Abstract
In the middle of the 19th Century, one of the major proponents of the emigration from the mid-west to the west was Lansford W. Hastings. The paper gives the background of this lawyer who traveled to California and led the Donner Party on their journey. The writer looks at how Hastings dramatically underestimated mileage and led his party into disaster.

From the Paper
"Hastings seized on the information in Fremont's "Report of the Exploring Expedition" and touted it to support his own untested speculations. With his friends Jim Bridger and Vasquez, he encouraged and invited groups stopping at Fort Bridger for rest, repair and provisions, to concentrate their numbers and strength and to take his new route, the "Hastings Cutoff". He promised it would shorten the distance, would have plenty of grass and water and level land. (Schlindler)."

Tags:journey, disaster, tragedy, emigration, provisions

Abstract
This paper explains that Unilever's ice cream business, including Ben & Jerry's, is using a "no-one-size-fits-all" international marketing strategy that is giving the company a sustainable competitive advantage as the world's largest ice cream manufacturer. Next, the author evaluates Unilever's international marketing strategy especially regarding the company's competitors and how their respective corporate cultures and strategic marketing approaches are viewed by Unilever strategists. The paper concludes that the international marketplace represents an enormous potential for Unilever's ice cream products if the company continues its present strategy and does not waste resources and sacrifice it quality image by competing head-to-head with lower-priced brands. A table of it competitor Nestle and how it is perceived is included in the paper.

Table of Contents:
Table of Contents
Glossary of Terms
Introduction
Review and Analysis
Background and Overview
The International Business Environment
Unilever's International Marketing Response
Unilever's Competitors, Company Culture and Strategic Approach
Recommendations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Despite this change in ownership and worries from environmental activists who expressed concern that Ben & Jerry's would no longer be able to adhere to its environmentally responsible businesses model after being acquired by Unilever, Bogo emphasizes that the company has gone to extra lengths to ensure that the model remains firmly in place. According to this analyst, "Unilever, the world's largest ice cream company with brands including Breyers and Good Humor, begs to differ. Ben & Jerry's, the company says, will continue to make its ice cream unhampered, with 7.5 percent of pre-tax profits donated to community social and environmental organizations through the Ben & Jerry's Foundation. In addition, Unilever will contribute another $5 million to the foundation and create a $5 million fund to help minority-owned businesses."
"Clearly, the company enjoys a wide range of product lines that can be positioned according to the cultural preferences in a given region as well as less easily defined attributes such as the "feel-good" aspects of purchasing some Chunky Monkey by Ben & Jerry's. All that would remain for savvy marketers would be to segment their various markets accordingly and position these labels where they will enjoy the best sales against their several competitors without diminishing the sales of their own other ice cream brands and these issues are discussed further below."

Tags:cross-cultural, local preferences, nestle, ben and jerry's, private label

Abstract
In this review of Mary S. Lovell's book, "The Sound of Wings", the writer suggests that Lovell is not so much interested in Amelia Earhart's aviation career and accomplishments, but rather in the developing cult of personality in America of the 1920s. The reviewer describes Lovell's treatment of Earhart's relationship with her husband, George Palmer Putman, and his impact on her career. Furthermore, the writer suggests that by concentrating on Earhart's relationship with her husband and his attempts to promote her for commercial reasons, and by not examining her contributions to the development of aviation, Lovell denigrates Earhart's legacy.

From the Paper
"Lovell's work chronicles the evolving implications of Amelia Earhart's husband George Palmer Putnam on her career. Putnam emerges in the text as a pure showman, eventually divorcing his first wife, heir to the Crayola empire, to pursue a more lucrative career exploiting Earhart's supposed technical prowess at an aircraft's controls. In fact, Lovell suggests that even before Earhart became an aviatrix, Lovell had already begun to pen the supposed autobiography of Amelia's first flight, which would propel her to world fame. After gaining fame as a pioneer of women's liberation, Earhart was called to speak to countless audiences, and became a tireless endorser of everything from cigarettes to clothes."

Tags:Amelia Earhart, aviation emancipation, women's rights, Mary S. Lovell, flight

Abstract
This paper examines the theory of social constructionism inherent within the women's rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s. The paper first discusses the first wave of feminism from the early 1800's to the 1920s. The paper then examines the causes and factors that led to and shaped the women's rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s.

