Abstract This paper discusses the successes and shortcomings in solving economic problems within command, free market, and mixedeconomies. The paper compares each of these economic systems and their effectiveness, and specifically looks and their strengths and weaknesses with regards to productivity and distribution. The paper also discusses examples of each system within different countries.
From the Paper "In conclusion, while there are few pure command or free market economies in the world, most economic systems are loosely based on one of the two systems. Both pure systems have their strengths and weaknesses in production and distribution - the cores of the basic economic problem, which both systems are designed to overcome. The strength of the free market economy lies in its superior productivity when compared to the command system, which is better at redistributing wealth. The mixed economy, a loose term which can describe any economy in the world, is an economic model most highly developed within Scandinavia. It aims to combat the disadvantages of the pure systems by adopting aspects from both. This is reasonably effective, but not perfect. However, a more resilient and equitable economic system borrows aspects from both theoretical systems."
Abstract This paper looks at the relevance of the perception of market structure as a battle between centralizing and decentralizing forces in the context of the modern market economy. Some of the issues discussed are a description of a market concentration, as well as the effects of oligopoly.
Abstract The appropriate role of government in the economy is an issue that has been long debated. Several hundred years into the debate, no solid answer exists. Throughout the 20th century alone, several different forms of governance have been attempted, and while some have been more successful than others, the prevailing mixedeconomy (limited laissez faire) used in most developed countries seems to offer a reasonably decent solution. The key to this form of economy, it seems, is flexibility; with the government more active at some times than others. Good leaders know where the strengths of capitalism lay and what its limitations are. The proper role of government, in this broad sense, is to maximize the benefits of capitalism by staying out of the economy, but exerting some influence in areas where capitalism is deficient.
Abstract This paper discusses how economic systems are extremely complex structures that are often characterized by perpetual change. It attempts to define and characterize the economic systems of pure capitalism, communism, socialism and mixedeconomy. It examines some of the concepts of pure capitalism and shows how a communist economy is a system in which the majority of the resources and means of production are owned by the entire society instead of individuals. It also describes how a socialist economy demands state ownership and control of the all of the fundamental means of production and distribution of wealth and how a mixedeconomy incorporates the principles of both capitalism and socialism.
From the Paper "There are several characteristics of capitalism. In a capitalistic economy the machines, buildings and equipment used to produce goods are privately owned. ("Capitalism") In addition, the buyers and sellers within the market dictate the manner in which the goods and services are bought and sold. Capitalism also employs the concept known as consumer sovereignty. Consumer sovereignty mandates that consumers have the right to spend the money that they earn in any way that they see fit. Consumer sovereignty also creates competition among producers. Competition ensures that consumers will get the types of products that they desire. Price is determined by supply and demand. When the demand for a product is greater than the supply of that product the price increases. Likewise if the supply of a product is greater than the demand the price decreases."
Abstract Most developed societies in the recent past, after the 18th century Industrial Revolution in Britain, have adopted capitalism, socialism, or the mixedeconomy as their politico-economic system. This paper presents a brief comparison of the three systems by discussing their essential features, their effect on the living standards of people, and how the knowledge of the three systems would help a manager in the decision making process.
From the Paper "Another characteristic of Capitalism is that it considers individual rights as the cornerstone of its philosophy and forbids the initiation of physical force that interferes with the rights of an individual?whether such force is initiated by a criminal or by the government. (Simpson, 2003). Use of physical force by a criminal consists of acts such as murder, rape and robbery to deprive an individual of a legitimately earned right; or the imposition of taxes or regulations by the government that interfere with the voluntary acts of individuals such as the acceptance of a lower than minimum specified wage by an employee from an employer."
Abstract This paper discusses Richard V. Adkisson's review of the book titled "Understanding Development: People, Markets and the State in MixedEconomies" written by Ignacy Sachs as published in "Journal of Economics in March, 2001". It examines and analyzes Sachs' concept of development within the context of economics.
