Abstract
This paper argues that the use of force is most justifiable in a clear situation of direct threat of harm to the police and innocent persons. The paper further argues that this is not the only justification, however, as within police work there are many gray areas. In addition, the paper argues that the adoption of a policy of only allowing the use of force when there is a perceived threat of injury to an innocent is too simplistic a model for the many gray areas that are involved in police work. The paper argues this by first discussing scenarios of apprehension and then by discussing the issue of interrogation and, lastly, by developing, from the literature, a better sense of the existing rules, regulations and laws pertaining to the use of force and their moral ground.

Outline:
Introduction
Grey Areas
Suspect Coercion by Force or Threat of Force
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Yet, this is simply one example which can be dissected to a myriad of gray eras that often face officers in the field. For Locke, or Hobbes, there is no question that if one person is seeking to take another's life or liberty than the acts of a civil government are justified, as use of force may need to be used to subdue the infringement. What if the weapon is concealed, by the individual or even simply suspected to be a lethal weapon by the officer, in a moment of assumed danger and fast movement, but is in fact not a weapon at all? What if the individual is reaching for said weapon to relinquish it and the officer perceives that they are doing so to use it? What if the distance from the suspect is so great that the officer cannot confirm that the item in question is a weapon but if it is it is still within lethal striking range of the officer or another innocent bystander?"

Tags:apprehension, moral, legal, permissibility, interrogation, detention

Abstract
This paper attempts to focus on the new programme for citizenship and identify potential opportunities for PE departments to support the delivery of this new subject. Particular attention is directed towards the role of physical education in promoting active lifestyles, where it is argued that that the subject can make a significant contribution to pupils social, moral, cultural and spiritual values.

Outline
Introduction
Citizenship within the Curriculum
The Role of Physical Education
Lack of Guidance for Teachers
Linking Citizenship and SMSC Within Physical Education at KS 3 and 4 Additional Strategies for Implementing Citizenship Within Physical Education
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Crick report, which laid the foundations for the Citizenship Curriculum, suggests strong reasoning why Citizenship should be established within the Curriculum and why teachers should be prepared to tackle specific issues within society. Fundamentally, the report highlights the importance of discussing issues of sportsmanship, fair play and political and religious concerns, either because the subject could directly affect them or because they will, in some way in a democratic society, have opportunities to take part in influencing the outcome."

Tags:moral, physical, social, spiritual, values

Abstract
This paper explains that, in his short story, "The Use of Force", William Carlos Williams examines the justifiable application of physical force. The author points out that all of the doctor's respect appears to go to Mathilda, the "damned little brat", who had the spunk and courage to resist him all along. The paper concludes that even an apparently mild-mannered country doctor can enjoy the passionate feeling of having a strong opponent and admire the resistance.

From the Paper
"The narrator inquires about a sore throat and both parents explain that the child says "her throat don't hurt her." The slightly exasperated doctor wonders if they have actually looked and discovers that they have not. Mathilda will not cooperate, though, and the doctor tries to reason with her. Attempting lamely to help, the mother says, "Come on, do what he tells you to, he won't hurt you." The doctor is disgusted that the mother used the word "hurt" and he says "I ground my teeth in disgust" at the parents bungling attempts."

Tags:paper, brat, tonsils, force, doctor

Abstract
A discussion of the effects of the Vietnam War on ideals of morality, rationality and logic. Examines how America had to completely rethink its ideals; explaining that the Americans saw a side of themselves that had previously thought extinguished by moral superiority. Several explorations of this phenomenon can be found in the literature that grew out of the Vietnam conflict. The paper provides a discussion of how the Vietnam War influenced and changes ideals of morality.

From the Paper
"Kant here argues for the existence of a supreme moral law which exists as the sole extension of reason; he contends that the only purpose of reason is to define and create moral ethics, and thus the conclusion that any action is "moral" must be reached solely through reason itself. This idea, that reason dictates morals, has been one of the most influential philosophical ideas in western thought. It influenced strongly the great political theorists, including Locke and Voltaire, and was hailed as the New Ethics for the Enlightenment. Indirectly, it can even be said to have influenced strongly the two great revolutions (French and American), both of which resulted in nations which held that reason was the highest goal of humanity, and that morality could be defined by rational means."

