Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at modernity and at how architectural modernism captures the economic, cultural and political phenomena re-making India in the twenty-first century. Of especial importance, the writer focuses a great deal of attention upon the work of Joseph Allen Stein, for his work encapsulates the new virility and promise of post-colonial India as it unshackled itself from generations of British rule after the end of World War II. In the final analysis, the writer shows that the secret to peering into the soul of the new India involves looking carefully at the monuments it builds to itself.

Tags:modernity, stein

Abstract
This paper looks at modernity and how architectural modernism captures the economic, cultural and political phenomena re-making India in the twenty-first century. The paper focuses on the architectural work of Joseph Allen Stein and discusses how his work encapsulates the new virility and promise of post-colonial India as it unshackled itself from generations of British rule after the end of World War II. The paper suggests that the key to India can be seen in the monuments it builds to itself.

From the Paper
"At the same time, modernist architecture survives as a political statement insofar as it also masks infelicities that Indians may not want outsiders to see. For example, the city of Bombay is a modern city organized like few others - but that modern image of looming skyscrapers and cleverly-conceived infrastructure merely papers over elements of nativism and communalism that threaten Bombay's gleaming international image (Prakash, 2006). Therefore, just as modern-day India uses impressive modernist structures to announce its arrival on the world stage, it also uses those same structures and architectural embellishments to hide from view darker national traditions and vestiges of its past it wishes to remain unseen."

Tags:infrastructure, monuments, Bombay

Abstract
This paper examines how religious ideology has impacted the development of national identity throughout Asia and the South Pacific over the past twenty years. The paper begins with an analysis of India in the post-colonial era, which the author asserts has proven to be one of the most effective yet exclusive countries in the world. The paper demonstrates how the division of culture and diversity has been created by the development of the independent nation of Pakistan, almost solely based upon national pride and religious differences. The paper also discusses the impact of poverty as a dividing force in the nation, since those who are members of the dominant faith tend to be allowed more opportunity, whether by virtue of their familial past or by virtue of a discriminatory system. Next the paper turns to the transformation of Japan from an ancient to ultra-modern society, which is viewed by many as a western triumph. Yet the paper notes that the country has been culturally whitewashed of its tradition and simplicity. The paper concludes with a brief examination of other trends in national identity in Southeast Asia, including in Korea and Hong Kong.

From the Paper
"The post-cold war era, far from making the "end of history" and the triumph of the western ideal, will be characterized by increased global fragmentation and the "clash of civilizations" based on ethical, cultural and religious distinctions. Cultural identity has replaced any shared ideology that had existed as the dominant global perspective in world affairs. To a great degree nationalism, be it exclusive or inclusive of cultural minorities has become the driving force behind many world decisions and the many lessons of diversity, taught over the last 50 plus years have congealed into the pride of ideological difference that is created by the borders of ones nation and the culture of the people within it. The catch twenty-two of diversity has become fragmented ideologies of exclusion of diversity rather than inclusive of difference and equality. Within this collective there are many forces at work that create exclusion, the most influential being religious ideology, be it by representation alone, or by true religious cohesion."

Tags:asia, india, pakistan, ghandi, colonialism, hindu, japan, korea, hong, kong, culture, identity, nationalism, religion, extremism

Abstract
This paper explains that Arundhati Roy in her post-colonial novel "The God of Small Things" weaves in social and political theories based on the sociological work of Paul Gilroy's "The Black Atlantic", Homi Bhabha's "The Location of Culture" and Dipesh Chakrabarty's "Provincializing Europe". The author points out that the story gives prominence to the enduring caste system in a country, which outlawed caste discrimination in 1950 but ironically emerges in Roy's modern India, now harboring strong Indian values within a setting where colonial influences still remain. The paper concludes that, through her use of irony, contradiction, themes and symbols of ambiguity, sly civility, historicism and the deconstruction of an imperial language construct; Roy is able to not only provide a post-colonial narrative but also a truly satisfying work of literature.

From the Paper
"In chapter 2, the family is in their Plymouth which has a plywood billboard attached to the roof rack, promoting the family business of pickles and preserves: there are painted pictures of jars juxtaposed with a kathakali dancer for "Regional Flavor." As the story unfolds, the reader is exposed to a description of a real kathakali dance, except it has been shortened from hours to a mere twenty minutes to accommodate the "short attention spans" of the foreign guests as they loll by the poolside at the Heart of Darkness Hotel (which is in itself an irony of "civilized" foreigners residing in a symbol of backwardness and primal roots). While one might see the truncated dance as Indian submission or alteration for the sake of the Western tourists, I believe it is in fact evidence of the opposite; a mockery of sorts of the foreigners. In a large sense, this is Bhabha's concept of hybridity in that the dumbed-down version of the play is a counter-narrative against the dominant culture, premised by the deconstruction of the very entry of the formerly excluded subjects."

Tags:caste, theory, modern, narrative, history

Abstract
This paper argues in support of John Isbister's premise in his book "Promises not Kept" that colonialism has destructive effects on colonized countries. Next, using several sources, the author analyzes the complex and unique behavior of France toward its former colony Algeria as a representative case of post-colonial relations. This paper concludes that the only way to ensure more egalitarian post-colonial relations is for the former imperialist power to consider to what extent it is responsible for its former colony's present underdevelopment. However, the concept of responsibility should be used carefully to avoid neo-colonialism as what happened in the case of the Franco-Algerian relationship. The bibliography is listed as footnotes.