From the Paper "Further, Adkisson stated that his synopsis of Sachs' message was probably oversimplified. He specified that "Understanding Development" covered several topics, such as "looking for new development strategies, globalization, the role of the informal economy, creation of a biomass-based civilization, and planetary citizenship" (Adkisson, 2001). At this time, readers start picking up on the manner Sachs developed his theories, promoted his beliefs and generated his statements. Sachs' theories are wide-ranging, his statements are generalized and his beliefs are based on a "multidimensional measure of development that reflects social and cultural concerns as well as more narrowly economic ones" (Bruton, 2002). "
Abstract This essay will assume the position that the pre-modern societies of East Asia were isolated and stagnant. It is recognized that this argument is controversial, and dependent upon certain geographical and social assumptions. "isolation" and "stagnation" are relative concepts. It will be seen that two of the main economies of the region - that of China and Japan - possessed flourishing domestic economies and some degree of trade with other economies in the region. However, given the inescapable fact that European colonial powers in this era came to dominate Asia, first economically and then politically, a balanced view of the pre-modern economic history of the region must explain why this came to pass. Key to this explanation is a recognition that, in comparison to the nations of the West, the pre-moderneconomies of China and Japan were stagnant and isolated.
Tags: ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY (ANCIENT HISTORY) / PRIMITIVE CULTURE (PALEOLITHIC), ANCIENT EMPIRES, economies east asia
Abstract This paper examines how most historians, without debate, describe the ancient economy as one of subsistence, of living in a precarious relationship with the terrain, season and weather. In particular, it analyses the ancient economies of Greek and Roman cities covering a range of sources and subjects from trade, to coinage to modern approaches to ancient attitudes. It also looks at modern schools of thought concerning land, tax, trade, agriculture, industry and banking. It concludes that the ancient economy was actually a system of immediacy- what was best for the period existed, whether it was more or less primitive that the period before.
From the Paper "The self-sufficient nature of the oikos in producing goods for its own use would not be sufficient for trade to the extent of which we have seen. The manufacture of self produced goods is fitting to a period which exists for the period, survival is immediate and the "now" is more important that making provisions for the future, as we have seen in agriculture. The introduction of trade diverges from this economical introversion and opens up the economical sphere. We should not be surprised to see an increase in manufacturing outside the oikos as trade increases ? the two are incontrovertibly linked, more surpluses equals more trade, and more trade produces the wealth to create more trade. Similarly, towards the end of the 4th century we should not be surprised to see a specialisation in manufacturing. As Finley states, in large cities involved in commercial trade "one [trade] is easily enough to support a man" of necessity he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best? ?. We can see an evolution from simple house-bound manufacture to large scale specialisation for trade. Our one criticism of manufacture within the Graeco-Roman world can be neatly summarised in the story repeated by a number of Roman writers of a man who invented unbreakable glass."
Abstract This paper explores the concept of marketing mix. The author describes the 4 Ps (product, place, price, promotion) that make up the marketing mix. The paper points out the marketing mix used by Motorola, with emphasis on brand identity.
From the Paper "The parameters in the marketing mix for a product include the product itself along with the place price and promotion-also referred to as the 4Ps. The product parameter includes such things as brand name, functionality and quality, as well as cosmetic features such as packaging. The product's repairs support, warranty ,accessories and features also play a part in its overall desirability from the customer's standpoint. The place parameter refers to distribution of the product and includes such factors as distribution channels, market coverage, warehousing ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the marketing mix in terms of the combination of elements that go into a marketing plan. The marketing mix is often identified in terms of what are called the 4 p's, those being product, price, placement, and promotion. Any company will base its marketing plan on how these are combined and on how they answer consumer needs. The paper further discusses the use of the marketing mix by Sears.
From the Paper " The marketing mix is the combination of elements that go into a marketing plan. The marketing mix is often identified in terms of what are called the 4 p's, those being product, price, placement, and promotion. Any company will base its marketing plan on how these are combined and on how they answer consumer needs. Sears is such a company. The term "marketing mix" was made popular by the publication of an article by Neil H. Borden in 1964. Borden offered a number of elements in the marketing mix, and these were later combined in the 4 p's by McCarthy (The marketing mix, 2005, para. 1). Marketing may be undertaken by a company that produces a product, or by a company that sells a lot of products. In either case, the four elements are considered. For a retailer, for instance, the purpose may be to differentiate the store from others in the same field."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that the play 'Burning Vision' raises questions about race, nation, identity and belonging, particularly through the metaphor of mixing. The writer notes that "Burning Vision" is a complex play, in which many story-lines mix together simultaneously. This reflects the complexity of the subject matter, as the play deals with profoundly important issues, such as war, death, colonialism, grieving, loss, hope, racism and exploitation, etc. The writer maintains that the play highlights the interconnectedness of all of these geographically, racially and nationally divided people, in a huge cycle of death of destruction. In so doing, it highlights Canada's limited ability to be inclusive, and finally offers a possibility for overcoming those limitations. This essay examines what the play has to suggest about the nation's ability to be inclusive, and what it offers as a possibility for overcoming those limitations. The writer concludes that the play ends on an upbeat note of mixing in a positive sense.
