Abstract This paper is an examination of how gender politics affect photography. The paper centers on Man Ray and Cindy Sherman. The paper looks at how Man Ray revolutionized the art of photography; his artistic notion of gender politics. Sherman's photography as framed within the feminist critique of patriarchy.
From the Paper "Certainly one of the most often and erroneously perpetuated myths in art is the idealistic notion that photography is an expression of truth. If this were the case, we would be prompted to answer the question 'whose truth?' A simple study of the mere gender politics inherent in photography proves that if there is any truth to be found in photography, it is most certainly of a relativistic nature. Here we will study the photography of photographers..."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses the history of photography. According to the paper, George Eastman introduced the first film roll in 1884 and the first camera called a Kodak, in 1888. The paper then goes on to discuss the digital camera and the development of photography.
From the Paper "There were many attempts until the XIX century to capture drawings or images using the reaction to light, but the resulting work always deteriorated. In 1816 Joseph-Nicephore Niepce succeeded to capture the first negative images, using paper treated with silver chloride but failed to fixate the image. He managed to achieve positive images using a pewter plate covered with a petroleum derivative called bitumen of Judea . Although ti was successful there were still many problems to cover. He received the reversed image, and the exposure took hours to fixate the picture, which caused the sun to move and alter the position of the light. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, interested in Niepce's work conducted his own researches. In 1835 he published his first results, called daguerreotype. This was a sheet of silver-coated copper, treated with iodine vapor. He achieved to reduce the exposure time to 30 minutes, achieving a barely visible image that he later revealed with mercury vapor and fixated with salty hot water. "
Abstract This paper is a visceral and historical reaction to the photographic work of Andre Kertesz, a Hungarian born photographer born in 1894. The paper traces Kertesz's historical development as an artist, discusses some of the more general points regarding his significance to the history of photography, and presents and examines three of his photographs.
From the Paper "Perhaps what is most striking about the photography of Andrew Kertesz - all shot in black and white - is how familiar it all seems, even if one has never heard of Kertesz before. Andre Kertesz was born in 1894 and died ninety-one years later in 1985. He took his first shots as a photographer in 1912 at the Budapest stock exchange where he worked as a clerk with a camera that his mother gave him ("Andre Kertesz" par. 1-3). This was the beginning of a career in photography that would span decades and leave the world with a photographic legacy that is powerful, emotional, and seemingly ubiquitous. Once Kertesz had his first camera, it became a semi-permanent part of his own body. He took it nearly everywhere."
Abstract This paper discusses the development of photography which was achieved over a series of stages by different inventors and by the photographic artists who made their systems more effective by what was photographed and how it was presented. The daguerreotype was the first type of practical photographic reproduction, though the process was very difficult and had limited applications because of the time needed to produce an image.
From the Paper "The development of photography was achieved over a series of stages by different inventors and by the photographic artists who made their systems more effective by what was photographed and how it was presented. The daguerreotype was the first type of practical photographic reproduction, though the process was very difficult and had limited applications because of the time needed to produce an image. The process was used for about a decade before it gave way to a different process, but in that time the daguerreotype was an important means of preserving images from the early period of photography. Louis Jacques Mand Daguerre was born in 1789. He was originally a scene painter in the theater, and in 1822 he created the Diorama, a theatrical spectacle still used today, one that requires large panoramic paintings. Daguerre produced these large paintings with great accuracy by using sketches he produced with the aid of a camera..."
Abstract This paper looks at the Tuskegee medical experiments which were conducted by the United States Public Health Service (PHS) between 1932 and 1972 on 399 African-American adult male subjects who were diagnosed as having late stage syphilis. It argues that the Tuskegee experiments were unjustified on moral and ethical grounds and how together with many other examples of scientific experiments in which human beings have been used as unwitting guinea pigs in the twentieth century stand as warnings of the misguided, immoral, racist and even genocidal ends which scientific research sometimes serves. It also briefly examines other medical experiments of the 20th Century in which racial minorities were victimized.
