Abstract The paper investigates the Texas States implementation of a Graduated Drivers License Program (GDL) in response to the high rate of teens involved in fatal car accidents. The author of the paper discusses the many advantages to raising the drivingage from 16 to 18, most of them in issues dealing with financial responsibility, long distance and night driving abilities, parent supervision and insurance rates.
From the Paper "With 18 as the driving age, schools and the state have an opportunity to offer or require additional driving instruction time to teens. Most teens have a very brief lesson time with a professional instructor. The professional is able to demonstrate proper driving technique. They are also able to correct teen drivers as they make mistakes and introduce them to new or difficult driving situations safely. There are many different driving situations that a teen may encounter but not know how to handle. For example, poor weather, road rage and children playing in the road are all new situations for a beginning driver. The wrong decision in these situations can become deadly for the driver, passengers, bystanders or other drivers."
Tags: Jon, Lindsay, Institute, for, Highway, Safety, drunk, Driving, schools, accident
Abstract This paper argues for the repeal the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984. It states that the law denies the pre-eminence of states? rights and is unconstitutional. The paper describes the special interest groups? influence on politicians through the example of the lobby group, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. The paper also addresses the issues of drunk driving and alcohol abuse prevention.
From the Paper "The United States, along with only a handful of other countries, enforces the world's highest minimum drinking age: 21. This conservative constraint occurred fairly recently: the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 effectively blackmailed all states into adopting a standard drinking age. By 1987, all fifty states established the federal standard because to not do so would entail losing highway funding. This political blackmail was necessary, for this is a states? rights issue. Until the Reagan years, the drinking age was determined on a state-by-state basis and ranged from 18 to 21. However, with pressure from special interest groups like Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), a dangerous precedent was established to usurp states? rights. The motives behind the 1984 bill were admirable: raising the drinking age was expected to lower the incident of traffic fatalities and discourage irresponsible intoxication."
Abstract This paper looks at the minimum drinking age in the United States and the reasons that this age has been deemed appropriate by authorities. It then presents several reasons why the present minimum drinking age should be lowered and looks at statistical evidence that supports this contention. It concludes by making the point that at eighteen years of age,a citizen can die for his/her country, get married and divorced, apply for credit, and move out of his/her parents' home ; therefore, he/she should also be allowed to drink.
From the Paper "In America, when a person reaches the age of 18 he can die for his country, obtain credit, get married, get divorced and be charged in criminal court. By all appearances the age of 18 sets the stage for adulthood and all that it entails. In a curious contradiction to that, however, America insists on maintaining a drinking age of 21 years old. While 18 year olds can do all of the above except drink, individual states, under the threat of reduced federal interstate funding, keep the legal age of drinking at 21 years of age. The minimum legal drinking age should be lowered to 18 because it (age) is not a contributing factor in the number of accidents/deaths that involve young people between 18 and 21 in the United States."
An analysis of the following articles: "Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws" by A.C. Wagenaar and T.L. Toomey and "Indirect Effects of Lowering the Drinking Age on New Zealand Students' Alcohol-Related Behaviours and Attitudes" by K. Brownfield, K. Fern
Abstract This paper discusses the debate surrounding the lowering of the legal minimum drinking age and, in doing so, examines and compares two peer-reviewed articles on the subject: "Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws" by A.C. Wagenaar and T.L. Toomey and "Indirect Effects of Lowering the Drinking Age on New Zealand Students' Alcohol-Related Behaviours and Attitudes" by K. Brownfield, K. Fernando and J. Halberstadt. The paper shows how these two articles answer a number of questions regarding the sociological and scientific research discussions about the effects that a lowered drinking age has on driving under the influence.
Outline:
Introduction
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "The legal minimum drinking age is a highly debated and frequently contested issue in public policy and law. One of the most incremental issues regarding the legal drinking age is the number of automobile accidents, that involve drinking. DUIs are significant issues in any community and among teens and youthful drinkers they seem to be even more significant due to the fact that these drivers are inexperienced, often distracted and highly likely to challenge the boundaries of safe driving with or without alcohol. (Sarkar & Andreas, 2004, p. 687) There are those who say that a reduction in the drinking age will likely result in an increase in the incidence of DUI and DUI related accidents while still others say that the drinking age should be lowered as it allows drinking behavior to be monitored and controlled in a way that is positive for the community and would likely reduce incidence of DUI."
Abstract The paper argues against the Constitution's raising of the legal drinking age to 21 years nationwide. The paper discusses the rise in alcoholism among teenagers since the act came into effect in 1984 and several other reasons why the law should be removed. Finally, it touches on the the fact that the law can be seen as unconstitutional for it clearly favors federal jurisdiction where there should be none.
From the Paper "At age 18, an American can vote, fight and die in a war, marry, own homes and cars, and even firearms. But these rights somehow do not measure up to the right to drink beer, wine, and spirits. The spectre of Prohibition loomed when Americans decided that alcohol consumption was so sacred and powerful that citizens can vote before they can consume alcohol legally. The paradox is astounding but fails to impress American puritanical standards."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that on July 17th 1984, congress passed The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, which dictates that each state must legislate and enforce a minimumage requirement of twenty one years to purchase or publicly possess alcohol. Congress has determined that all fifty U.S states are in compliance with the act. The writer maintains that it is time for change and that the states need to lower the drinking age to eighteen. The writer argues that the present laws are unconstitutional, discriminatory in nature, ineffective, and ultimately do more harm then good. The writer concludes that the laws are un-American and need to be changed to better reflect the high value that America places on freedom and fairness in the United States.
From the Paper "According to the United states if a woman goes out to dinner and consumes two glasses of wine, then goes home for the evening and consumes two more over the course of the night, she is binge drinking. From a practical standpoint however, this woman would most likely not even feel the effects of the alcohol, let alone be intoxicated.
