A review of the article "A practical but theory-based framework for selecting cross-cultural training methods" by J. Stewart Black and Mark Mendenhall.
762 words (approx. 3 pages), 0 sources, 2002, $ 27.95
Abstract This paper examines the above article which establishes the need to create a bridge between business cultures in order to be successful in the business world. It discusses the necessity for a proper framework that effectively administers cross cultural training (CCT) that must be adequate to specific needs, must be flexible for different people and nationalities and must be complete in all respects so that business executives have the necessary confidence when they deal with other cultural groups in order to avoid misunderstandings that may cause the failure of a potential business feat. It discusses how Social Learning Theory (SLT) complements CCT in an effective training schedule and how this may be implemented to help pinpoint training requirements.
From the Paper "Since business operations cannot be delineated from good relationships, this aspect of doing business is very much important. In international businesses different nationalities have to interact with each other in various degrees. It is imperative to know the cultural backgrounds, customs and practices of a country before one tries to establish a long-term business relationship with the people of that country. In fact a long lasting business relationship will be in place only if people are comfortable with each other and are confident to interact with each other. It is here that the concept of cross-cultural training comes into the picture."
Tags:executives, managers, social, learning, theory, international, business
Abstract This report evaluates whether or not the hypothesis at the heart of the "Agency Theory", which states that if an executive is given an ownership stake, it will have a positive effect on stock performance, works as expected. Furthermore, this paper tracks the increasing use of the "Agency Theory" in executive compensation and enumerates and evaluates the effects that the increasing use of the "Agency Theory" has had on American business and on stock performance. The paper also evaluates the effect of what has been described as "over the top" use of increasingly generous, stock-dependent, executive compensation packages, both on stock performance and on other business evaluative factors. The effect of the scandals involving executive compensation/stock performance on the social/commercial fabric of the U.S. is discussed briefly, as well.
Outline
The "Agency Theory", Executive Compensation and Stock Performance
The Effect of Pay on Executive Motivation
The Effect of FASB Rules on Compensation/Stock Performance
From the Paper "In the wake of the Enron, ImClone and WorldCom financial scandals, the increasing use of stock options as part of executive compensation packages came under public scrutiny. Because of the lax was in which FASB guidelines are written, it was possible, lacking adequate corporate governance, for CEOs to use their stock options to increase their personal wealth while diminishing the strength of the corporation and decreasing"or completely negating"benefits for shareholders. In addition to the problematical FASB rules, also operative was a management theory, the Agency Theory, formulated by academicians and economists in the last century. The theory held that giving executives a financial stake in the financial health of the company would increase their motivation to run those companies for maximum profits for shareholders; in short, this form of executive compensation was thought to be able to produce superior stock performance. The findings of several researchers even before the scandals of the past few years, however, revealed that results often departed wildly from what the theory predicted."
Abstract This paper is an historical study of The French Revolution. It discusses the situation in France before the outbreak of the revolution. It details the execution of King Louis XVI and his mistakes that led to it. It studies the failed political system at the time as one of the causes of the revolution. Finally, it also gives a detailed examination of Mary Antoinette's role at the time and why she was executed.
From the Paper "The prevailing theory of Divine right of Kings was the philosophy behind monarchy. Earlier, Louis XIV had used the absolute power of monarchy to the extreme. King was God's representative on earth, and he alone could possess and exercise earthly power. He was always right because he represented and was the incarnation, so to say, of his people.
By the eve of the French Revolution, however, few intellectuals and political leaders accepted idea of the King's divine right. The situation was compounded by Louis XVI's weakness as an absolute monarch, though many supported monarchy in the interest of maintaining law and order and continuation of the national tradition. Louis XVI saw himself as the best judge of the people's good and he tried to do right by them, at least in his own opinion.(<http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/ French revolution 89/bar11.gif>) But to the majority of the people, the King was supposed to be like a father, kind and benevolent. 97% of the population, who were peasants, were fierce monarchists."
Tags:execution, Louis, XVI, Mary, Antoinette, French, Revolution, France
Abstract This paper examines how in a changing health care environment the need for a change in leadership is evident and how in order to meet the demands of this change, health care agencies have moved away from traditional non-practitioner management positions and toward clinically experienced administrators whose role falls heavily on Master's level nursing professionals. It shows how E.A. Hemman's article "Leadership Profiles of Senior Nurse Executives" puts forward a stratified systems theory describing three hierarchical functional domains: strategic, organizational and production in order to create a suitable nursing/managerial profile. Each of the three levels of management are further analyzed by four general categories decision making, information giving-seeking, influencing people and building relationships. The paper also critiques the article pointing out facts such as implications of financial and economic strain has and will continue to put on the health care executive.
From the Paper "Critiquing the comments of Hemman only one omission seems evident, and it may be addressed in the research and just not mentioned in the study write up. The omission of great import is that it is acknowledged early on that many of the changes associated with the change in health care delivery are associated with the economic and financial differences in the whole industry as compared to prior delivery system standards. For this reason I believe it may be important to further discuss the implications that financial and economic strain have and will continue to put on the health care executive."
Tags: health, care, environment, experienced, administrators, professionals, executive
Abstract This is a 5-page paper discussing the various elements of budget execution. It states that budget accounting system is an important base for the execution of the government budget agency.
Abstract This paper addresses the issue of whether the increasing rate of executive compensation is ethical in light of the decrease in jobs and employee wages. The unfairness of executive compensation packages is looked at, as well as steps to make compensation packages more fair.
From the Paper "The rising rate of executive salaries increases is unethical in light of problems facing American business including the threat of global competition ..."