Outline
Facts Concerning the Tuskegee Experiments Assessment of the Tuskegee Experiments Broader Implications
Conclusion
From the Paper "The victims of Nazi experiments who were held against their will in hospitals, prisoner of war camps and concentration camps clearly lacked freedom of choice. It is doubtful whether soldiers who 'volunteer' for such experiments really have much choice, such as the unsuspecting soldiers used in the 1940s and 1950s as participants in the Department of Energy's Human Radiation Experiments (Katz and Owens 6). The Tuskegee participants volunteered but, as noted above, only after having been lied to about the nature of their illness, the treatment they would receive and the risks associated with invasive procedures such as lumbar and spinal taps. The most egregious lies and deceits were committed against the black group of adult males, the principal focus of the Experiments, in order to induce them to participate and to prevent them from seeking treatment elsewhere. However, as Chadwick et al. have pointed out, the group of 201 adult white males who were used as a control group and who did not have syphilis were also deceived. They were told at one point by PHS researchers that they had contracted the disease in order to gauge their levels of psychological stress and to compare them with the stress levels of the blacks under study (16-17)."
Tags:experiments, genocide, racial, minorities, medical, research
Abstract This paper discusses the idea that if we want the truth about experience then we have to realize there are many very different perspectives or standpoints none of which is complete or completely true. Feminists made a great mistake at first by seeing all of women's experiences as basically one thing. In other words they missed the diversity or great variety of women experience. That is just one problem about experience. There are many problems. These problems all have to do with the nature of experience.
Abstract This paper, broken down into five parts, describes the creation of a true experiment to examine the use of stationary cameras in crime prone areas. All elements are included, explained and discussed. The author also includes discussions related to data gathered, the test instrument itself and the validity and reliability of the results. The forth section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional, panel and trend designs and which is most effective. Finally, in the fifth section, the writer presents a discussion of the relationship among the various concepts explained in the text.
Outline:
Part 1 - Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras
True Experiment Requirements
Design of the Experiment Abstract
Comparison Groups
Variation in the Independent Variable
Random Assignment
Conclusion
Part 2 - Create a Test Instrument
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Interval Data
Ratio Data
Part 3 - Validity and Reliability of Survey
Validity
Reliability
Part 4 - Cross-Sectional, Panel and Trend Designs
From the Paper "One of the ways to determine the causal impact of certain conditions upon social groups it through the use of "True Experiments". True Experiments contain at least three elements, being: at least two comparison group, an experimental group and the control group; before the measuring of change in the dependent variable, a variation must be made in the independent variable; and, members of the comparison groups are randomly assigned (Schutt, 2006, p.201). These elements are important in determining the causal mechanism and controlling the experiment."
Abstract The following discussion proposes to compare and contrast two experiments in the field of cognitive psychology. The experiments will be compared with regard to their questions, their methods, their results and the interpretation of their results. The two experiments that have been chosen relate to imagery and perception, and the relationship between reading and spelling.
Abstract An overview of medical experiments conducted on prisoners in the camps by Nazi doctors. The writer looks at the main 'doctors' who were responsible for these experiments and includes personal accounts by some people who were lucky enough to survive. The paper concentrates on the types of medical experiments performed and the reasons why these were made possible, due to the way the concentration camps functioned.
From the Paper "World War II was a period in which millions of atrocities were committed and millions of people were killed. Under the eye of the war, Hitler was able to perpetuate the massive killing of millions of people; the majority of them were Jewish, some others were gypsies, prisoners of war, political prisoners, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and more. The holocaust, as we called it today, was a massive genocide that changed the course of the world; the atrocity, and sadistic murders committed against innocent people marked forever the history of humankind. Hitler as the head of the Nazi Party was with no doubt the guiltiest person in this crime; however, camps were run by SS guards and SA guards, the perpetrators of the killing that were guilty as well. The concentration camps were indisputably, killing factories whether it was a death camp or not, where massive numbers of death and murders were occurring daily. The concentration camps were death factories due to the exploitation, starvation, the massive killing in gas chamber in some camps, and of course due to Medical Experiments."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts Japanese and Nazi medical and scientific experiments on human beings without their consent, performed by German and Japanese doctors from 1933-1945. It discusses the German experiments on concentration camp prisoners. It also expands on the Japanese experiments carried out in Manchuria and China, carried out chiefly to support Japanese biological warfare programs. The author expands on the role played by the United States after the War. Finally it discusses the indifference of both Nazi Germans and the Japanese to their victims.