From the Paper
"Throughout the short history of the United States there have been many class conflicts that derived from a rebellion against the social constructs of our society. Sociology teaches us to look not at the individuals within these conflicts, but within the society itself, and how its constructs, mores, traditions and rules have spurred men and women into rebellion against them. A true example of the theories of social constructionism and conflict theory colliding into a rebellion against the norm of our society, is the situation of the second wave feminist movement during the 1960's and 1970's in the United States."

Tags:women's rights movement, civil rights, feminism rebellion, women's suffrage, social constructionism

Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between the trade balance and the exchange rate. The writer details the general rule of economics that states a negative trade deficit normally leads to a weaker currency while trade surplus results in enhanced value of currency, although there are exceptions to the rule, which are detailed in this paper. This paper discusses the issue of the U.S. trade balance and its effect on the exchange rate of the country's currency which is currently in the limelight due to the burgeoning U.S. trade deficit and the declining value of the dollar against other major world currencies. The writer of this paper delves into America's economy against that of China's and questions whether the U.S. dollar will retain its status of the reserve currency in the long run. This paper touches on the opinions and views of economists and U.S. treasury officials who contend that the current trade deficit is nothing to be alarmed about as the country's economy and the U.S. dollar survived a similar slide in the late 1980s. This paper also discusses the opinion of the U.S. administration that believes the alleged under-valuation of the Chinese Yen is a prime source for the deficit problems since there is a huge and growing trade imbalance between the U.S. exports and imports to China. The well-researched and well-written paper clearly define the terms: Trade balance, exchange rate and reserve currency.

Table of Contents:
What is Trade Balance?
What is Exchange Rate?
The Extent of Trade Balance Deficit in the U.S.
What is a Reserve Currency?
Can the U.S. Dollar Retain its 'Reserve Currency' Status for Long?
Is the U.S. Trade Deficit Sustainable?
Is China the Source of the Deficit Problem?
Possible Solutions to the Trade Deficit Problem
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"The key question is, can the US dollar retain its status of the resrve currency for long? History suggests that it may not. Before the advent of the dollar as the world's reserve currency, the British Pound had enjoyed such a status. Between the two World Wars and the post-World War II period saw the weakeing of the British economy. As a result, the British Pound was devalued by 30% in 1949, effectively ending its run as the world's reserve currency and the start of the dollar's reign. Dollar has been able to retain its status as the reserve currency since it was relatively stable, was backed up by the formidable economy of the US, low interest rates and the absence of an alternative currency."

Tags:economy, currency, china, america, u.s., international, debt, trade, deficit

Abstract
This paper analyzes America's position regarding global terror and questions whether U.S. wars foster worldwide hatred of Americans. The writer of this paper contends that the ongoing U.S. war on terrorism is misguided and can only promise more terrorism as a result. This paper examines the fundamentals of terrorism, which need to be understood as a means of waging warfare, usually adopted by those who possess significant strategic and militaristic shortcomings. This paper details President Bush's stance on terrorism, which became clear at the September 2002 national debate. In his speech, of which various portions of the text are cited in this paper, Bush laid out what he believed to be the primary function of the U.S. government. While many people have applauded Bush's active policy against terrorism and supported his reasoning behind the war in Iraq, there are those, like former president Jimmy Carter who feel differently. This paper touches on Carter's 2002 speech in which the former presidents brought up a number of problems he had with the movement towards Iraq. This paper also discusses the manner in which the Bush administration has chosen a particular perspective, that is intended to justify the employment of the U.S. military as a tool in rooting out terrorism.

From the Paper
"Not everyone has been as enchanted by Bush's war on terrorism as Charles Colson. Jimmy Carter, in his speech to the Nobel committee in December of 2002 brought up a number of the problems he sees with the movement towards Iraq as an aspect of the war on terrorism. He quotes Ralph Bunche as having said, "To suggest that war can prevent war is a base play on words and a despicable form of warmongering." A more concrete objection is the continued unilateral actions of the United States under the Bush regime. He states, "If we accept the premise that the United Nations is the best avenue for maintenance of peace, then the carefully considered decisions of the United Nations Security Council must be enforced." This is a criticism of Bush's continued assertion that the United States needs to continue working through the United Nations, while simultaneously operating without its support."

