Abstract This paper looks at the Tuskegee medical experiments which were conducted by the United States Public Health Service (PHS) between 1932 and 1972 on 399 African-American adult male subjects who were diagnosed as having late stage syphilis. It argues that the Tuskegee experiments were unjustified on moral and ethical grounds and how together with many other examples of scientific experiments in which human beings have been used as unwitting guinea pigs in the twentieth century stand as warnings of the misguided, immoral, racist and even genocidal ends which scientific research sometimes serves. It also briefly examines other medical experiments of the 20th Century in which racial minorities were victimized.
Outline
Facts Concerning the Tuskegee Experiments Assessment of the Tuskegee Experiments Broader Implications
Conclusion
From the Paper "The victims of Nazi experiments who were held against their will in hospitals, prisoner of war camps and concentration camps clearly lacked freedom of choice. It is doubtful whether soldiers who 'volunteer' for such experiments really have much choice, such as the unsuspecting soldiers used in the 1940s and 1950s as participants in the Department of Energy's Human Radiation Experiments (Katz and Owens 6). The Tuskegee participants volunteered but, as noted above, only after having been lied to about the nature of their illness, the treatment they would receive and the risks associated with invasive procedures such as lumbar and spinal taps. The most egregious lies and deceits were committed against the black group of adult males, the principal focus of the Experiments, in order to induce them to participate and to prevent them from seeking treatment elsewhere. However, as Chadwick et al. have pointed out, the group of 201 adult white males who were used as a control group and who did not have syphilis were also deceived. They were told at one point by PHS researchers that they had contracted the disease in order to gauge their levels of psychological stress and to compare them with the stress levels of the blacks under study (16-17)."
Tags:experiments, genocide, racial, minorities, medical, research
Abstract This paper discusses the idea that if we want the truth about experience then we have to realize there are many very different perspectives or standpoints none of which is complete or completely true. Feminists made a great mistake at first by seeing all of women's experiences as basically one thing. In other words they missed the diversity or great variety of women experience. That is just one problem about experience. There are many problems. These problems all have to do with the nature of experience.
Abstract This paper, broken down into five parts, describes the creation of a true experiment to examine the use of stationary cameras in crime prone areas. All elements are included, explained and discussed. The author also includes discussions related to data gathered, the test instrument itself and the validity and reliability of the results. The forth section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional, panel and trend designs and which is most effective. Finally, in the fifth section, the writer presents a discussion of the relationship among the various concepts explained in the text.
Outline:
Part 1 - Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras
True Experiment Requirements
Design of the Experiment Abstract
Comparison Groups
Variation in the Independent Variable
Random Assignment
Conclusion
Part 2 - Create a Test Instrument
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Interval Data
Ratio Data
Part 3 - Validity and Reliability of Survey
Validity
Reliability
Part 4 - Cross-Sectional, Panel and Trend Designs
From the Paper "One of the ways to determine the causal impact of certain conditions upon social groups it through the use of "True Experiments". True Experiments contain at least three elements, being: at least two comparison group, an experimental group and the control group; before the measuring of change in the dependent variable, a variation must be made in the independent variable; and, members of the comparison groups are randomly assigned (Schutt, 2006, p.201). These elements are important in determining the causal mechanism and controlling the experiment."
Abstract The following discussion proposes to compare and contrast two experiments in the field of cognitive psychology. The experiments will be compared with regard to their questions, their methods, their results and the interpretation of their results. The two experiments that have been chosen relate to imagery and perception, and the relationship between reading and spelling.
Abstract An overview of medical experiments conducted on prisoners in the camps by Nazi doctors. The writer looks at the main 'doctors' who were responsible for these experiments and includes personal accounts by some people who were lucky enough to survive. The paper concentrates on the types of medical experiments performed and the reasons why these were made possible, due to the way the concentration camps functioned.
From the Paper "World War II was a period in which millions of atrocities were committed and millions of people were killed. Under the eye of the war, Hitler was able to perpetuate the massive killing of millions of people; the majority of them were Jewish, some others were gypsies, prisoners of war, political prisoners, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and more. The holocaust, as we called it today, was a massive genocide that changed the course of the world; the atrocity, and sadistic murders committed against innocent people marked forever the history of humankind. Hitler as the head of the Nazi Party was with no doubt the guiltiest person in this crime; however, camps were run by SS guards and SA guards, the perpetrators of the killing that were guilty as well. The concentration camps were indisputably, killing factories whether it was a death camp or not, where massive numbers of death and murders were occurring daily. The concentration camps were death factories due to the exploitation, starvation, the massive killing in gas chamber in some camps, and of course due to Medical Experiments."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts Japanese and Nazi medical and scientific experiments on human beings without their consent, performed by German and Japanese doctors from 1933-1945. It discusses the German experiments on concentration camp prisoners. It also expands on the Japanese experiments carried out in Manchuria and China, carried out chiefly to support Japanese biological warfare programs. The author expands on the role played by the United States after the War. Finally it discusses the indifference of both Nazi Germans and the Japanese to their victims.
