Abstract
This paper explains that the report of the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah, in 1999, paints a dire picture of the levels of violence with which the media was bombarding children. The author points out that this Senate report presents the causal connection between movie and television violence and aggressive behavior in children as a proven conclusion. The paper relates that a review of the underlying data through scientific studies shows that there is considerable doubt as to just how perverse an influence media violence has on children. The author concludes that the inconclusive nature of the data indicates that the American people should be cautious about taking precipitate actions based on this report, and should, at least for now, resist any effort at media censorship.

From the Paper
"Reporting on Professor Eron's original 1960 study of 8 and 9 year olds in Columbia County, New York, Rhodes noted that Eron's and his team investigated a wide range of factors to attempt to measure aggression. Of these, watching violence on television was effectively an afterthought. Further, the data were not consistent: girls who watched television showed no higher levels of aggression, and boys who watched television the most extensively were the least aggressive in the study. In their first follow-up study, Eron and his colleagues did find a statistical correlations between high levels of television watching and aggressive behavior..."

Tags:inconclusive, hatch, causal, link, scientific

Abstract
There is a clear and identifiable link of causation between the media and the engaging in self-destructive behaviors by consumers that could be easily broken with judicious use of censorship. Overwhelmingly, research demonstrates that there are direct links between images seen on television and in magazines and perceptions of the self among consumers of those images. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that through a conscientious censorship effort we can effectively end the epidemic of body image and related eating-disorder problems that has been wracking our culture for generations.

Tags:argument, media, censorship

Abstract
This paper examines the Hays Code, established in the 1930s as a guide for movie content, and contends that it cannot work today. It looks at how it is an exaggerated control of movie and television content that equals censorship. It also contends that, even though the television and movie industry should not apply the Hays Code and should not practice censorship, it also must not be an instigator of violent behavior.

From the Paper
"Freedom of expression is a precious right that only some countries enjoy and others are still fighting for and dreaming of. The United States is one of those countries which enjoys freedom of expression, supported by a constitution that protects this right and laws that try to make sure that no government threatens it. However, this freedom of expression is a very big responsibility that the people who are working in the entertainment industry have to appreciate for the sake of both this right and for the sake of society. It is important that the movie and television industry respect the freedom of expression because their words and their beliefs are heard across the world and, in many instance can have a very negative influence on the viewers."

Tags:censorship, violence, freedom, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of children being exposed on television to massive amounts of violence, sex, drugs, adult language and inappropriate ideas. The author points out that self-policing by the entertainment industry and software locks on set-top boxes have yielded very few results. The paper examines the origin of the v-chip that physically prevents viewing, its role in the popular culture, the technology, and why it has not been successful. The author concludes that, unless a v-chip can be made that operates on some sort of personal or biometric recognition system, children will continue to act out what they see on television to the detriment of themselves and society. Personal policing is the only reliable course of action.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Censorship
V-Chip
Significance / Meaning of Censorship
Success of V-Chip
Statement of Purpose
History of Media Censorship
Definition
History
Non-V-Chip Methods
Legislative
Link between Television Violence and Juvenile Crime
Levels of Violence Shown on TV
Link between Juvenile Crime and Exposure to Violence
Link between Juvenile Crime and TV
Public Policy that Led to V-Chip
National Campaigns
Legislation
Attempts to Get Industry to Self-Regulate
Relative Success of the V-Chip
Technological Aspects
How Vchip Works
Industrial Adoption
Actual Effectiveness
Cultural Adoption
Public Policy Effectiveness
Has Public Policy Paid Off?
Has the V-Chip and Other Methods Actually Changed Society?
Reduction of Juvenile Crime
Underlying Causes
Effects of Reduction
Secondary Effects

From the Paper
"Ratings, however, are simply not an effective deterrent. The determined child can simply keep his eyes open and watch as people kill each other on the screen. Ratings do not prevent actual viewing and it is viewing violence that creates violence. Therefore, the only course of action remaining, apparently, is to actually prevent children from watching particularly violent television shows. There are two basic ways to accomplish this that the broadcasting industry has agreed to participate in. First there is the "windowing" of television."

Tags:link in-home, rating system, self-policing code

Abstract
This piece is a overview of the impact of the media on juvenile crime. The author looks at the problem by focusing on the ethical implications involved. The author begins by describing how many analysts believe there is a link between the media and the rising amount of juvenile violence in America. The author analyzes the reasoning behind those who believe the media has an ethical obligation to restrict amounts of "offensive' material. The author then takes a critical stance, pointing out that no criminal act has ever been linked to the media and that censorship is not a viable option because it would not solve the underlying issues. The author then argues, from a law enforcement perspective, that parents need to better prepare their children to handle the influence of the media. Situations in which children are abused, neglected, and economically displaced are also a key cause of juvenile crime and need to be addressed.

