed from a hot spring with an underground chamber. The future of Grand geyser is really unknown, but it is expected to remain active for many years to come. Yellowstone National Park is a major tourist attraction in Wyoming, thus it draws a large crowd to view the magnificent beauty of Grand geyser. Like most things, there is a danger to the geyser in the form of water contamination."
Abstract The paper relates that in the mid 1800s, reformist sultans in the Ottoman Empire developed and issued the Tanzimat, a set of policy reforms. The paper discusses the political environment and policy system that the Tanzimat was designed to address. The paper discusses the general direction of the reformist agenda and highlights the application of that agenda in the Mount Lebanon province in order to assess the success of the Ottoman reforms and their subsequent impact on policy administration in the modern Middle East.
Outline:
Local Administration in the Ottoman Empire
Implementation of the Tanzimat in Mount Lebanon
From the Paper "In the mid 1800's, reformist sultans in the Ottoman Empire developed and issued the Tanzimat, a set of policy reforms that were designed to alter the established governing institutions of the empire and halt the empire's slow decline in relation to emerging border nations across Europe. The essential direction of the reforms was to centralize and secularize policy administration throughout the empire in order to ensure that individual citizens were treated fairly and equally, and that the empire remained united and strengthened. In order to achieve this, reformist sultans realized that local institutions had to be controlled so that they were not taking advantage of their distance from the capital to manipulate subjects and policy in order enrich a few local citizens. Their attempt at reform was, at its foundation, the same movement toward rationalizing and realigning policy administration that occurred in the nations of Europe in and around the 18th Century, so that the elements of the modern state could emerge throughout the scattered empire."
Looks at Gershom Gorenberg's "The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount", which concerns the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over the Temple Mount.
Abstract This paper explains the relationship of the leftist versus the rightest dichotomy to the secular versus the spiritual views on conflicts over religion. The paper reviews religious scholar Gershom Gorenberg's book "The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount" in which he agrees moderately with the rightist view that religion's force is basically ambivalent. The paper concludes that to better understand the origins and ways to find solutions to major religious issues, like the Israel-Palestinian conflict, a more balanced understanding of religious (rightist) impulses and secular ideas is necessary. The paper end notes instead of a bibliography.
From the Paper "How the temple is to be rebuilt remains unclear to messianic Jews (who want to fulfill the prophecy and bring the first coming of the Jesus/the apocalypse). During the Israeli-Egyptian 6 Days War (1967) Israel conquered the old city of Jerusalem thereby taking into possession the third most important religious site of Islam and most notably the emerging symbol of a nationalist Palestinian state, the Temple Mount. This area is also where the prophet Muhammad (founder of the Muslim faith) ascended to heaven and met God. This will also be the location for the final judgment."
Tags: dichotomy, evangelical, rebuilt, muslim, symbol
This paper reviews the article entitled: "Mount St. Helens: A Case Study of Managing for Change in Wildland Recreation" written by Alan Ewert and published by the USDA Forest Service in Riverside, California.
Abstract In this paper, the writer notes that Alan Ewert writes that the study of Mount St. Helens has provided a case that is interesting in terms of forest and wildland study because Mount St. Helens has undergone radical alteration in recent years. The writer explains that changes in this wildland area are due to volcanic activity. The writer reviews the work of Ewert and discusses whether an impact on wildland recreation management decisions is indicated. The writer then discusses how might a manager integrate this research into site management, according to Ewert. Further, the writer discusses the recommendations for the research in terms of making the research more applicable to wildland recreation management.
Outline:
Overview
Introduction
Research Questions
Literature Review
Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper Recreation area management is stated by Ewert to function under the supposition that the recreational opportunities are created by management with users response being favorable or unfavorable in nature to the opportunities that the manger presents.
"Toward this end, uppermost areas of the mountain were given the classifications of: (1) primitive; and (2) semi-primitive areas. Restrictions were placed on developments that were man-made and the criteria for the number who were allowed to climb at one time were reduced. Ewert states that through limitations of the number who could climb, which was set at 100 per day ..."
Abstract This paper begins by providing a brief geological history of the mountain, seperating it into nine different periods. It then examines various lava types found in the area. The paper moves to modern day when the first actual threat was realized for eruption. It discusses the process of eruption and the different types of blast - lateral blast (direct blast zone, channelized blast zone, seared zone); vertical blast and pyroclastic flows. It concludes with an analysis of the aftermath and its effect on wildlife in the area.
From the Paper "On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helen's in southwestern Washington erupted with a massive explosion. Leading up to this day was increasingly intense earthquake activity. There were also lots of relatively weak eruptions and many locations of minuet gas discharge. The devastating impact of the suddenly unleashed volcanic energy caused the worst volcanic and geological disaster in the recorded history of the United States."
