Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an analysis of how Barbara Kingsolver's protagonist in 'The Bean Trees' is able to meet the challenges of her new found independence and responsibility of motherhood.

From the Paper
"In her desire to avoid the destiny of other young girls in her small hometown in Kentucky pregnant and living in a trailer Marietta Greer strikes out West to discover her own destiny. When her rundown Volkswagen breaks down in Taylorville Illinois Marietta renames herself Taylor and continues her journey undaunted. Before she can arrive in Tucson Arizona with two flat tires a Cherokee woman drops a toddler that is catatonic in her passenger seat. With nowhere to return the baby and discovering ..."

Tags:maternal instinct, love, nurturing, novel, motherhood, family ties

Abstract
This paper discusses the novel, "The Joys of Motherhood," written by Buchi Emecheta. The paper discusses the central development of the main character, Nnu Ego and how the books shows the role of women within African society, particularly from a perspective of that role being severely limited and oppressive. The paper suggests that Emecheta's novel is one of the most influential books on native African society and their way of life.

From the Paper
"A further analysis of Emecheta's novel could be painted in the picture of modernity. Much like Kafka's Metamorphisis, Nnu's character can be seen as an abject symbol of modernity. Much like Gregor Samsa, who spent the majority of his life working like an insect rather than appreciating his family and his life, Nnu lived within the restrictions of her society without making the attempt to break free from her societal restrictions. As a result, both of these characters are symbols and warnings of the results of the modern world. They both were limited by the social constraints placed on them on a societal level and as a result they both became victims of society. Both of them suffered from a complex of modernity they attempted to solve their problems by attempting to work within a broken system, as a result they inevitably hit the walls of being socially and political restricted on many different levels."

Tags:culture, modernity, oppression, motherhood

Abstract
In this article, the writer studies the book 'The Joys of Motherhood' by Buchi Emecheta and discusses the issues of sexual desire and gender. The writer explains that the book concerns Nigerian maternity and discusses issues relevant to the status and experience of African women.

From the Paper
"Buchi Emecheta in her novel of Nigerian maternity titled "The Joys of Motherhood" addresses a number of issues relevant to the status and experience of African women living in traditional male-dominated and patriarchal societies. The central character of the novel is Nnu Ego a woman whose position as the daughter of a great Nigerian tribal chief does not prevent her from becoming the victim of physical abuse at the hands of her first husband and even of abandonment by the male ... "

Tags:Buchi Emecheta, The Joys of Motherhood, gender, sexual desire

Abstract
This paper mainly discusses in- vitro fertilization and surrogate pregnancies that are contracted, in which case the surrogate mother is usually a contracted person, with no link to the donors. In the case of contracted surrogate pregnancies, there is no way to judge the health of the surrogate mother and no regulation to see that the medical fraternity does not use the persons who are infected by diseases that could be passed to the infant. This paper affirms that laws must therefore be passed in such a manner that voluntary surrogate mothers are screened, identified and certified in such a manner that the resultant infant is not traumatized by diseases. The donors must be similarly screened. Furthermore, this paper looks at the idea of commercialization, within surrogate pregnancies. Namely it discusses the free market and the prostitution model. While some surrogate mothers do agree for altruistic reasons, where there is a demand, there will be a commercial supply. Since such children are at risk of being abandoned and neglected by the surrogate mother as well as by the donors, it is considered to be the duty of the state to enact laws to make sure that the donors, the surrogate mother and the genetic material are all fine to prevent deformities. In cases where such deformities do occur, the law must make the donor parents responsible for the child. Also, this paper asserts that there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood.

Outline:
Introduction
The Definition of Surrogate Motherhood
Adoption, Surrogate Motherhood - The Contrasts and Commonalities
The Arguments Favoring Regulation and Ban
The Arguments Against the Ban
Legal Problems
The Legal Controls Ought to be Set
Current Global Situation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is well if the resultant child is perfect what is the case if the child is born with deformities? What if it is liability? The management and care of such babies have legal moral and ethical implications. What is the relationship between the woman and the child in such cases at childbirth? For example the simple case of a low weight baby and in the case of mentally and physically challenged babies born to surrogate mothers, what will be the position and who shoulders the painful task? In the United States the Federal Government intervenes. In the UK the problem is ignored or the issue is glossed over. (Lee; Morgan, 1990) Judges have been sentencing mothers for not caring for the children in the womb. There have been cases of sentences handed down to mothers who consumed drugs and passed it on to the baby in the womb. Fetal neglect is now culpable. This shows that the state is concerned more and more with the unborn child and its welfare. The issue of in vitro fertilization and the knowledge of in genital illnesses are changing the perceptions of the society and the prevailing values are being modified. (Blank, 1992)
"The commoditization of sexuality has brought in the prospect of baby selling and prostitution. Poor women and even affluent ones are not above selling babies in the black market. The baby for sale has all its features added up to its price. The better suited ones getting the better price. The participants tend to market the baby in the fashion of a commodity and that is where the question of the babies with deformities and their fate steps in. There is likely to be more feticide and infanticide. The issue of 'Baby selling' drags down humanity considerations. (Warren, 1991) Originally surrogate mother hood was not a baby selling proposition. Yet today it has assumed the features of baby selling. Just as prohibition of payment exists for adoption, there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood. The courts sometimes have applied the baby sale acts to bar surrogate motherhood."

