Abstract
Just a few decades ago, the question of weapons in space was largely the realm of science fiction writers. However, the dawn of the 21st century has witnessed a permanent presence in space for mankind in the International Space Station. The increasingly internationalized nature of space has caused many observers to call for the United States to assume control to ensure that continued access to this vital and strategic region continues in the future. However, critics of such proposals assert that as the "last peaceful frontier", there is no room for weapons in an otherwise free outer space. This paper provides an overview of the issues, the controlling legislation, and relevant international treaties, followed by an examination of the position of the space militarization advocates and those of its critics. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"Accordingly, the Space Commission cautions that there has been an insufficient amount of attention paid to the threat and, as a result, "the U.S. is an attractive candidate for a 'Space Pearl Harbor'" (Pena 16). The fact of the matter is, though, that the United States relies more on space than any other country and that the American military in particular is becoming increasingly reliant on space-based systems; in addition, these space systems are currently undefended and are potentially vulnerable to attack."

Tags:United, Nations, Explorer, nuclear, power

Abstract
This paper details of the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and how and why it was a show of power and superiority. The author looks many different aspects of the space race including, its purpose, how it was used to show the other country its weaknesses, how it enabled both countries to explore the uncharted vastness of space and find for it new military and how they attempted to use the moon as the ultimate propaganda tool.

From the Paper
"Even though Sputnik had no direct military impact, it showed the progress of the USSR in science and military and prompted the US government to pay more attention to its own missile operation (McGhee 331). The media played a major role in spurring the government to take action. Sputnik was front-page news on all the papers and it had all of America wondering how something like that could happen without anyone knowing (Schefter 23). At first the US government was not impressed by the Soviet's accomplishments. President Eisenhower felt that the U.S. people had acted like children and that no response to Soviet actions was necessary (Burrows 200). He felt that the US needed to toughen up for a long war they may have in the future and did not see the US as being in any competition with the Soviets (Burrows 200). He even went so far as to congratulate the Soviets on their accomplishments (McGhee 330)."

Tags:apollo, astronaut, cold, communist, cosmonaut, kennedy, moon, nasa, race, soviet, space, sputnik, union, vanguard, war, nuclear, warheads, superpower, weapons, orbit, technology, militarization, american, satellite, propaganda

Abstract
This paper discusses how the many contributions of the space program over the last five decades have revolutionized the United States, balanced global powers and kept America at the forefront of economic growth. The intent of this paper is to discuss why America needs to aggressively invest in space exploration and programs. The paper further examines how from the many innovations from Apollo alone and the period of unprecedented economic growth that was attained, one can see that there is a strong return on investment in space programs for the U.S.

Outline:
Introduction
Apollo Program Contributions
Space Shuttle Innovations
Space Station: Global Collaboration Can Work
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Apollo programs progressed from the use of large, quadrille pads that lined the expansive halls of prime contractors Lockheed, Martin Marietta, McDonnell Douglas, Northrop and others (Pruitt, 33, 34) to the use of software-based constraint systems that could optimize development schedules on costing, deadlines, dependencies of subcontractors. The lessons learned from the Apollo program in project management is today also being used in complex design analysis and constraint modeling for transportation systems (NASA Innovation Analysis, 76). As is true of many of the process-based technological innovations from the space program, fundamental project management lessons learned were quickly transferred to the private sector programs for commercial aircraft. The generational jump and cost efficiency of Boeing over French competitor Airbus today can be attributed to the contributions of project management as an innovation process, as can the field of systems engineering. "

Tags:apollo, space, shuttle, station

Abstract
This paper addresses the use of public space within the context of the city of Vancouver. In particular, the paper discusses the mixed-use Office Tower in Surrey, Vancouver, British Columbia. While there are many excellent public space projects underway in Vancouver, such as Canada Place, the Art Gallery, the Airport, the Greater Vancouver Regional District Project, and the English Bay, the aforementioned mixed-use office tower designed by Bing Thom is a very interesting glance into how public space offers both the promise of inclusiveness at the same time as it presents the threat of public space slowly becoming overwhelmed by private interests to the exclusion of inclusiveness.

From the Paper
"The following paper looks at public space within the context of the city of Vancouver. In particular, the paper looks at the mixed-use Office Tower in Surrey, Vancouver, British Columbia. While there are many excellent public space projects underway (or recently completed) in Vancouver - Canada Place, the Art Gallery, the Airport, the Greater Vancouver Regional District Project, and the English Bay - the aforementioned mixed-use office tower designed by Bing Thom is a very interesting glance into how public space offers both the promise of inclusiveness at the same time as..."

Tags:public, space, vancouver

Abstract
The paper discusses how various writers have approached understanding the way in which public space functions within an urban context. In particular, the paper looks at how class, race, gender, and physical ability have shaped access to public space. Specifically, it is noted how public space carves out various niches for various groups - and is also a space wherein various stereotypes are permitted to flourish for various groups.

