Abstract
This paper is a dramatic enactment of a panel discussion involving five historical and imaginative figures that focuses on the the Montgomery Bus Boycott. They argue about the efficacy of using federal troops to resolve the situation, the importance of nonviolence and a number of other relevant issues. The figures include John F. Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln, Harrison Bergeron, Barbara Holland and Martin Luther King Jr.

From the Paper
Montgomery Bus Boycott SCENE 1 A forum at a futuristic University is quickly gathering an enormous crowd. Many members of the audience mill about as they take their seats and look toward the stage, where the moderator, a tall, slender, olive-skinned woman named MARA stands underneath a spotlight. She clears her throat and calls them all to attention. Next to her at a long table but cast in shadows, FOUR FIGURES all sit conversing quietly amongst themselves. MARA

Tags:boycott, civil rights, nonviolence

Abstract
This paper explains that the motivating force behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a lone African-American woman, Rosa Parks, who defied a well-entrenched law of the period that blacks were required to sit at the back of the bus, to enter the bus through rear doors and to yield their seats to white passengers if seating was limited. The author points out that the young Martin Luther King, Jr. was elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), an organization of the various groups that had participated in arranging the boycott, joined forces and named the organization. When it came time to elect a president, King found himself thrust into the position. The paper relates that, while the initial intentions of the bus boycott were far from revolutionary, the event gained national and international attention; not only did it elevate Martin Luther King Jr. to the position of de facto leader of the Civil Rights Movement, but also it established his doctrine of non-violent resistance as a primary method by which the movement would enact social change.

From the Paper
"On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was told to vacate her seat to allow a white man to sit down. Mrs. Parks was sitting in the eleventh row of the bus, with three other blacks also occupying seats in the row. While the other three black passengers yielded to the drivers demand, Mrs. Parks refused, and was consequently arrested. While her place in history is well established, one author pointed out that "Rosa Parks was not, as some versions of civil rights history would have it, just a simple black woman whose feet were tired from working all day for the white folks.""

Tags:non-violent-resistance, leader, seat, refuse, attention

From the Paper
"Introduction
There is sometimes the misapprehension that the Montgomery Bus Boycott resulted from the random action of Rosa Parks, a working woman who was simply too tired to budge from her seat. This is not an accurate picture of the events leading up to her actions, nor of the woman herself. In the following pages, the intention is to look at the woman and the roots of the boycott.
The Facts
The Montgomery Bus Boycott began in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955 with Mrs. Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seat on the bus to a white passenger who had entered. At that time, not only did "colored" passengers have to sit at the back of the bus, they were also required to relinquish their seats to white passengers.."

Abstract
This paper describes the events leading up to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, setting it in a political and historical context.

From the paper:

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a very significant event in the civil rights movement, which spanned the 1950's and 60's. Prior to the Boycott, Montgomery maintained a rigid pattern of bus segregation. Bus drivers carried guns and had police power to rearrange seating. In 1945, Alabama passed a law (reproduced below) requiring that all bus companies under its jurisdiction actually enforce segregation.

Tags:race, discrimination, segregation, laws, southern

Abstract
This paper examines how the movie, "Boycott", replays the events that became known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. stepped forward to lead and actively fight for civil rights. It looks at how he chose not methods of violence, but those of active nonviolence, just as Gandhi taught. This paper outlines Gandhi's influence upon Dr. King and compares the steps taken in the Boycott with those of Gandhi's method of satyagraha.

From the Paper
"The teachings of Mahatma Gandhi have influenced and touched people all over the world- no better example than Dr. Martin Luther King and the people involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott that took place in 1955. Gandhi developed and used a philosophy of nonviolence when trying to gain independence of India from Great Britain. This philosophy emphasized truth and love but furthermore it was used as an expression of love and respect towards the enemy, without regarding the person as your enemy. Dr. King adopted this philosophy as the best way to gain acceptance and freedom of Blacks from White America in the 1950's. One of the most historically significant examples of this nonviolent philosophy can be seen in the way Dr. King handled the community of Montgomery and directed them to boycott the buses without using violence."

Tags:naacp, rights, satyagraha, civil

Abstract
This paper examines Rosa Parks and her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The author analyzes the consequences of her actions and shows how civil disobedience and the refusal to obey an unjust law, was an effective method of dissenting protest. Included is an examination of the effects of these events upon the Civil Rights Movement.

From the Paper
"In 1955, Montgomery, AL had a municipal law that required black citizens to ride in the back of the city's buses. That year, Mrs. Rosa Parks, a forty-two year old seamstress, boarded a city bus and sat in the first row of seats in the black section of the bus. The designated white section of the bus was quickly filled and when more white passengers boarded the bus, the driver ordered Mrs. Parks to give up her seat and move back. She refused, and was arrested. When questioned about her actions, Parks replied, "When I declined to give up my seat, it was not that day, or bus, in particular. I just wanted to be free like everybody else. I did not want to be continually humiliated over something that I had no control over: the color of my skin." Her courageous act touched off a 381-day bus boycott led by the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and helped spark the civil rights revolution that followed."