Tags:u.s., america, war, terror, terrorism, iraq, jimmy, carter, government, political, military

Abstract
This paper analyzes Patrick White's 'A Fringe of Leaves' in respect to Rene Girard's philosophy claiming that human desire is not essentialized but rather mimetic. Girard explains that mimetic desire necessarily involves a model and a disciple who become rivals desiring the same things. This philosophy helps the reader understand Ellen Roxburgh's journey to self-discovery. It contains excerpts from the book and their explanations.

From the Paper
"Rene Girard's philosophy regarding mimetic desire, the reciprocity of violence and the monstrous double can be applied to Patrick White's novel A Fringe of Leaves. Indeed, his ideas give us a clearer understanding of the journey undertaken by Ellen Roxburgh - a journey both physical and spiritual, between two alternate cultures and ultimately, between two alternate selves."

Tags:australian, english, fiction, literature, philosophy, desire, human, mimetic, Patrick, White's, 'A, Fringe, of, Leaves'

Abstract
This paper studies the possible reasons for the stock market crash in 1929. It examines John Kenneth Galbraith's book 'The Great Crash: 1929' which claims that the reason for the Great Crash was the over-zealousness and miscalculations of financial analysts and brokers at the time. It discusses how the basis economic theories were suddenly irrelevant afterward. Finally, it blames the stock market crash on investors that did not want to see the reality.

From the Paper
"John Kenneth Galbraith's book "The Great Crash: 1929 claims that the depression of 1929 was a direct result of the miscalculations of the financial analysts and the other brokers which caused the crash of the stocks. He states that these actors of the economic field had a direct involvement in the stock market and had become too greedy to actually see what was happening to the market around them---too greedy to actually fear the recuperation's of what was easily predictable as the downfall."

Tags:financial, analysts, brokers, John, Kenneth, Galbraith's, 'The, Great, Crash:, 1929', stock, market

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the 1920's, a colorful era of tycoons, gangsters, bohemians and inventors. Areas covered include the arts, news and politics, science and humanities, business and industry, society fads and sports. It details the political situation in the world as well as the United States, including a discussion of the suffragettes.

From the Paper
"The 1920's are commonly referred to as the "Roaring Twenties", an appropriate title for a decade that did indeed roar out of the Victorian Era. Gone were the corsets and up went the skirt hems as flapper girls bared their legs and speakeasies with bathtub gin dominated the nightlife. Tycoons became America's royalties while bohemian lifestyles bore the twentieth century's most influential era of art and literature. Inventions brought us into the modern age of convenience and history making events.
The twenties began with a serious but short-lived post-war recession, following World War 1. Yet, by the mid-twenties, business and industry had created legends that have become household names: J. C. Penny (the department store chain), William Proctor of Proctor and Gamble, Howard Hughes, Charles Merrill, George Eastman of Eastman-Kodak, oil tycoon J. Paul Getty, William Randolph Hearst, Harvey Firestone (Firestone Tires), Henry Ford (Ford Motor Co.), Clarence Birdseye (Birdseye frozen foods), Charles Walgreen (Walgreen's Drug Store), and Sir Thomas Lipton (Lipton Tea Co.). With the industry boom came the "installment plan", allowing customers to buy on credit, thus causing goods consumption to climb. The business world looked safe and stock speculation gave the market record highs. But speculative stock purchases in an unregulated market allowed for unethical business practices, and by October 29, 1929, the market hit bottom and fortunes were lost overnight. This day is called "Black Tuesday". "

Tags:1920's, history, Roaring, Twenties, World, War, 1, recession

Abstract
This paper describes the history and significance St. Mark's Basilica. This church is a major architectural and historical "anchor" of Venice, Italy. It details the church's unique architecture, and gives an historical account of how it was built and by whom. It provides an in-depth description of the church, interior and exterior, and also provides excerpts from stories and myths concerning the church.

From the Paper
"It's a given fact that countless great cathedrals, monasteries, and other holy places have been built over the ages as a testament to man's devotion to God. In point of even more practical fact, that devotion was often tempered and blended with a generous portion of servitude to one's feudal lord as well, with the unspoken incentive that one got to keep one's property, position, or even one's life if one gave good service . . . and if one did not, well, things may not go as well as one would hope! But St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy, may well have an additional distinction of its own not only as a sign of devotion to God, but as an edifice that stands uniquely in itself as a visual means of atonement for sin, an effort at retribution for what might well be termed a "divine crime " . . ."

Tags:St., Mark's, Basilica, cathedrals, monasteries, holy, God, Venice, Italy, church