Table of Contents:
After De-Colonization: Which Role for France on the Algerian Economy?
Balance of Algerian Economy After the Decolonization, and Effects of French Colonization
The Basis of the French Economic Policy in Algeria: The Evian Accords (1962)
Which Justifications for the Post-Colonial French Influence on Algeria Economy ?
Official Justifications
Which Real Motivations?
The Specifities of the French Neocolonialism in Algeria
Algeria within the Francafrique
Which are the Specificities of this Cooperation Exemplaire ?
What is the Nature of these Relations, and their Evolution?
Critical Balance of the French Policy in Algeria
Why is the French Post Colonial Policy in Algeria a Failure?
What Should be the Future French Policy with Algeria ?
Conclusion
What are the Franco-Algerian Case's Teachings?

From the Paper
"The most common argument defended by French politicians to justify the economic presence of France in Algeria is the existence of historical, cultural, and even sentimental links. France, as a historic friend and partner, should keep providing advices and aid to its long-term partner. This argument is for me, totally naive and unrealistic. Firstly, because given the huge cost of French presence in Algeria (financial, logistic, and institutional), the benefits for France are certainly much more economically profitable than an alleged sentimental attachment. "

Tags:partnership, evian accords, independence market aid

Abstract
Critical race theorists such as Anthony Appiah, Michael Omi, and Howard Winant differ with post-colonial theorists such as Edward Said and Homi Bhabha with respect to how they understand racial formation in a post-colonial context. Subsequently, while critical race theory and post-colonial theory both challenge the Eurocentrism of classical and contemporary social theory, they offer different interpretations regarding the process and impact of racial formation. This paper examines the differences in these two theories' approach to understanding racial formation in a post-colonial context.

From the Paper
"Historically, critical race theory can be considered a product of the development of African-American thought in the post-civil rights era, and challenges the traditional philosophical tenets of the liberal civil rights movement, which promoted a colorblind approach to achieving social justice. "

Tags:critical, race, theorists

Abstract
The assignment was to look at post-colonial educational reform in Africa beginning with an analysis of past educational reforms issues. This paper identified 5 periods in African educational history and compared the issues for reform facing Africans in each of these eras. The final section identified a series of reforms currently in progress and referred back to earlier issues still in need of reform.

From the Paper
Educational Reform in Post-Colonial Africa In 1964, David Scanlon, an editor, observed that African educational history can be summarized into four periods: (a) Tribal education, (b) Missionary education, (c) Post World War I where colonial governments became involved, and (d) Post World War II preparation for independence (Scanlon 1-4). To these four stages we might add the fifth - the modern era of post-colonial educational reform. In each of these periods the purpose and goals have changed. To understand the needs of reform facing African educators today it is important to understand the traditions that have created the current educational

Tags:africa, education, reform

Abstract
The paper analyzes the character of Millat Iqbal in Zadie Smith's novel about English and East Asian identity and inter-generational conflict entitled "White Teeth". The paper shows how Millat wants to create an identity that is entirely un-English and is only connected to his Bengal roots abroad. The paper also examines the character of Magid and highlights how both brothers' idea of purity is ironically a product of the West, and so they are both hybrid figures. The paper brings out Smith's view that acknowledging the humanity of the supposed 'other,' whether from the family or from another nation, is the purest anti-colonial act of all.

From the Paper
"One of the difficulties of constructing an identity through the post-colonial discourse of race, religion and ethnicity is the difficulty of filtering out the discourse of the oppressor, the 'us versus them' binary that defines colonialism. Colonialism is constructed upon a series of binaries, of 'savage versus civilized,' 'English versus native,' 'white versus non-white,' and of course 'good versus bad' and 'pure versus impure.' The logical response for the rebellious colonized peoples of the world who wish to oppose colonialism would seem to be to vow to become everything that colonialism is 'not.' To be against colonialism is to celebrate a pure, native culture, before it was impinged upon by colonialism. However, to do so is impossible--no identity is 'pure.'"

Tags:Western, culture, rebellion, intellectualism, fundamentalism

Abstract
British children in India were often sent to Britain for education, returning to India as adults; after an Indian childhood, most detested England. Paper refers to materials discussing British culture & colonialism in India, what became of such people; references to several works for children on India or by authors who were British children in India; differences of child raising; identity; many such people found in Canada -- often not suited to England.

From the Paper
British Children & Children's Literature of Colonial India Introduction Much has been written on British Indian society and children born in India as were often sent to England for education in long separations from their parents. They knew a different kind of childhood from that of British-born children they came to know, for they had often learned Indian languages before English, in the care of Indian servants, the stories they were told and how they were raised were Indian in a shared experience that was known to generations of Britons in India, till Independence in 1947 and in some cases, beyond. It was usual for British families to spend decades in

Tags:british india, childhood, literature

Abstract
This paper examines the Pan-African movement as a response to modernism by a group of people living outside of Africa, who are trying to connect their experiences to the continent of their ancestors. The paper tries to answer the question as to how successful Pan-Africanism has been in meeting the perils that modernity poses to people of African ancestry.

From the Paper
"Is it true that "modernization" and "modernity" have rendered the traditional cultural cores of all ethnicities essentially the same, recasting them in the model of the modern West? To answer this question we must understand what modernization itself is. This is difficult, for we are ourselves so deeply embedded in modernism that it is hard to see outside of it."

Tags:free, ancient, modern, life, traditional, agrarian, self, definition, cultural, extra-territorial, civil, rights, marcus, garvey, harlem, renaissance