Abstract This paper examines the struggles that Latino players in major leaguebaseball have faced over the years. The writer discusses the beginnings of Latino players in professional baseball, beginning in 1954 and continuing through the surge that began in the 1980s. The paper also discusses how the influx of Latino players has increased baseball's popularity in Spanish-speaking countries worldwide which in turn has impacted upon the numbers of Latino youth seeking to play professional baseball in the United States. Another area that the paper touches upon is how the increasing numbers of Latino players has opened up the doors to a small, but growing number of Latino managers in the major leagues. The writer also examines the struggles that these players faced in the early days, when Latino players were fewer in number.
From the Paper "As more Latino players move into the majors, Latino managers are making their mark, too. Felipe Alou was recently hired by the San Francisco Giants to take over the manager job vacated by Dusty Baker after the World Series. "Alou was also the fourth Latin American manager born in the Caribbean Islands, the other are Mike Gonz"lez, Preston G"mez and Cookie Rojas all from Cuba. Later Tany P"rez (Cuba)and Tony Pe"a (Dominican Republic) became the fifth and sixth respectively" (Pi-Gonz?lez). Alou was also the first Latino to manage an All-Star game in 1995."
Abstract This paper explains that, even though it has obvious characteristics that would characterize another industry as a monopoly, the U.S. Congress has granted major leaguebaseball (MLB) an antitrust exemption. However, there have been challenges to this MLB exemption that would open the baseball industry to greater competition. The author examines the standing reasoning behind this antitrust exemption, analyzes some of the major challenges to the exemption and discusses the overall implications and ramifications for this industry and any industry. In conclusion, the paper points out that other sports have persisted despite not having antitrust exemptions, so there is little reason to expect that baseball could not adapt as well.
Table of Contents:
Major LeagueBaseball's Status
Challenges to the Antitrust Exemption
Industry Ramifications and Conclusions
From the Paper "In 1953, the Supreme Court was granted a chance to correct the anomalous decision that was made in 1922 that granted baseball exemption from antitrust suits. The case was Toolson vs. The New York Yankees. In the case, George Toolson was reassigned from a minor league team to another team. The reserve clause, still in effect at that time, was used by the league as the means to forcibly transfer Toolson. Toolson, apparently, did not want to make the move. He believed that the reserve clause interfered with his ability to manage his own career, a point that was not incorrect."
Abstract In "Boom, Bust and Echo", authors David Foot and Daniel Stoffman discuss the overriding importance of demographics. They demonstrate that the most complicated matters in society are usually moulded by the population's age distribution. Thus, we see that businesses capitalize on everyday worries, such as where interest rates are going or whether quitting a job is really a bad idea. As a result, the book provides significant practical advice on aspects such as the stock market, employment patterns and even the future of the family. In reading this book, it becomes clear that all Canadians have to re-examine how they do business if they hope to succeed in the next decade and beyond.
Abstract This paper examines the racial situation in Tidewater, Virginia, through a discussion of the Negro LeagueBaseball. The paper describes this team as, like all the black teams, a reflection of black life in the United States. The separate but unequal status they enjoyed appeared as a ghost of the white teams. The paper explores the financial challenges that faced the league, claiming them to be no different than those of other black enterprises, from stage entertainment to boxing. The financial challenges, arguably more than skin color, are what kept them in the background, shadowing the growth of the American ball club. Like a shadow on a wall, Negro LeagueBaseball in Virginia, as everywhere else, would disappear when the bright light of national fame finally shone on one of its members, Jackie Robinson.
From the Paper "A report in the Norfolk Journal and Guide in 1917 paints a picture of racial harmony in Tidewater, Virginia, that would almost make one wonder why there needed to be Negro League Baseball. The banner headlines almost said it all: "Big Labor Day Celebration," "Thousands of White and Colored Laborers Paraded Streets of City." "Harmony Between Races" As that report told it, the celebration was a landmark of many sorts. In a relatively lengthy preface to the description of the baseball game that was the culmination of the day, it noted that "If carrying the stars and stripes is a demonstrative evidence of patriotism and loyalty to the United States, the Norfolk colored labor organizations can be styled as true friends to their country. The organizations were out very strong on Labor day [sic]. Several thousands together with the white Labor unions marched the streets of Norfolk in celebration of the day designated as their day throughout the country.""
Abstract This paper addresses several elements of MLB, including the governance of the game and the baseball Commissioner. Other topics addressed by the paper are: relations between players and club owners, suspensions and appeals, baseball scandals, and the composition of club organizations and leagues.