Abstract
The paper explains that, due to the fact that America is a country run by its people, the government needed justification for the intensification of the war in Iraq and against terror. The writer examines the techniques used by mass media to portray the war and questions whether there was censorship or governmental rule over the media during this period.

From the Paper
"The United States is a democratic country in which the people play a major role in the making of decisions. Their opinions and views have to be considered. Therefore, the country cannot decide to enter a war or attack another country unless it makes its case in front of the American voters. Due to this, the War on Terror that President Bush is now engaged in is fought on the battle ground and in the media. If this war is to be successful according to the wishes of the Bush Administration, then it has to be won on these two sides. To achieve this victory on the media side, the United States has to convince its people that war is necessary. Supposedly, it should do so by giving them the facts that support the necessity of war. However, the reporting of the truth may have the consequence of losing support for this war. In order to avoid the loss of this support, Susan L. Carruthers informs us in "New Media, New War," that the media present a "virtualization of war" (671). In this way, the war is communicated to the citizens as an event that is somewhere "between the real and the hyperreal." Thus, they do know that a war is being fought but they think of this war as a clean one, which does not involve the high losses of life or the destruction of countries. That is to say, the war becomes something like a videogame, with the belief that the high technology weapons have created military confrontations in "which injury has seemingly disappeared, along with enemy and civilian capacity to tolerate casualties" (Carruthers 671). The more realistic views and events of the war such as the death of a minimum of 3,767 innocent poor Aghanistani citizens who were not involved in either the Taliban or al Qaeda, from American bombs (Milne), are not strongly represented as they would contradict this whole image of the "virtualization of war," and could cause public opinion to be against the war. Therefore, the objectors to the war on terror and its extending into Iraq have to destroy this whole idea of the clean and "virtualized" war and present a more realistic view of it. Thus, the American media is currently a field of war between the supporters of striking Iraq and the objectors to it. The fact that most of the American people still remember the Gulf War on Iraq as still a virtual war in which the United States had a quick and easy success, should have allowed the supporters of the war an easy victory over its objectors in the media, were it not for the fact that there are some voices in the American media who are making an effective counter argument against war and its "virtualization.""

Tags:war, media, censorship, victory

Abstract
The topic of censorship is usually applied to less-developed countries, but it is crucial to remember that censorship is found in varying aspects in all countries. This paper addresses England as a country that promotes censorship as both a mechanism for civil defense and a means of ensuring the welfare of their citizens.

Tags:censorship, england, media

Abstract
This paper makes a historical examination of the phenomenon of juvenile-consumed media violence, which has been a major public policy issue since at least the Kefauver Hearings of 1953. The paper addresses questions of whether media violence causes children to commit violent acts (causation) and whether, as a consequence, media violence ought to be regulated or otherwise curtailed (censorship). Jeff McIntyre argues on behalf of causation, which he says ought to lead to a very specific kind of bottom-up censorship. The paper concludes by agreeing with McIntyre's outlook.

From the Paper
"The phenomenon of juvenile-consumed media violence has been a major public policy issue since at least the Kefauver Hearings of 1953. At stake are the questions of whether media violence causes children to commit violent acts (causation) and whether, as a consequence, media violence ought to be regulated or otherwise curtailed (censorship). Jeff McIntyre argues on behalf of causation, which he says ought to lead to a very specific kind of bottom-up censorship. The ACLU makes two separate arguments: 1)that there is no causation, and therefore no need for top-down censorship and 2)that, even should causation exist, there is no Constitutional framework..."

Tags:censorship, media, violence

Abstract
The paper discusses how the various aspects of classical conditioning, aggressive personality acquisition, and other psychological factors compromise the total scope of how mass media television plays a large role in conditioning children. The paper explores the high negativity that media attributes to violent programming being forced onto children and explains that these children are also influenced to act out televised stereotypes through a lack of regulation and policy within corporations and governmental forums. The paper asserts that by becoming more involved in preventing these stereotypes through programs that create racial diversity and tolerance, the media can be less influential in portraying children as victims or as criminals through the overall scope of society through rating censorship.

From the Paper
"This mass media analysis will discuss the dangers of television programming that have been violently influencing children within the family unit. By examining the different mediums of this type of cultural violence, we can see what is being done about this grave situation. By looking into the government and television corporation regulations that allow this type of behavior, there is ample evidence to support a thesis on how damaging media violence can be to young children. In essence, by evaluating the research on violence and children within the family unit,..."

Tags:media, family, children

Abstract
This essay argues that the current state of knowledge regarding the effect of violence in television and other media on children is so uncertain that a policy of censorship is not warranted. It shows that a 1999 Senate Judiciary Committee report was excessive and shows how the underlying data do not support a censorship policy.

Tags:censorship, violence, television