From the Paper
"The concept of public space from an intersectional perspective: Public space within the urban context. The ensuing paper will discuss how various writers have approached understanding the way in which public space functions within an urban context. In particular, the paper will look at how class, race, gender, and physical ability have shaped access to public space. Specifically, it will be noted how public space carves out various niches for various groups - and is also a space wherein various stereotypes are permitted to flourish for various groups. As well, the paper will take issue with some..."

Tags:intersectional, perspective, space

Abstract
This paper discusses how the character of the development of military uses of space has changed since the end of the Cold War although the race for military development has not slowed down. The paper also touches on cooperation in the joint development of space stations. The aims and objectives of nations desiring to control space is also examined. The paper concludes with a look at future military uses of space.

From the Paper
"Traveling to moon and beyond had always been the passion of the humankind. The journey towards unlimited frontiers of space started with Russian USSR Sputnik which was followed by USA's Apollo spacecraft. Several advanced nations also followed in the footsteps of the pioneers by launching several spacecrafts for civilian purposes, survey meteorological communication and so forth. The military use of space was on the high agenda of the super powers during Cold War. The military use of space was formally introduced..."

Tags:space, military, Spunik, Apollo spacecraft, Cold War, Star Wars missile defense

Abstract
The paper discusses Physiological Space in architecture, noting that this dimension both allows and encourages the viewer to orient him or herself with the work and to gain meaning from the experience. The physiological space is not simply a reflection of physical space but includes a psychological dimension that cannot be discounted. The paper explains that the way the viewer is oriented to the art involves not merely where he or she stands and how he or she relates physically to the work, but also the mental constructs involved, the psychological reactions and other internal processes.

Tags:architecture, physiological, space

Abstract
This essay briefly explores the relationship between gender and space. Specifically, preconceived notions of privacy and safety in a bedroom and how this relationship is altered in the presence of domestic violence. Furthermore, how domestic violence in this space is portrayed in the public sphere. Sources are drawn from academia, current events and popular culture.

From the Paper
"Ideally, the bedroom should be a space of peace, a safe place as much as a respite from every day pressures. In a word, it should be a space of solace. But those close quarters within the confines of a dysfunctional domestic relationship, also present opportunities for cyclical abuse, violence, misogyny, and a general oppression. The trouble, lawmakers say, is trying to balance the interests of the victim with her privacy. This essay explores the relationship between gender and the bedroom and how domestic violence within this space changes the accepted notions of privacy and safety."

Tags:domestic, violence, space

Abstract
This paper analyzes the new emphasis placed on space dominance by the U.S. military policy, as explained by Chalmers Johnson in "The Sorrows of Empire". The paper also looks at the politics of the Bush Administration in the post 9/11 era and how this affects U.S. space policy.

From the Paper
"In his review of Chalmers Johnson's "The Sorrows of Empire", Erik Riker Coleman maintains that, from the author's perspective, the policies pursued by the Bush administration in the aftermath of the attacks were a radical ramping-up of the imperial project both abroad and at home. This radical project aimed at total military dominance, includes billions in expenditures aimed at reinforcing and expanding the massive space capability of the U.S. In an unapologetic and strident manner the U S aims to achieve total space domination in..."

Tags:Afghanistan, imperialism, space planes, weaponry, troops, casualties, Space Commission, Bush administration, terrorism, September 11

Abstract
This paper discusses the physiological changes to the human body during space travel. Early predictions of the response of humans to spaceflight assumed that space adaptation would be analogous to human disease processes rather than to normal physiology. Through studies of bed-rested healthy adults and medical examinations of crews returning from space, we now recognize the adaptive nature of the responses to spaceflight or its ground-based models. e are also aware of the necessity to minimize the flight-induced changes so that crews maintain their Earth-readiness and avoid injury on landing. Lack of gravitational loading affects multiple physiological systems, especially support structures that are particularly vulnerable to injury during reentry and renewed exposure to gravitational forces. Thus, most crew members exercise extensively during flight. Although many physiological systems appear to be affected by spaceflight, only the cardiovascular, neurovestibular, and musculoskeletal systems are covered in this paper.
The paper includes illustrations.

Table of Contents
Table of Illustrations
Introduction
The Cardiovascular System
The Neurovestibular System
The Musculoskeletal System
Summary
Bibliography

From the Paper
"As soon as they switch to an internal alignment and use the feet to signal down, they are able to function normally. Upon return to Earth, the brain is confused once again as gravity is now available for orientation. This confusion creates postural instability that is compounded with the cardiovascular difficulty in standing. Also, reflexes associated with posture are slowed even on short-duration missions. With long-duration flights, changes in reflexes may become a major issue."

Tags:Space, Adaptation, Syndrome, alignment, reflex