Abstract This paper addesses the tactics used in the Battle of Hastings by Duke William of Normany and King Harold of Saxony. It discusses the conflict for the crown between William and Harold after King Edward died, due to miscommunication and the fact that Edward did not name his successor. The paper describes the course of the war and emphasizes the effect of William's rule on England after his victory.
From the Paper "William's defensive wall grew weaker as the battle raged on through the afternoon. He decided to change tactics. He ordered his archers to aim high. When the archers shot their arrows they were able to take out the remaining portion of the defensive wall. Harold was left unprotected when the wall fell. A stray arrow, shot by a Norman soldier, struck Harold in his right eye, and Norman knights cut him down. When the word passed that King Harold was killed the English army fled by horse or on foot. The battle had lasted ten hours. William commanded his troops to burn and destroy everything. He left nothing but a great number of bodies littering the earth. William found Harold's body. It was barely recognizable. After the battle William ordered a monastery built on top of the hill where the battle was fought."
This paper looks at the tragic consequences of a routing decision made by those journeying with the Donner Party across the snowy mountains to California.
Abstract In the middle of the 19th Century, one of the major proponents of the emigration from the mid-west to the west was Lansford W. Hastings. The paper gives the background of this lawyer who traveled to California and led the Donner Party on their journey. The writer looks at how Hastings dramatically underestimated mileage and led his party into disaster.
From the Paper "Hastings seized on the information in Fremont's "Report of the Exploring Expedition" and touted it to support his own untested speculations. With his friends Jim Bridger and Vasquez, he encouraged and invited groups stopping at Fort Bridger for rest, repair and provisions, to concentrate their numbers and strength and to take his new route, the "Hastings Cutoff". He promised it would shorten the distance, would have plenty of grass and water and level land. (Schlindler)."
Abstract "Warren Hastings, who lived from 1732 to 1818, was a British statesman and colonial administrator and was both in his own time and since then regarded as one of the founders of the British Empire in India. His life is bound up in the complex imperial policies of British interest in India in the 18th and 19th centuries an interest that was both mercantile and political, with the two sometimes hard to separate.
The son of an Anglican clergyman, Hastings was born on December 6, 1732, in Churchill, Oxfordshire, England, and attended Westminister School in London.
From the Paper "Warren Hastings, who lived from 1732 to 1818, was a British statesman and colonial administrator and was both in his own time and since then regarded as one of the founders of the British Empire in India. His life is bound up in the complex imperial policies of British interest in India in the 18th and 19th centuries an interest that was both mercantile and political, with the two sometimes hard to separate.
The son of an Anglican clergyman, Hastings was born on December 6, 1732, in Churchill, Oxfordshire, England, and attended Westminister School in London. At the age of 18 he went to India as a clerk in the service of the English East India Company, where his careful work there soon revealed set him above the other clerks and revealed his administrative talent. He advanced far more quickly than most men of his age ..."
Abstract This essay looks at the issue of raising of IQ scores so that the IQ cutoff for mental retardation would be raised to 80. The author examines the evidence for and against raising the scores and also discusses the relevancy of IQ scores and how many other variables should be taken into account when evaluating intelligence.
From the Paper "The debate regarding IQ tests continues to rage into the new millennium. Every decade has a myriad of new studies supporting or contradicting the last accepted theories and studies. here are new studies which indicate that the IQ scores in the United States has risen by 3 points per decade, ?indicating that intelligence is not stable but is flexible with regards to environmental influences.? However, after vast research, no one knows just exactly what is causing the rise in IQ scores. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate in regards to raising the IQ cutoff scores for the mental retardation assessment. The American Association of Mental Retardation's definition of mental retardation is "a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills"This disability originates before age 18.?"