From the Paper "This research paper compares and contrasts the medical scientific experiments performed by Japanese and Nazi doctors on human beings between 1933 and 1945. These gruesome experiments were done without the consent of the victims ..."
Abstract This paper summarizes a classic Piaget experiment with young children and adolescents. The paper begins with a discussion of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Next the paper describes the sample and procedures used in the experiment. The paper concludes with observations, analysis and implications of the results.
From the Paper "The following research paper presents an early middle childhood and adolescent Piaget activity. An experiment with young and adolescent children was performed and findings are presented..."
Tags: young children and adolescents, piaget experiment
Abstract This essay discusses how the experiences of immigrants are different because of divergent social, cultural, and family values in different cultures. When we examine books from different cultural traditions, we are able to compare their different approaches, since we are able to see how the topic of immigration is treated differently.
Abstract This paper provides an experiment that tests the hypothesis that the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) presents a problem for regular education teachers in public schools as it detracts from the time that they are able to spend instructing and aiding regular students because they are busy with the integrated disabled students. Hypothesis testing ideas included in this table are those of null hypothesis, alternative (statistical) hypothesis, significance, level, Type 1 and Type 2 error and internal validity threats.
From the Paper "In the United States of the 1970s, there was educational legislation passed by the U.S. government under the name of the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act, or the IDEA. The IDEA strove to level the playing field for the nation's many children suffering from disabilities, be they physical or mental in nature, by requiring that these students be incorporated into the "least restrictive" environment of regular classrooms, instead of their traditional setting of special education classrooms (The Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) 1-2). However, this legislation has been thought to be somewhat detrimental to the educational environment of the "regular" students in classrooms, as teachers might be diverted from helping these students while attending to the many and varied needs of the disabled students."
Abstract This essay states that the Lazarus' model is a very concise theory that explains how individuals try to make sense of a stressful situation from the initial impact of the event forward. It details the primary and secondary appraisals implemented to assess the event and promotes the idea that coping resources held by the individual affected are utilized to assist in overcoming the experience. Through personal experience, the author shows that overall, the Lazarus Model provided a clear understanding of the experience and the coping mechanisms used, either consciously or unconsciously to cope with trauma.
Outline:
Description of the Incident
Description of My Emotional Experience How Lazurus' Model Helps Make Sense of This Experience The Aspects of My Experience Lazarus' Model Fails to Explain
How Lazarus' Model Could be Modified to Fit My Experience Conclusion
From the Paper "When assessing my coping resources via the secondary appraisal phase in Lazarus' model, I discovered my coping mechanisms were quite healthy. I was able to take control of the situation and the stressors involved by realizing that future harm of this nature could be avoided by ending the toxic relationship I was in. Further, I realized the challenges faced by experiencing such a trauma could be turned into positive benefits, as from this negative transaction, I received all the strength and knowledge I could glean from this experience."
Abstract This paper examines the consumer experience with the help of an example ? the Sharp microwave oven. Although the product is appealing at first, it falls short of expectation during the consumption period. Hence, Sharp should prioritize on improving consumer experience in the consumption period, since this is the time dimension when most consumers are dissatisfied. This paper provides suggestions for improving the consumption experience.
Abstract
Background
Market Industry and Growth
Product Details
Competitor analysis
Customer Profile
The Product Experience Pre-consumption
Consumption
Post-Consumption
Enhancing the Experience Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Sharp Corporation is one of Japan's oldest and leading manufacturers of electronic goods. Over, the years of the company's existence, it has expanded globally, adapting to the pressures of global change. The company's founder was Tokuji Hayakawa and was named the Hayakawa Electric Industries in 1912 (Timbrell & Tweedie 1998). Its first product was a successful mechanical pencil called "Ever-Sharp". After World War 2, Hayakawa increased its product line length, breadth and depth by introducing new products and models such as television, calculators and LCD technology. In 1970, the new chairman of the company, Akira Saeki, oversaw an important reorganization of the company intended to establish a new corporate identity and unify product development efforts (Mirabile 1990). Therefore, Hayakawa Electric Industries adopted the name Sharp Corporation. The company broadens its product line in the 1970s and continued expanding its operations worldwide."
Abstract This paper examines how the phenomenology of Martin Heidegger deals with, amongst others, some of the crucial issues of modern times; namely, technology, science, and mortality. In particular, it looks at how the neonatal experience takes place within the ambit of a technological environment and is concerned with factors that are related to the issues that such a technological environment creates in terms of a Heideggerian phenomenology. Through a literature review, it attempts review studies of the neonatal experience as it directly relates to Heideggerian phenomenology.