Tags:Executive Salaries, ethical, overpaid, board of directors, compensation committee, government intervention, caps, sharing the wealth, stock options.
Abstract This paper explores how medications can affect executive functioning. The paper begins by defining executive functioning as a frontal lobe function. Next the paper looks at what medications can affect this functioning, such as psychotropic and others. The paper also investigates the mechanisms of the medications' action and other side effects.
From the Paper "According to Goldberg, the neurobiological term executive functions refers to a complex set of cognitive skills associated with the frontal lobes of the brain. These skills are related in large part to..."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the executive branch of government at the federal and state level -- i.e. the presidency and the governorship. The paper studies how both use the budget as a tool. The paper investigates the principles set forth in the U.S. Constitution regarding the Executive branch, specifically the powers of the U.S. President, such as the role of Commander in Chief. The paper also looks at the broad scope of activity of governors at the state level.
Tags: governor, president, executive branch, states, federal government
Abstract This paper explains the executive compensation policy of Rite Aid Corporation, a publicly traded company. The author contrasts the company's executive compensation policy with that of its chief competitor. The paper suggest several ways to enhance a company's policy to minimize agency conflict and maximize shareholder wealth.
From the Paper "Rite Aid Corporation is a drug store chain. The stated objectives of its Compensation Committee are to support the achievement of desired company performance, to provide compensation and benefits that will attract and retain superior talent and reward performance and to fix a portion of executive compensation to the outcome of the Company's performance. The executive compensation program includes a base salary performance bonuses and long-term incentives in the form of stock options. Stock Appreciation Rights known as SARs stock-based awards and restricted stock awards ..."
Tags:executive compensation programs, Longs Drug Stores, Rite Aid Corporation, bonus, salary, short term incentives, long term incentives, compensation committee, variable compensation
Abstract This paper contends that since 1920, the Executive Office of the President has expanded in size, complexity and power because of economic depression, global war, the threat of communism and legislative branch timidity. It explains that beginning with Republican administrations in the nineteen-twenties, twentieth century presidents of both major parties have asserted executive domination over the federal government and undermined Constitutional checks and balances to such an extent that the legislative and judicial branches of government have been marginalized into insignificance.
From the Paper "Since 1920, the Executive Office of the President has expanded in size, complexity, and power because of economic depression, global war, the threat of communism, and legislative branch timidity. Beginning with Republican administrations in the nineteen-twenties, twentieth century presidents of both major parties have asserted executive domination over the federal government and undermined Constitutional checks and balances to such an extent that the legislative and judicial branches of government have been marginalized into insignificance. Much of this expansion of executive power has been due to the pressure of domestic and foreign events such as the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War, which convinced twentieth-century presidents that they had to use the ..."
Abstract A critical analysis of four books on the development of Executive Skills. The books discussed are as follows: 'The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People' by Stephen R. Covey 'Emotional Intelligence' by Daniel Goleman 'The Leadership Experience' by Daft Thompson and 'The Quest for Personal Power' by Phil Nuernberger.
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss forecasting methods that are used in commercial business. Competition for consumers is high and in order for businesses to survive, they all have to consider what products are needed, where and when they are needed as well as in what quantities. It looks at how a successful forecasting strategy requires selecting the appropriate forecasting technique and compares and in particular contrasts forecasting methods as they relate to an organization called United Parcel Service. It looks at how there are three types of forecasting to predict demand: judgment methods, time series analysis and causal methods.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Judgment Methods Time Series Analysis
Causal Methods Conclusion
From the Paper "Judgment methods can be defined as tools that use opinions to develop forecasts without reference to any available historical data. The basis for judgment methods is to utilize decision-makers that have sufficient experience to establish forecasts. This is a low cost method that has rapid development time. However, it is not consistently accurate and subject to bias. The judgment method would not work at the UPS billing site. Most of the forecasting is based on previous numbers and historical data collected as far back as two years ago. Plans for staffing, potential growth, and volume production are weighed in comparison with these same factors in previous years of operation especially during
their consolidation processes. "
Tags: judgment, method, time, series, analysis, causal
Abstract This paper evaluates methods organizations can adopt to help promote greater gender diversity. These methods include conducting annual diversity surveys, providing team building seminars and encouraging team building efforts within the organization. Such efforts lay the groundwork for building a culture that promotes diversity and encourages women to excel at all levels of the organization. It also works to provide women the tools they need to succeed within the organization and within a group setting.
Outline:
Intervention Methods and Diversity in the Organization
Direct Methods of Establishing Diversity Competence
Indirect Methods of Establishing Diversity Competence
Conclusions
From the Paper "Traditional intervention methods may include various techniques and tools used to eliminate the cultural biases that exist within enterprises large and small. Intervention methods basically involved direct and indirect actions that one engages in to alter certain events or behaviors to improve the performance of a group and reduce behaviors considered undesirable (Garmston, 2004). Interventions may be helpful in promoting greater empowerment among groups that are traditionally singled out in the workplace, including women."
Abstract In this article, the writer explores the scientific method. The writer describes and defines the phrase scientific method. The writer then studies how the scientific method is used. In this paper, the writer outlines an example of use of the method in order to determine why the grass on one lawn is dead, while that on the neighbor's lawn is healthy.
From the Paper "The scientific method is the process by which scientists collectively over time construct an accurate representation of the world. The first step is to observe and describe some phenomenon which is of interest. Next a hypothesis is developed to explain the phenomenon. In the third step, the hypothesis is used to make predictions about new phenomena or the results of these new phenomena. Fourthly, these predictions are tested by experimentation or further observation. Steps three and four are then repeated until consistent results are obtained. This often ... "