Tags: steriod, league, commissioner, baseball, club owners, appeals, suspensions
Abstract This paper is an argumentative essay about the need for salary caps in Major leagueBaseball. The paper argues that salary caps are necessary in order survive as a profitable sport.
From the Paper "There is obviously a problem in Major league Baseball and it needs to be fixed before the league goes belly up. While this sounds preposterous it is quite possible. In my mind the best solution would be a salary cap and revenue sharing. As a Padres fan I grow tired of seeing them place last or second to in the NL West. While I will still support them I won?t be attending as many games (especially while in Iowa). Because of this they will lose money in ticket sales, with the effects of that trickling all the way down to revenue for broadcasting, leaving them in a financially precarious position. This is in danger of happening to many teams. Fans are going are growing tired and vexed at seeing their teams go nowhere in the post-season. Three competitive teams are not enough to keep a profitable fan base and more importantly profitable revenue."
Abstract The paper explains that now that professional sports have entered the 21st century, it is crucial that Major LeagueBaseball institutes revenue sharing and a salary cap to maintain the competition between large and small market franchises. It maintains that with a dozen struggling, small-market ball clubs, constant discussion about contracting teams, and individual salaries skyrocketing over the payrolls of entire teams, the time has come where the owners and players must agree on something for the betterment of the game's future. The paper shows however that with continuous disagreements between the owners and player's union, and the threat of another strike, the negative effects may outweigh the positive.
From the Paper "The Major League Baseball Player's Association is the strongest union in professional sports. The players would most likely strike if a salary cap was presented to them because most of the league's athletes would be faced with a reduction in salary (Smizik). It is believed that another strike would cause Major League Baseball to lose millions of dollars and possibly fan support. ?It would take a long and bitter work stoppage for the players to accept a salary cap and it would simply not be worth it,? says Smizik. Smizik believes a salary cap would help baseball's economic future, but is opposed because of the costs it will take to institute it. Baseball had a difficult time regaining fan support after the 1994 strike, and a second may be even more difficult to overcome (Smizik). However, true baseball fans will realize that the strike was necessary for the league's economic future, and will still support the game."
Abstract The paper examines how Major LeagueBaseball (MLB) generates $3.5 billion in annual revenues and how the economic turmoil the sport has undergone recently has attracted a great deal of attention both because of its huge fan following as well as the fact that it's an integral part of American culture. It evaluates how the range of different rates on return on investment for different teams is too large and blames it on competitive imbalances caused by a few very rich owners and a widening of what the industry classifies as "local revenues" . It shows how if MLB continues to see uncontrolled rises in its fixed and variable costs, several teams may just have to raise ticket prices, which will not bode well for an industry that is already witnessing demand elasticity and will likely, in future, experience price elasticity as well if raised ticket prices lead to a resulting negative trend in total revenues. It concludes with how MLB needs to be thoroughly overhauled using basic fundamental economic principles of controlling variable costs and providing a level playing field so that the performance of the smaller teams picks up and the demand to watch them win also grows.
From the Paper "MLB is also subject to the concept of "time cost" and consumer choice, at least perceptually given its discrete and isolated actions and long pauses as compared to the more action packed sports of football and basketball. This is especially true given the far faster paced lifestyles of today and is likely to have an even bigger impact in future as the natural effects of time and demand elasticity kick in as well over the longer run.
MLB's turmoil has also been caused by cash strapped owners who are probably feeling the pinch of the "opportunity cost of equity capital" as a lot of owners are ?"not as liquid as they were five years ago"annual losses rise to $10million, $20 million or more?? (MSNBC Web site)."
Abstract This papers looks at judgemental errors that occur during negotiations, using the Major LeagueBaseball strike of 1994. The paper examines the factors involved in the cause of the strike and how the conflict was finally resolved.
From the Paper "Ignoring the cognitions of the other parties when assessing the negotiation situation as stated by Bazerman can lead to what is called the "winners curse" This usually happens when others fail to consider the perspective of the other parties. Winning becomes the main motive - this is especially true considering that both parties were concerned with saving face. As early as the late 1960's the players adopted an adversarial stance to which the owners responded with distrust, disrespect, name-calling, and lack of accommodation for the players. (Staudahar) All parties were self absorbed in their own issues and did not take into consideration the cognition of the other parties involved. This also affected the behavioral atmosphere at the bargaining table."