Outline
Introduction
Existentialism and Phenomenology in Relation to the Neonatal Experience Heidegger: Essential Background
Science and the Neonatal Experience The Problematics of Death
Neonatal Experience Ethics and Morality
From the Paper "It should be borne in mind that phenomenology is defined as a mode of thought or philosophy that dissects and focuses on the meaning that exists prior to or behind events and views these events as life experiences. As such, it is more concerned with thought and feeling as components of living experience than with strict theoretical frameworks and preconceptions. This definition of phenomenology fits in very well with the Heideggerian view of contemporary thought, which he considers to have been "enframed" into a certain mode of thought by the history of metaphysics. Heidegger's particular phenomenological viewpoint is extremely appropriate to the investigation and analysis of the neonatal experience."
Abstract This paper examines Heidegger's description of factical life experience as attitudinal, in that it indifferently asserts relational meanings as significance. In comparison, it takes a look at his examination of how the Christian life experience stands indifferently towards such indifference. The paper points out that, in factical life, the surrounding world tends to dictate in its immediacy an attitude of the significance of objects that presupposes experience, whereas the Christian life experience of 'having become' inhabits a futurity that exists in both time and history in a manner that factical life cannot. The paper maintains that the primordial Christian lives both time and history in a manner which reduces the significances of factical life to incidental temporality. The paper concludes that this attitude engenders a sense of anguish in its oppositions, which reinforces itself as the 'how', or manner in which Dasein embraces being at the phenomenological point of experience.
From the Paper "Factical life experience is attitudinal in that its Dasein, or being-in-the-world, is determined by a relationship with experience that is presupposed by a web of significances, which refer solely to the surrounding material world. "'Attitude' is a relation to objects in which the conduct is absorbed in the material complex". There exists only an interest in the content, the matter that exists as the material component of experience, which draws the focus away from the experiential self. Attitude is as much a cognitive position toward the world as objects, as it is a dictation of the relationship to the material complex, not as self, but as an object dictated by the significances of the surrounding world. The 'how' of factical life is 'fallen' into because it 'worlds'; the attitude of significance it is not generated from Dasein, rather, it is a living in history. The attitude of significance subsumes the 'how' and hides the historicity of the material complex. History, as enacted by science, forms an objective material complex that factical life experience takes up as 'what actually happened'; a structure of attitudinal foreconceptions of objects which hold significance only with regard to the axiomatic foundations of science as enacted through history. Relational meaning and their enactment are directed by the surrounding world, instead of either being self-generated through Dasein or by the experience itself. Factical Dasein is inserted into factical life to secure itself either against, with, or for history, reducing both Dasein and history to the status of objects in service to factical life's attitudinal relationship to experience. "The concerned Dasein is only an object-segment from a great whole object (from the entire objective historical happening)". Living-in-the-world is constructed objectively in a historical context that is re-interpreted by the tendency of life to 'fall away' attitudinally into preconceptions of objects as significance."
Abstract This paper first addresses the historical motivation behind Professor Stanley Milgram's experiment and then describes how the experiment was conducted. The paper then analyzes the results of the experiment and the various margins of error in the experiment. This is followed by a discussion and analysis of the failure of the experiment.
From the Paper "Stanley Milgram, a Yale Professor, decided to take on this task and conducted an experiment about obedience using various different people. The experiment involved a total of three people: the experimenter, who gave the orders, teacher (who was the subject) who read the questions, and learner (an actor), who was to receive electric shocks if they were to answer a question wrong (which they purposely did). The experiment was to have the teacher give the learner a series of questions. If the learner answered any question wrong, they would receive an electric shock. Every question that was wrong, the electrical shock would go up 15 volts. Unbeknownst to the "teacher" was that the "learner' was not being shocked at all. If the "teacher" began to show signs of wanting to stop, the experimenter would push the "teacher" on, using basic phrases like "Please continue." (Experimenter 219) When the teacher began to enter the last stage of the experiment and showed signs of wanting to stop, the experimenter used more authority based phrases, such as "You have no other choice, you must go on." (Experimenter 216). The purpose of the experiment was to see how far a person would go in order to be obedient."
Tags: stanley milgram, obedience holocaust, social psychology, experiments authority control
Abstract Discusses an experiment of the shielding of radiation. The experiment uses fluid flow measurements and the method of continuous flow to determine the coefficient of viscosity. Includes the calculations and results of the said experiment as well as diagrams. Discusses the conclusions and several human errors that happened when carrying out the experiment.
From the Paper "There are two different ways water can flow this can be either streamline or turbulent. When a liquid has a streamline its particles flow in regular and smooth paths called streamlines. In this type of motion the viscous drag opposing the flow is proportional to the average velocity of the liquid. In turbulent flow, the particles have irregular motion therefore the viscous drag is proportional to the square of the velocity. "