From the Paper "This research paper compares and contrasts the medical scientific experiments performed by Japanese and Nazi doctors on human beings between 1933 and 1945. These gruesome experiments were done without the consent of the victims ..."
Abstract This paper summarizes a classic Piaget experiment with young children and adolescents. The paper begins with a discussion of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Next the paper describes the sample and procedures used in the experiment. The paper concludes with observations, analysis and implications of the results.
From the Paper "The following research paper presents an early middle childhood and adolescent Piaget activity. An experiment with young and adolescent children was performed and findings are presented..."
Tags: young children and adolescents, piaget experiment
Abstract This essay discusses how the experiences of immigrants are different because of divergent social, cultural, and family values in different cultures. When we examine books from different cultural traditions, we are able to compare their different approaches, since we are able to see how the topic of immigration is treated differently.
Abstract This paper provides an experiment that tests the hypothesis that the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) presents a problem for regular education teachers in public schools as it detracts from the time that they are able to spend instructing and aiding regular students because they are busy with the integrated disabled students. Hypothesis testing ideas included in this table are those of null hypothesis, alternative (statistical) hypothesis, significance, level, Type 1 and Type 2 error and internal validity threats.
From the Paper "In the United States of the 1970s, there was educational legislation passed by the U.S. government under the name of the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act, or the IDEA. The IDEA strove to level the playing field for the nation's many children suffering from disabilities, be they physical or mental in nature, by requiring that these students be incorporated into the "least restrictive" environment of regular classrooms, instead of their traditional setting of special education classrooms (The Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) 1-2). However, this legislation has been thought to be somewhat detrimental to the educational environment of the "regular" students in classrooms, as teachers might be diverted from helping these students while attending to the many and varied needs of the disabled students."
Abstract The paper looks at the role of visual imagery in enhancing the learning experience and relates that students who are exposed to digital photography can use their creativity to enhance their ability to be enthusiastic about learning. The paper further notes that the process of digital photography eliminates the expenses of film and its processing while also allowing students to enhance their knowledge of photography itself. Finally, the paper looks at the benefits to teachers and how digital photography has revamped the way in which they can present material in the classroom.
From the Paper "One very important aspect of the benefits of using digital photography in the classroom is that the brain's adaptive learning hinges primarily upon visual stimulation. Students themselves are prone to evaluating and storing information more cohesively when it is presented in graphic form (Greame, 2003). In the classroom setting, when digital photography is in use then, the students stand a better chance of learning the necessary instructional material. Digital photography then aids the student in not just learning material, but excelling in the given subject."
Abstract While marriage seems to be exceptionally popular, it is surprising that the primary means of documentation - namely, wedding photography - has received little formal study. To the author's knowledge, no studies exist that indicate the percentage of couples that hire wedding photographers - or in the days before photography, portrait artists. This paper addresses the inception of wedding photography, describes its development and provides a description of recent industry changes including the changes due to digital technology and how other developments have altered the industry.
Outline
Introduction
Inception of Wedding Photography Traditional Style
Wedding Photojournalism
Black and White Photography The Artistic Style
Fashion Style
The 35mm Camera Versus the Hasselblad
Digital Photography and the Internet Revolution
The Wedding Album
Conclusion
From the Paper "Throughout history, the cultural and sacred traditions of marriage have been honored and recorded by most cultures, regardless of religious, political, or geographic differences. It is a relationship that plays an important role in the definition of what a family truly is. Although precise definitions may vary depending on historical era and culture, the concept of marriage typically is a socially sanctioned bond between two people, a bond that unites two people into one ("Marriage", 2004). Given that marriage is universally considered the foundation of family and society, it is not surprising that the documentation of the marriage ceremony and associated celebrations has become an important part of the ritual."