Tags:commericial, contracts, payments, prevention, deformities, adoption

Abstract
In the stories "Sophie", by Emily Carr, "The Gadabouts" by Gabrielle Roy and "The Summer My Grandmother Was Supposed to Die" by Mordecai Richler, the theme of motherhood predominates. However, as this paper will argue, it is a form of motherhood whereby the women's lives are radically restricted by the social definitions of motherhood in their respective social contexts. To different degrees, the women are all victims of social pressures and conventions, which force these women into lives of domestic suffering and overwork.

Abstract
The paper analyzes the two contrasting characters of Edna Pontellier and Adele Ratignolle; the former finds motherhood a burden rather than a joy, while the latter is the picture of the perfect wife and mother who enjoys every minute of motherhood. The paper shows how the ways these two women relate to their families define their characters. The paper describes how while Adele continually identifies herself with the achievements of her children and husband, Edna defines herself largely through her passion, and specifically her sexual desire.

From the Paper
"Motherhood is one of the oldest themes in literature, finding explicit and profound reference in nearly every creation myth, and many examples in that foundation stone of Western literature, the Bible. Yet it was not until the rise of the modern novel that motherhood began to be examined with the complexity and honesty, and from multi-faceted viewpoints, that had earlier been applied to other literary themes. The reasons for this are complex and debatable, but what is certain is that with the publication of female authors under their own names beginning in the late nineteenth-century, new and often radically different--and upsetting--ideas about the role and attitudes of women began to emerge in literature. Kate Chopin's short 1899 novel The Awakening provides a particularly unique view, for its time, of motherhood."

Tags:children, husband, wife, mother, independence, sexual, desire

Abstract
This paper traces the transition from pregnancy to motherhood, citing that it begins even before pregnancy with the decision to have a child. Then, the paper examines how maternal identity and behavior then evolve. This paper uses the example of a friend's situation to demonstrate how the transition to motherhood is always changing and can only be successful when the woman has needed resources. Nursing interventions are discussed which ensure that resources are available and that the woman understands her new role.

From the Paper
"The transition from pregnancy to motherhood begins even before pregnancy with the decision to have a child. Maternal identity and behavior then evolves through a process that continues over pregnancy (Mercer, 2004). This paper will use the example of a friend's situation to demonstrate how the transition to motherhood is always changing and can only be successful when the woman has needed resources. Nursing interventions are discussed which ensure that resources are available and that the woman understands her new role. The most important implication for nursing is that the..."

Tags:transition, maternal, role

Abstract
This paper examines all of the moral and emotional issues surrounding surrogate motherhood. The author explains the different definitions of surrogacy from donation of sperm to egg donation to traditional surrogacy. He examines the ethical issues involved in surrogacy and if it can be considered as a moral or an immoral act from the perspective of the surrogate. The author cites examples of court cases that support surrogacy. He also examines how surrogacy has become a legal practice in many Western countries. In conclusion the author states his opinion that the existing laws and public policies regarding surrogacy and surrogate arrangements were created and established primarily for the purpose of justifying the end and existence of surrogate motherhood.

From the Paper
"Those who advocates the practice of surrogacy claims that it is a moral and just act since people who are burdened by the frustration of not being able to procreate are actually being addressed. With surrogacy, infertile couples are actually provided the joys of parenthood. Likewise, it is also said that surrogacy does not necessarily have to be equated with money. With the aid of laws and existing public policies regarding it, it is also claimed that the possibility of commercialization and the development of a market for it can be controlled and at the same time
access to the said reproductive technology is made possible for anyone who would like to avail it (http://www.debatabase.org)."

Tags:birth, child, fertile, donor, father, egg, moral, services, contract, human, conception

Abstract
This persuasive paper presents a clear examination of womanhood and motherhood in terms of African women's struggle and a detailed observation, analysis, and definition of victimology as a basis for these struggles. The paper covers detailed comparisons of the main characters in three novels, "So Long a Letter" and "Scarlet Song" by Mariama Ba and "The Joys of Motherhood" by Buchi Emecheta. The paper explores the victimization of these characters by way of societal, traditional, patriarchal, and cultural means. Also, deeply rooted problems with colonization and polygamy are discussed as stepping-stones towards these characters' victimization.

From the Paper
"Tradition acts as victimizer to Nnu Ego, in her childlessness. After her first child's death, she is considered a failed woman and failed mother. She cannot escape tradition, nor can she escape her expectations. These two things bind her in such a way that she will never be a complete woman, nor have a joyous motherhood, because her constant failure to gain expectations that are presented by the tradition she imbibes. She only questions her tradition once in the novel, on page 187, where she asks, "Who made the law that we should not hope in our daughters? Until we change all this, it is still a man's world, which women will always help to build." This statement encompasses Emecheta's belief in the problems with womanhood and motherhood, and establishes a clear hope for change."

Tags:juletane, Nnu, Ego, Fernando, Po

Abstract
The process of surrogate motherhood involves a third party carrying a child for a couple, a single woman, or persons involved in same sex relationships. This paper gives a personal opinion of why it is ethically wrong by examining literature both for and against surrogacy. It discusses such issues as bonding and separation and the key issue of breastfeeding, why surrogate mothers are not allowed to breastfeed.

From the Paper
"Opponents of surrogacy argue that the surrogacy process creates a separation in the mind of the surrogate mother that she must have the child but not raise the child. Thus surrogacy creates a situation in which a child is created for the purpose of fulfilling the desires of the adoptive parents. The Humanist writes: "To sanction the use and treatment of human beings to the achievement of other goals instead of as ends in themselves is to accept an ethic with a tragic past and to establish a precedent with a dangerous future." (Pyton 2001)"

Tags:child, emotional, problems, orphans, baby, selling, adoption