"According to the clinical definition of binge drinking, not the one presented in the news media and most commonly associated with the term, only a mere 0.05 percent of college students binge drink each year. Were the same statistics to be applied to the more commonly believed definition of binge drinking the percentage of binge drinking college students would show to be forty-four percent, clearly a huge misrepresentation of fact, however, that is the number that is most commonly cited."
Abstract This paper examines the problem of alcohol-related accidents, underage drinking and its effects on the number of driving accidents in New Jersey and nationwide. The paper attempts to answer the question: Does the legal drinking age affect the number of driving accidents that involve alcohol in New Jersey? The paper concludes that raising the minimumage when people can purchase and consume alcohol has been shown to positively affect the rate of accidents involving alcohol and the young.
Contents:
Introduction
Background
Legal Definition of Driving While Under the Influence
Zero Tolerance Law
Effectiveness of Minimum Legal Drinking Age Laws in Reducing Alcohol Related Traffic Accidents and Deaths
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, (NHTSA), there were 2,160 teen drunk-driving crashes in the United States in 2001 (latest available statistics) The measure represents the total number of people (occupants and non-occupants) killed in crashes in which at least one teenage (16-20) driver had a BAC of .08 or higher. While teens killed because of drinking and driving remains unacceptable at any number, the total represents a 35% decline since 1990 and a full 60% since 1982."
Abstract The paper considers arguments both opposed to a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21 and in favor of a MLDA and then concludes with arguments in favor of a MLDA. The paper includes statistics regarding the effects of a MLDA, which support the author's conclusion.
From the Paper "Proponents of lowering the drinking age argue that young people under the age of 21 tend to drink in a more abuse manner than do those of legal age, as alcohol is seen as a "forbidden fruit". One such proponent is Dr. Ruth Engs, Professor of Applied Health Sciences at Indiana University in Bloomington. According to Engs (Alcohol and Youth Issues, 2004): ?Although the legal purchase age is 21, a majority of young people under this age consume alcohol, and too many of them do so in an irresponsible manner. This is largely because drinking is seen by these youth as an enticing "forbidden fruit," a "badge of rebellion against authority," and a symbol of adulthood.?"
Abstract The paper discusses the many arguments for lowering the legal drinking age, but refutes them and strongly contends that keeping the drinking age at the status quo is imperative to preserve the health and safety of youths who lack proper judgment and maturity. The paper argues that in light of all the evidence that the legal drinking age saves lives, Montana must resist the urge to lower the age to 18.
From the Paper "In the 1970s a campaign took place on the national level to increase the legal alcohol consumption age to 21 rather than the then standard 18. In the years since then numerous campaigns have sprouted up around the country both opposing the "21" year old limit, as well as supporting the status quo. Organizations such as MADD, mothers against drunk driving, claim that the age restriction has saved more than 21,000 lives since its inception. However, numerous statistical comparisons have shown that other factors may have influenced the decline in alcohol related deaths since the 1970s. Regardless of these truisms a campaign has revived in Montana to lower the legal drinking age to 18. Although there are many arguments for lowering the legal drinking age, these arguments for the most part are extremely fallacious. Keeping the drinking age at the status quo is imperative to preserve the health and safety of youths who lack proper judgment and maturity."
Abstract This paper discusses how an increase in the Canadian minimum wage to $10 an hour would be controversial as has been every increase in minimum wage since the first introduction of legislation in support of a minimum wage in Canada in 1918. This essay presents arguments both for and against raising the minimum wage to $10 an hour in Canada as a national standard. The paper shows how such an action will have some negative impact upon the Canadian economy in that it will increase labour costs and, as a result, may somewhat increase inflationary pressures.
An economic analysis of the pros and cons of raising the minimum wage, including the Republican vs. Democrat viewpoint. Concludes from points raised that raising the minimum wage would harm society and the economy rather than help it.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, 1999, $ 51.95
Abstract This is an economic paper that argues that although partially beneficial, raising the minimum wage would in fact harm society and the economy more than it would help. The Republican versus Democratic views are compared and contrasted. Moreover, many economic issues such as the business cycle, and supply and demand, and taxes are implied and/or discussed.
Abstract The paper discusses the minimum wage legislation and sheds light on arguments against and in favor of this important law. We need to understand that the minimum wage law is not supported by all sections of the society,and that some believe it leads to unemployment and inflation. But the proponents of the legislation feel that it increases productivity and consumer spending which are essential for the positive growth of the economy.
Abstract This paper is an open letter to the United States Congress in regard to plans to potentially increase the federal minimum wage in order to combat poverty. The author argues that any such bills should be endorsed because they are in the long-term interests of the working poor. Increases in the federal minimum wage will have the effect of alleviating poverty in the United States.
From the Paper "The issue of whether or to increase the federal minimum wage is a significant one. The debate has become highly politicized, with proponents and opponents staunchly allied along nearly unbreakable partisan lines. Given the political nature of the debate, it can be difficult to determine the best course of action. Should the federal minimum wage be increased or not? That is the basic question. The answer to that question must be determined upon what one hopes to accomplish by voting one way or the other. If one's interest is in maintaining the stranglehold that corporate interests have on the American working poor through wage slavery, then obviously you should vote against any increases in the federal minimum wage."
Abstract This nine page paper looks at the book Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age by Virginia Scharff, as she takes look at women drivers through the twentieth century. Discussing the attitudes of men against women drivers. Alongside this we see articles and arguments by Scharff herself concerning the drivingage of the swinging nineteen twenties. 9 pgs. bibliography lists 4 sources.
Tags: GENDER AND SEXUALITY / GENDER STUDIES, THEORIES OF GENDER, motor age virginia