Tags:civil, discrimination, disobedience, protest, rights, segregation

From the Paper
" The civil rights movement helped prepare America to become a multicultural society. Before the civil rights movement, Americans had believed in the doctrine of "separate but equal." In demanding full integration into society, blacks paved the way for the inclusion of women, disabled people, and other minorities in the American mainstream.

The Montgomery bus boycott of the 1950s was a watershed event in the fledgling civil rights movement. For years, the city bus system in Montgomery, Alabama had been segregated. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black domestic worker, refused to give up her seat to a white male passenger. Parks was arrested and charged for violating a municipal ordinance. The arrest of Parks, who was a member of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), enraged the black community.."

Abstract
This paper traces the origins of the Civil Rights Movement in America, starting with Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott. The author shows how Parks' act of defiance ultimately led to the involvement of the major leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King. The paper includes a biography of King's life, influences and his impact on civil rights. Also described are some of King's speeches. The paper concludes that ordinary people like Rosa Parks showed the way forward to eventually affect change in American policies toward blacks and whites.

From the Paper
"Of course the American Civil Rights Movement had many other origins and precursors. The peak of the Movement's activities was in the period between 1955 and 1965. One of the aims of the movement was achieved with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed by congress."

Tags:Rosa, Parks, Montgomery, bus, boycott, civil, rights

Abstract
This paper examines leaders such as Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau who have questioned and even disobeyed certain laws for the good of a greater cause and who recognized the value of peaceful protest. It analyzes different types of protests and evaluates whether they are justified.

Outline

Introduction: Theories on the Origins and Nature of Protest
Violent Political Protest
Urban Riots
Assassinations
Revolutions
Terrorism
Peaceful Political Protest
Picketing
Sit-ins
Boycotts
History of Protest
Laws Against Protest
Peaceful Leaders
Martin Luther King
"I Have Been To The Mountaintop"
"Montgomery Bus Boycott" (Time Magazine)
"Civil Rights and Social Wrongs?" (AA Review)
Mahatma Gandhi
"The Story of My Experiments with Truth: An Autobiography"
"Community, Violence, and Peace"
Henry David Thoreau
Civil Disobedience
Definition
Applicability to Modern Society
Just Cause, Civil Protest and the Law
Theories on and Approaches to Conflict and its Resolution or Management
Evolution of the Concept of 'Just Cause'
Alternative Means for Achieving Social-Political Change
Non-violence
Is it Effective?
How has it evolved?
Civil disobedience
Legal/Constitutional Restrictions on Breaking the Law for "Just Cause"
Conclusion

From the Paper
"While there is certainly no legal or moral justification for violent acts for the sake of change, there are legal and peaceful alternatives to questioning authority available, such as picketing, sit-ins and boycotts. One of the most famous boycotts in protest history was the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which constituted the official beginning of the Civil Rights movement. The protest occurred when the black community of Montgomery, Alabama decided that they would boycott the city buses until they were no longer required to give up their seats for whites."

Tags:gandhi, justice, king, thoreau, black, panthers, terrorism, protest, boycott

Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that the African-American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and the women's liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s share many similarities related to the process used to gain their rights, their underlying causes, their overall goals and especially the leaders who guided each of these movements. The paper explores the beginnings of the African-American civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott and Dr. Martin Luther King and his non-violent protests. The paper then looks at the American Equal Rights Association, the leadership of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Equal Rights Amendment.

Outline:
Thesis Statement
The African-American Civil Rights Movement
Dr. Martin Luther King and his Non-Violent Protests
Women's Liberation (the Feminist Movement)
The American Equal Rights Association
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although African-Americans have been discriminated against and viewed as less than second-class citizens going back as far as the founding of the United States of America in the late 18th century, it appears that the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement happened in May of 1954 when the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v Board of Education that racial segregation in the US public schools was unconstitutional. In the opinion of Chief Justice Earl Warren, "separate schools are inherently unequal" and help to breed "in the minds of Negro children a sense of inferiority. . . Therefore, these Negro children" have been denied "the equal protection of the law" required by the Fourteenth Amendment to the constitution (Riches, 45).
"Certainly, this important decision by the Supreme Court inspired African-Americans to continue their struggle for civil rights, especially when President Dwight D. Eisenhower "accepted the desegregation ruling of the court as valid" and then in 1956, sent one of the first civil rights bills to the U.S. Congress, "designed to fulfill the obligation of Congress to enforce by appropriate legislation the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments" and to create a division in the Department of Justice to "enforce the civil rights of the individual," including the right to vote. This bill, although not supported by many Southern democrats, was passed by Congress and was signed into law by President Eisenhower in September of 1956 (Powledge, 134)."

Tags:Rosa, Parks, King, suffrage, voting, Stanton, Anthony