Tags:air, american, army, force, marines, military, modern, navy, soldiers, war

Abstract
This paper summarizes the 2003 book "Moral Courage". The paper discusses the book's assertion that leadership demands true moral courage, which the author defines as the willingness and ability to make ethical decisions in the face of conflicting forces and goals.

From the Paper
"This book presents an aspect of ethical behavior and leadership, moral courage, needed to make brave, ethical decisions in the face of conflicting forces and goals...."

Tags:Moral, courage, Kidder, Ethical, Leadership

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a chronology and assessment relative to the history of physical education. A short review of Plato's emphasis on physical education in order to empower individuals to foster both their physical and intellectual prowess is highlighted. A chronology of important events in the United States relative to physical education is also profiled.

From the Paper
"From the time the first Olympiad was held in 776 BC, sports and physical education have become a part of our health and fitness goals as well as fostering community and political cooperation. Using the definition of physical education provided by McDaniel, this paper will discuss physical education as "the means by which development of the total person is enhanced." A brief time line and historical perspective of physical education are provided."

Tags:history, physical, education

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that from the time the first Olympiad was held in 776 BC, sports and physical education have become a part of health and fitness goals as well as a way of fostering community and political cooperation. Using the definition of physical education provided by R.L. McDaniel, this paper discusses physical education as "the means by which development of the total person is enhanced." The paper then provides a brief timeline and historical perspective of physical education.

From the Paper
"In 1953, physical fitness levels in school aged children were compared between the US and Europe; with results demonstrating the US performed significantly poorer than their European counterparts. This comparison was believed to be the catalyst for Federal Government involvement, such that in 1953 President Eisenhower formed the first Council on Youth Fitness (renamed to the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports). In 1994 the Physical Bet fitness testing program was established and in 2000 the Physical Education for Progress Act was approved by congress, although President Bush imposed a moratorium on the Act the following year."

Tags:health, fitness, physical, activity

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of professional physical education teachers. The writer explores the history of physical education within the school systems as well as the views about the profession. The author also examines why children need physical education and debates the current duties of a physical education teacher compared to past duties. The writer presents a defense of the physical education teaching profession using solid research and current trends.

Introduction
What has Changed
The PE Teacher Today
A Nation Divided
Why
Proof it is a Work Profession
References

From the Paper
"Before one can begin to understand why the general perception of a physical education career has changed it is important for one to understand the changes that have taken place in the field of education. Experts agree that for today's physical education teacher to be successful with students it is important to combine components of academics, fitness training and sports introduction. This has been an evolving field of education for several decades as society has begun to realize the importance of physical fitness awareness not only from a physical health standpoint but for a mental health standpoint as well(Physical, 2001).
Years ago, students were expected to dress out in PE uniforms, take part in some game of skill or luck and then take a shower and head for the next class. There was no classroom training or teaching. There was no discussion about health, nutrition, physical fitness or other aspects of physical education. Instead, there was an hour of physical sport, a shower and that was it(Physical, 2001). The PE teacher grades students on whether or not they wore their uniform to participate, was it clean, was it in good repair? In addition they provided letter or point system grades for whether or not the students took their showers before attending their next class. "

Tags:physical, education, teachers, professionalism

Abstract
The paper explores the role of race in police use of force. The paper explains what is necessary force vs. excessive force and discusses the conditions under which excessive force is permissible. The paper also discusses police attitudes toward African Americans and other minorities.

From the Paper
"Few people would argue about the statement that police officers have a tough job. Law enforcement officers must deal with some of the worst problems in our society. Police also have a significant amount of discretion and power which some abuse. Critics of police abuse suggest that one of the most effective tools for dealing with police abuse of power is the existence of an independent watchdog agency empowered to handle citizen complaints and armed with enough power to publish its findings and enforce its recommendations."

Tags:The, role, of, race, in, police, use, of, force

Abstract
This paper presents a literature review on improving physical fitness. The paper underscores the importance of physical fitness for adults as well as children and adolescents. The paper also looks at health problems that are related to lack of physical fitness. The paper concludes with a discussion of how to build a routine of physical fitness.

From the Paper
"Although most people's concept of physical fitness is little more than a vague conceptual notion of being in good shape or having a conditioned body, a more clinical definition is that physical..."

Tags:improving, physical, fitness