Abstract
The paper discusses the role of transportation in logistics including modes of transportation, effects of transportation on logistics, service quality, costs, and role of third party logistics on transportation.

From the Paper
"This research study explored the role of transportation in the logistics field, identifying the five basic modes of transportation i.e. pipelines, water, air, rail and motorized vehicle truck, and the performance characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of each transport mode. It presents an overview of the effects of transportation on logistics activities, including the role of transportation in service quality costs for transportation and the roles and functions of third parties in the transportation system Finally, a brief description of major legislative regulatory and..."

Tags:transportation, logistics, cost, service quality

Abstract
America has evolved into a highly competitive technologically advanced globalized business society, where trade and the modes of transporting our goods has become a very critical part of our business sector to grow and profit. From the perspective of the consumer, we have become extremely dependent on the fact that our goods should and will be in stores or delivered to our doors in a timely, safe and consistent manner. There are also tons of garbage and hazardous materials that have to be relocated and shipped away from our urban cities and suburban homes in order to maintain a healthy environment. With these issues being taken into consideration, this report therefore analyzes modes of transportation available for shipping goods. These modes include (but are not limited to) trucks, trains, ships, airplanes and non-moving entities such as pipelines. The report presents some insights into how, why and when each of these methods can be utilized and which stage or channel of distribution is required to use these methods of transportation. In addition, the paper also focuses on some of the estimated costs, quantity limits, and shipping times that can be involved when using some of these modes.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Inbound and Outbound Logistics
Containerization
Airplanes
Trucks
Ships
Pipelines
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"On-board computers for example are helping mandate planning processes which in turn lead to fewer accidents and increased efficiency. Toll stations allow trucks to pass without slowing and automatically charge the toll to electronic accounts and license plates can be electronically monitored. Trucking has a fairly high equipment cost per unit of weight carried but very low facility costs such as parking and loading docks and right-of-way costs are moderate because they are maintained by the generally public and taxes."

Tags:computerization, software, aviation, cargo, NAFTA

Abstract
This paper investigates how economics affects when people opt to use some modes of transportation over others and why these choices are made. The paper uses unemployment rates, median family income and crude oil prices to anticipate the change of passenger's miles of three transportation modes - air total passenger's miles, highway total passenger's miles and intercity/Amtrak total passenger's miles.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results & Conclusion

From the Paper
"For air transport, we need to focus on median family income. We usually think increasing oil prices result in decreasing the number of passengers. However, not only the oil price increases, but also the total passenger's miles increase. In my opinion, this is because the increasing income seems to offset the increasing oil prices. Another reasons is that people with high levels of income will use flight transportation more frequently than people with low levels of income; the income levels are a determining factor when choosing flight transportation. Thus, we can explain why the unemployment rate is not significant statistically with above logic."

Tags:passenger, intercity, Amtrak

Abstract
This paper focuses on four modes of passenger and freight transportation over the last 30 years, including air, road (trucking and railroad), and sea. Within that context, the pressures put upon the United States government that both positively and negatively impact those efficiencies are considered. The paper explains that such pressures fall under the categories of deregulation for airlines, trucking, and railroad and increased regulations for maritime shipping.

From the Paper
"This paper shall focus on four modes of passenger and freight transportation over the last 30 years, including air, road (trucking and railroad), and sea. Within that context, the pressures put upon the United States government that both positively and negatively impact those efficiencies will be considered. Such pressures fall under the categories of deregulation for airlines, trucking, and railroad and increased regulations for maritime shipping. Over the past 30 years, the United States government has impacted multiple..."

Tags:government, regulation, transportation

Abstract
This paper analyzes the evolution of intermodalism in the transportation industry. The paper defines intermodal transportation as a close coordination and integration established for the purpose of moving cargo with the use of two or more transportation modes. The paper explains that before the introduction of intermodal transportation, the practices of cargo movement were strictly restricted to the five transportation modes of airways, waterways, road, railroad and pipeline; intermodal transportation was an innovative initiative to improve upon the entire transportation industry. The paper concludes that intermodal transportation has seen, and will continue to see, tremendous growth over the years as a solution to the high cost, inefficiency, and inflexibility of utilizing a single carry mode on a single cargo movement. movement.