Abstract This paper explains that the exigencies of mass tourism have completely changed the nature of many small coastal towns in the United Kingdom. The paper contends that the study of Britain's coastline is a relatively undocumented subject in urban design theory, but the issue is becoming increasingly important as coastal and seaside towns reinvent themselves in an effort to cope with these changing tourist patterns. This paper examines two coastal community case studies, Hastings and Clacton On Sea, in relation to their urban development from small fishing villages to popular resorts with an objective to discover why one coastal town develops differently from another. The paper includes illustrations, graphic analysis and various other existing research sources to appreciate the existing situation and explores the unique characteristics of coastal towns. The study's findings and summary of the research are provided in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Coastal Towns in the United Kingdom
Impact of Tourism on Coastal Towns
Chapter 3: Macroanalysis of Coastal Developments in the United Kingdom
Chapter 4: Microanalysis of Coastal Development
Hastings Clacton On Sea
Chapter 5: Findings and Conclusion
Findings
Conclusions
References
From the Paper "The study of Britain's coastline is a relatively undocumented subject in urban design theory, but is becoming increasingly important as coastal and seaside towns reinvent themselves, time and again, to cope with changing tourist patterns. According to Page (1995), "As historic towns gain tourist potential, historic quality gains market value. A new urban society is emerging, seeking leisure, culture and a high-quality environment, and cities are moving from being industrial centres of production to becoming centres of consumption (Page 1995). For historic towns faced with limited financial opportunities, cultural tourism is seen as a significant economic alternative and the attached commercial value is turning the past into a product of the present. Today, historic towns and quarters are competing to attract tourism, and previously unknown locations are appearing on the heritage market (Orba?l?, 2000 p. 38)."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the characters and actions of Harold of England and William of Normandy as introduced and discussed in the book ?1066: The Year of the Conquest,? by David Howarth. Specifically it also examines the similarities and differences between Anglo-Saxon England and Normandy before the Battle of Hastings and the workings of the feudal system within which both men operated. The paper also includes some theories of why William won and Harold lost.
From the Paper "Afterwards, life in Normandy went on pretty much as usual. Some of their men did not return, but there were always more warriors to take their place. The thanes that had fought for William took over English lands, and got as much out of them as they could, so they were more prosperous than before. The Normans drank their wine, and continued with their violent lives. However, the English never became Norman, and they did get their country back."
Abstract This paper provides a personal statement of an applicant to the University of California Hastings College of Law. The applicant provides a detailed history and background of his life. He describes the reasons that he is attracted to a career in law and the characteristics that he has that he feels will make him an ideal candidate at this law school.
From the Paper "I was born in Sendai (Miyagi prefecture), one of the biggest cities in Japan. According to the Sendai City official homepage, the city had population of 1,008,130 in 2006. A few months after my birth, I was sent to my grandparents in Kouriyama (Fukushima prefecture). This was due to the fact that my father was busy and had to devote all his time to studying for the national bar exam; while my mother was working to support him. Kouriyama is also a large city with a population of 189,710. I returned to my parents at the age of one, after my mother decided to leave her current job and our family moved to Takahata, Yamagata, to assist in the family business."
Abstract The author takes a look at the two newest declared nuclear powers: India and Pakistan. The author analyzes the potential solutions for resolving the conflict as well as short-term safety concerns. The author examines the CTBT, a Fissile Materials Production Cutoff Treaty, Permissive Action Links, and nuclear disarmament as potential solutions before arriving at his conclusion.
From the Paper "Albert Einstein once remarked that, "Bullets kill men, but atomic bombs kill cities. A tank is a defense against a bullet, but there is no defense against a weapon that can destroy civilization. ... Our defense is law and order" (Calaprice, 2000, p. 177). The Nuclear situation that exists between India and Pakistan is one that deserves much more attention from US policymakers than it currently receives. The United States should play a significant role in any nuclear regime change that would take place in India or Pakistan. Because the United States is a trusted negotiator by both sides, it has a unique role that it can play (Bajpai, 2003, p. 125). The options that the US could pursue are not all direct actions. Sometimes the best way to influence policy is not through coercion but through leadership and example setting. While many options exist, the four policy choices that should be examined more closely are CTBT ratification, a Fissile Materials Production Cutoff Treaty, sharing Permissive Action Links with Pakistan or both countries, and finally nuclear disarmament as set forth by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)."
Abstract The paper explains that the Bowen family systems theory (BFST) regards the family unit as a single entity; if there are malfunctions with the family, BFST identifies that there are problems inherent within some aspect of the family. The paper identifies four components of BFST and addresses a case study in which these components are applied and used to asses the status of an affected individual from a troubled family background.
Outline:
Introduction
Four Components of BFST
Analysis of the Case Study
From the Paper "Bowen Family Systems Theory (BFST) regards the family unit as a single entity; much like the components of the body form the whole of the person, in BFST the individual family members form the whole of the family (Searight, 1997; Titelman, 1998). If there are problems or malfunctions with the family, BFST identifies that there are problems inherent within some aspect of the family (Searight, 1997; McGoldrick, Serson, & Shellenberger, 1999). This could be indicative of problems held by one family member that is beyond the scope of immediate family life (e.g.: conflict for a parent in the work environment) or could suggest issues that are localized within the immediate family setting itself."