From the Paper "This is chilling in many ways. First of all, LITTLE BOY is a lost and lonely, pathetic character in the play. Second, LITTLE BOY was also the name of the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, so the character is associated with death and murder. Third, LITTLE BOY implied that identities are stolen when colonialists lay claim to a people - which, as we know, is very much the Canadian reality, with horrors such as the residential schools, which were explicitly designed to steal Aboriginal identity. Thus, the play speaks to the key theme of colonialism - the foundation upon which modern Canada was built - in a very negative way. It speaks not of mixing, but of smothering. It thus shows us the potentially catastrophic implications of people mixing in a way that is not inclusive, but rather divisive, exploitative and repressive."
Abstract This paper defines the concept of the marketing mix. The author points out the role of the 4Ps. The paper relates the marketing mix to the marketing strategy of three organizations---one each from the government, non-profit and service sectors.
From the Paper "The marketing mix is the four main elements used by a marketing manager to market goods and services These elements are product price distribution or place and promotion. These four tools and more specifically the interplay between these elements combine to shape market demand with a target market. It is the effective blending of product packaging and price, channels of distribution, advertising, promotion and personal selling to get the product in the hands of the customer that determines a marketing program's success. Dell Incorporated is ..."
Tags: marketing mix, non-profit, government, marketing, products, assess, service industry
Abstract This paper discusses the elements of the marketing mix: product, price, placement, and promotion. The paper discusses these in general terms and then considers how they apply to the marketing of the Apple iPod and its related products, noting the way the company has positioned the product and the way the mix serves the needs of the company.
From the Paper "The marketing mix is the combination of elements that make up a marketing strategy and that help define a given product in the marketplace. One way of viewing the mix is in terms of what are called the 4 p's, meaning produce, price, placement, and promotion. The importance of these has been emphasized many times and can be seen in campaigns both successful and unsuccessful. Marketing is a difficult art to master, and it involve a number of unknowns which can alter the nature of the process itself in some instances: Of all the disciplines that businesses must master, marketing may the hardest to grasp. Technology at least obeys the laws of physics. Finance, however skewed by ego and fear, is girded by mathematics. But marketing is messy: Companies try to respond to customers' wants and needs, and manipulate them simultaneously. Emotions rule; motives are unclear (Brookes & Stodin, 1995, p. 24)."
Abstract This paper examines the research on the effectiveness of teaching in mixed-grade classrooms as compared to single-grade classrooms, with a particular emphasis on academic achievement and an even more specific math performance. The paper investigates the historical and cultural forces that shaped the one-age/one-grade classroom as a way of identifying the underlying pedagogical assumptions about the primacy of single-age teaching in he 21st century.
From the Paper "We are now so accustomed to the idea that students should be segregated from each other along narrow age bands that must of us do not question the efficacy and the rightness of doing so. But, of course, the idea that children should be placed into grades defined by age and separated from their peers is a recent trend in education as we well know. The practice is based as much in historical and social beliefs and circumstances as it is in sound pedagogy, and recently some schools have begun to ask whether single-grade classrooms are in fact the most effective atmosphere in which to teach elementary-age students. This paper examines the research on the effectiveness of teaching in mixed-grade classrooms to that of teaching in single-grade classrooms with a particular emphasis on academic achievement and an even more specific focus on how well students in both kinds of classrooms perform in math. Before looking at how these two types of classroom environments serve their students in the 21st century, it will be useful to examine the historical and cultural forces that shaped the one-age/one-grade classroom to begin with as a way of identifying the underlying pedagogical assumptions about the primacy of single-age teaching."
Abstract This document discusses the elements of the marketing mix in any given organization, concentrating on the four primary components thereof: product, price, place, and promotion. These concepts and strategies, as they relate to the marketing strategy and plan of an organization, are then examined in relation to an actual company; in this case, Toyota. Further, the writer looks at its gas efficient brands such as the Prius.
From the Paper "An organization that sells products, services or a combination thereof is very dependent on its sales and marketing strategy. By extension, the sales and marketing strategy is reliant on solid market research and experience with marketing approaches made relevant to specific markets. There are myriad approaches to developing a marketing plan but some solid assumptions regarding its structure can be based on being familiar with the following: (1) highlighting key sampling issues specifically associated with international research; (2) considering the relationship between sampling and internal and external validity; (3) examining the way in which research objectives impact upon sampling (and, through sampling, on validity)."