From the Paper
"Although intermodal transportation system has experienced tremendous growth over the years, it is still faced with problems and challeneges ranging from equipment usage to coordination and integration, and cargo tranfer. The issue of equipment could be considered a problem in intermodalism if one takes into account the difficulties of tranferring container goods between vehicles operating in different transportation modes (Muller, 1999). For example, ocean-going vessels and railcars all have different sizes and shapes which could be somewhat difficult to transfer the container cargo if the required carriers for that container are not available. Also products are subjected to stress moving from one carrier mode to another. Damages to the product could easily occur as a result of the stress experienced during this transiton."

Tags:railroad, cargo, waterway, vessel, container

Abstract
The paper looks at how individuals choose between transportation modes. The paper discusses the work of Verbeek and Slob (100) who list several possible decision factors, including speed, independence, comfort, cost, physical safety, environmental friendliness, and luggage capacity. The paper explains that the decision factors can be seen as either constraints or incentives to choosing a particular mode of travel. For example, the high cost of traveling by plane may be a disincentive when alternative options are available over short distances, and the speed of traveling by car could outweigh the lowered environmental footprint of using a bicycle. The paper shows how government is a major source of both constraints on and incentives for the transportation mode decision space, for example, government planning, taxation, and subsidization are all factors that can influence individual transportation choices.

From the Paper
"How do individuals choose between transportation modes? Verbeek and Slob (100) list several possible decision factors, including speed, independence, comfort, cost, physical safety, environmental friendliness, and luggage capacity. The decision factors can be seen as either constraints or incentives to choosing a particular mode of travel. For example, the high cost of traveling by plane may be a disincentive when alternative options are available over short distances, and the speed of traveling by car could outweigh the lowered environmental footprint of using a bicycle. Government is a major source of both constraints on and..."

Tags:urban, economics, planning

Abstract
Imagine a world without automobiles, trains, airplanes, water transportation such as ships, or pipelines. Without these five different modes of transportation life would be different. These modes of transportation make life enjoyable as they make it possible to have the quality of life that most people enjoy. The economy of many countries can be tracked with the methods of transportations determining how wealthy a country may be. "The fact that transportation represents 3.3 percent of our national income understates the importance of that sector to our economy and our well-being" (Moore 2001). The role of transportation over the years and the costs of transportation play a vital role in the lives of people today.

Abstract
This paper provides a logistics sector analysis of China. It first provides a country profile of the People's Republic of China and a brief look at its history. The paper then analyzes the logistics sector, specifically the primary modes of transportation in the country and the challenges that exist with regards to this sector. The paper finally looks at career dynamics of the logistics sector in China.

Table of Contents:
Part I
Country Profile
Part II
Logistics Sector Analysis
Primary Modes Of Transportation
Geographical Difficulties in the Logistics Sector
Shipping Ports Handle Approximately 1/2 of all Import and Export in China
3PL Providers
Ten Key Challenges
Part III
Career Dynamics Analysis In The Logistics Sector

From the Paper
"Research relating to career dynamics of the logistics sector in China finds that in the country of China: "...the logistics industry wants 600,000 professionals" according to an online news service the 'China Economic Net'. (JobCyclone.com Career News, 2001) The commitment of the government in China as related to addressing the poor shape of the infrastructure in the logistics sector will result in many labor positions needing to be filled as well. The work of Thomas A. Foster entitled: "Logistics Inside China: The Next Big Supply Chain Challenge" states that among the most recent of success stories in the country of China, a country presently in the throes of a 'retail revolution' (Foster, 2005) are "...the large global retailers that have been able to tap into the needs of China's blossoming middle-class. Retailers such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour are rapidly building superstores throughout the country. Carrefour projects that it will have 61 large stores there by the end of the year." (Foster, 2005) Retailers are expanding their businesses using 3PLs to handle their complete supply chains. This business model is one build upon 'outsourcing' enabling the businesses to: "...move quickly and limit the time and investment of holding inventory." (Foster, 2005)"

Tags:infrastructure, 3PL, career, ports

Abstract
The paper talks about the Kyoto Protocol that provided an international directive in environmental emissions, demanding that countries shoulder the responsibility for emissions regulations and standards. The paper then discusses hydrogen fuel cell research and the effectiveness of integrating these technologies in domestic and public modes of transportation. The paper argues that hydrogen fuel cell development should become the primary focus for any company that wants to adhere to environmental standards and reduce long-term costs of using fossil fuels.