Tags: differentiation, family, projection, emotional, cutoff, sibling, position
Abstract This paper discusses the Bowen family model as it relates to family units, particularly those of couples. The paper explains the theories in the model and points out how they take into account account the familial situation, both current and past, and its vast power over the life of an individual. The paper concludes that the Bowen model is of great utility in the field of therapy, in that it recognized the vast importance of family upon the function of the individual members thereof, and devised methods to establish the most effective therapy possible.
Outline:
Differentiation of Self
Triangles
Nuclear Family Emotional Processes
Family Projection Process
Multigenerational Transmission Process
Sibling Position
Emotional cutoff Societal Emotional Process
Conclusion
From the Paper "Differentiation of self emanates from the needs required by an individual, and in the realm of health development, to separate one's own intellectual and emotional functioning from that of the family unit or iteration thereof. The family is a unit because it operates as a system. (Bowen, Kerr 10) This unit may be defined as a husband and wife traditionally, although alternate "families" are fully possible, with the prime feature irregardless of the particular situation being the melding of the individual "I's" involved in the relationship into the singular "we". This situation of maintaining distinct separateness in the face of a cohesive unit is one of conflict, with an individual's reaction sometimes being so acute as to turn into violence due to the individual's incapacity to deal with a perceived lack of a sense of oneself within a relationship."
Abstract This paper discusses the life and military service of Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. The author examines his rise to revered general, but also discusses flaws and misjudgments in Lee's leadership. The paper looks at Lee's aggressive military strategies and his intense loyalty to the southern cause.
From the Paper "By the summer of 1862, a distinctly divided America was entering the second year of the fierce and bloody conflict known as the Civil War. The spring of 1862 had taken a heavy toll on the South, marking the loss of most of the Mississippi Valley, almost the entire state of Tennessee, and the large and strategically important city of New Orleans. In addition, Joseph E. Johnston, commander of the Army of North Virginia, had been severely wounded and the Union troops of the North had advanced to within five miles of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. Low on both supplies and morale, the condition of the Confederacy in the summer of 1862 has been described as "on the verge of collapse", and many modern historians believe that the Civil War might very well have ended by autumn of that year if not for one defining and catalytic event. This event was the installation of General Robert E. Lee as Johnston's replacement as the Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. "
Abstract This paper examines several false stereotypes that the American public maintains concerning the homeless population across the country. Unemployment, physical and emotional abuse, disasters or accidents are discussed as causes of homelessness. Also examined are several governmental organizations appointed to deal with the homeless population. While the statistics continue to mount against homeless people, the reasons that Americans seem to pretend not to notice how grave the situation actually is, are detailed.
From the Paper "Many Americans today have several preconceived notions about who homeless people are and why they are homeless. People find that dismissing the homeless as degenerates and bums is easier than realizing that they could possibly be at risk of becoming homeless themselves. America is also in denial about the plague of homelessness that has settled on our nation. Because of attitudes like these, the continually growing problem of homelessness in our country is, for the most part, ignored or believed to be irreparable. The people of America should eliminate the many stereotypes that exist about the homeless population in the country and understand that the problem of homelessness can be helped despite its presumable hopelessness."
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the human factor in aviation and the degree to which pilot error is the cause of airplane accidents. This will require a brief discussion of the available facts and statistics on air travel as well as a review of the reasons why this happens, even among seasoned pilots, and why the numbers are growing.
The modern airliner is a marvel of technology, as safe as man can make it. The statistics convincingly point to the safety of flying over other means of transportation. "In 1978, U.S. airlines completed 99.99991 percent of their flights without a fatality (Norris 11). In 1979 around 800 million passengers travelled by air around the world, and only 1,267 of them (plus 149 crew members) were killed, making the odds about 565.000 to 1 (Norris 11). These figures have remained relatively constant, (...)"
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine The Battle of the Little Bighorn by Mari Sandoz, with a view toward exploring a twentieth-century interpretation of the pattern of misjudgment and what might generously be called hubris that informed the command structure of the United States Army division that encountered a massive Native American division at the Little Bighorn River in 1876. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which the book examines the details of the battle, and then to discuss the political social, cultural, and historiographical background and environment in which the modern understanding of the battle may be most profitably explored. Throughout, as appropriate, reference will be made to the point of view that Sandoz brings to judging events and circumstances of the incident itself and its myriad implications."
Abstract This paper will discuss the how Emma, in the same titled book by Jane Austen, after being immature in her ways of arranging love with others and misjudging her own lovers, find outs the "simple and natural" way of mature love. The focus of the paper will be on the end of the book and the climax that reveals Emma's maturity after the many problems she faces within the story.