Abstract The paper discusses how watching and playing baseball is a long and proud tradition in Asheville, North Carolina. The paper relates that although baseball is popular at every level in Asheville, from the little league teams to the city's high school teams and the UNC-Asheville college team, the Tourists minorleague team is perhaps the most beloved. The paper also notes the former Tourists players who have made it to the major leagues.
From the Paper "Playing baseball and attending games at every level of competition is a long and proud tradition in Asheville, North Carolina. For more than one-hundred years, generations of Asheville youngsters have grown up playing baseball on the city's diamonds and many minor league players from all over the United States have played for the Asheville Tourists. Some have gone on to play baseball at the major league level, including Hall of Famers such as Willie Stargell, and legendary players such as Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig have played at McCormick Field in exhibition games."
Abstract A complete analysis of Pete Rose, including his activities both on the field and off. Includes an investigation of his alleged gambling activities and an analysis of his career as a baseball player with an assessment of his case for major leaguebaseball.
From the Paper "Pete Rose is perhaps the greatest hitter baseball has ever seen. In his 24 seasons in Major League Baseball, Rose set countless records, and earned a wealth of awards and accomplishments. But Rose was forced to exit baseball forever when he was charged with gambling on Major League Baseball games, including those games played by his own team, the Cincinnati Reds. Banished from baseball and the Hall of Fame for life, Rose continues to deny the charges against him. However, the evidence against Rose is difficult to refute, and there exists no evidence in support of the legendary slugger. Since Rose's banishment, an ongoing debate has been sparked: should Pete Rose be eligible for entry into the Hall of Fame? The question is remarkably complex, yet there exists an answer. Pete Rose deserves to be recognized in Major League Baseball's Hall of Fame. His credentials are three times those of other players in the Hall of Fame, baseball's tribute to the elite class of ballplayers that raised baseball to a new level. Rose's wrongdoings have earned him sufficient punishment; his banishment from baseball prohibits Rose from working in any facet of Major League Baseball, from media to the manager, for the rest of his life. But Rose's wrongdoings do not delete his amazingly vast accomplishments as a player."
Tags: hitting, skills, minor, league, season, rookie, baseman, fielder, first, base, outfield, pitcher, pitches, national, league, most, valuable, player
Abstract The writer of this paper presents a thorough overview of the baseball phenomenon of the Negro League. It examines the early beginnings of this group in the late 1800's and how this helped integration into the sports arena. It then looks at the highlights of this league and some of the famous players. Finally the writer examines how this league closed and merged with major leaguebaseball.
From the Paper "The history of the Negro League in baseball has recently received new interest after a half a century of benign neglect. Baseball fans realize that Blacks played baseball before 1974, of course, because they know that Jackie Robinson moved out of the Negro Leagues to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers, thus integrating what most people thought of as ?major league baseball.? The history of the teams that created Robinson and thousands of other talented athletes deserves more attention."
Abstract This paper discusses how a labor dispute resulting in a strike within Major LeagueBaseball causes damage that is not only financial, but also psychological, often resulting in a loss of fans and followers. The psychic damage of losing fans is a major determinant in the baseball labor negotiations but very difficult to measure.
From the Paper "How could the players and owners have avoided this strike? In the same manner that steel unions, farmers collectives, and other labor organizations handle disputes that arise between owners and employees: by negotiating more successfully. This paper will address the ways that negotiations between players and owners could have been made more successful in the dispute that led up to the 1994-1995 strike and subsequent damage to the game's reputation as well as the detriment to its finances. The methods which could have been utilized are primarily from Fisher and Ury's manual for negotiations, Getting to Yes. This guide outlines four steps in a successful negotiation: separate the parties involved, don't take stringent positions, invent options, and insist on objectivity. This paper will first explain a brief background of the dispute between players and owners in Major League Baseball and then examine each of these four options with regard to what the players and owners did, in light of what they could or ought to have done."
Abstract The salaries of the baseball players when compared to their performance comes out to be justified according to the equity theory. This paper presents statistics and research studies that compare values and present that the players in Major LeagueBaseball are neither underpaid nor overpaid, rather they get paid their just deserves.
Abstract This paper considers immediate causes and remote causes of a brawl at a baseball game between the two teams. It also looks at the Impact of the emotionally charged competitive atmosphere of the game.
From the Paper "In the picture of the baseball brawl more than a team's worth of players are shown in various stages of beating each other up. It is possible that some of the players are trying to break up the .."
Tags:baseball, brawl, cause and effect, personal essay