Outline:
The Kyoto Protocol
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Green Companies: Ford and Mercedes
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Limitations

From the Paper
"The 21st century global marketplace has been witness to the advent of numerous technological advances in an effort to create efficiency and reduce the cost of utilizing expensive energy resources. Environmental policy has also played an important role in the legitimacy of large corporations primarily due to the alarming increase in global warming. As the world becomes closer to its neighbors through free-market trade, the relevance of environmental accountability becomes even more paramount. With oil prices rapidly increasing and technological advances in the synthesis of energy resources, the transportation industry is becoming more responsible for the environmental impact due to business operations. Countries and companies worldwide are becoming more active in regulating fuel economy. The rise of hydrogen fuel cell integration in domestic vehicles, locomotives and public transportation services has increased due to environmental regulations and finding cost efficient resources for power."

Tags:global, warming, fossil, fuels, oil, energy, sources, alternative, transportation

Abstract
The paper explains that life cycle assessment is a tool to assess the extent of burden caused on the environment by a commodity (in this case, bananas). The main environmental concerns when growing bananas is the use of land and water. The greater the demand for the product, the more quality and quantity of fertilizers and pesticides are needed, the use of which causes the soil quality to deteriorate. The paper uses tables to show the uses and consequences of resources used in the production, storage and distribution of bananas. In conclusion, the writer recommends that environmentally friendly modes of transportation should be used to transport commodities like bananas and that proper planning based on demand and supply analysis would prevent the need for storage and consequent refrigeration, thereby using less electricity.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Life Cycle Analysis of Banana
- Definition of Problem
Inputs and Outputs of Banana
1. Cultivation
Table - I Inputs for Banana
2. Storage After the Yield
3. Mass Transportation
Table - II Inputs for Mass Transportation of Bananas
4. Sub - Storage Before the Distribution
5. Distribution at the Retail Outlets
6. Storage at Retail Outlets & Sales
7. Consumption & Disposal of Waste
Discussion on the Environmental Burden
Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Year after year harvesting of crops and plantation deteriorates the soil quality and as a result of this the nutrient content of the plants and crops falls below the required level. Thirteen elements are absolutely essential for the growth, development and maturation of plants. ( HLS Tandon, 1995) These are: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Calcium, Magnesium, Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum and Zinc. Repeated harvests cause depletion of these element contents in the soil and necessitate the use of fertilizers. The plantations are to be protected against the diseases caused by warms and pests by using pesticides. Over the years the requirement of these chemicals in harvesting of almost all types of crops and plants are increasing with the increasing demand for food items. The commercial companies around the globe exploting this rise in demand of fertilizer and pesticides. They invent new products and aggressively marketing them and producing them in mass quantity in their facilities located around the globe. The manufacturing, storage, transportation and use of hazardous chemicals for manufacturing these fertilizer and pesticides imposes lot of environmental burden. The emissions hazardous chemical gases from these facilities pollute the atmosphere depriving the humane being one of their vital needs of fresh air for breathing. The people living around thee facilities and the workers apply these fertilizer and pesticides to the plants, manufacturing, transporting are all affected by these chemicals and develop serious health problems. The liquid effluents send out from these facilities cause eutrophication and acidification of lakes and other water resources. (Gilbert M. Masters, 1995). These effluents mix oxygen-demanding wastes and water born diseases creating pathogens in to water resources. Artificial production of the thirteen elements discussed earlier is one of the reasons for the increase in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the water resources near to these facilities."

Tags:insecticides, fertilizers, plantain