Abstract
The paper discusses the theory that the increase in crime rates have led to a need to respond to reported instances of crime, thus requiring increased action on the part of local police, fire and civil service departments. The paper explains that this correlation has been used to justify requisitioning a larger budget for law enforcement. The paper provides a hypothetical research methodology to identify any actual correspondence between these two variables.

Outline:
Introduction
Proposed Methodology
Study Design and Execution
Expected Outcome and Limitations on Methodology

From the Paper
"The research design used to test this potential correlation is quantifiable and seeks to isolate units of measurement between two specific trends (Creswell 17). The first of these trends is an increase in crime statistics. The second is an increase in overtime pay for law enforcement officials. The scope of the research spans from the time when crime rates began to rise, which has been set at seventeen years ago to create an appropriate margin of error. Historical data for crime rates prior to this time period are also known and can be used to create a historical profile of the norms for both crime rates and overtime pay."

Tags:law, enforcement, budget, statistics, variables, data, collection

Abstract
This paper states that the author wants to test the hypothesis that the larger the unemployment rate, the larger the number of crimes that will be committed. The author proposes that reviewing the available literature provides the best method to determine the type and frequency of crimes and then tries to compare this information against employment figures. The paper explains that this mega-research offers much insight into how unemployment can affect the crime rate and why it is important that this issue be dealt with.

Table of Contents
Problem or Objective
Subjects for Study
Ethical Considerations
Measurement
Data Collection Methods
Analysis

From the Paper
"All of these variables can be defined in a very straightforward manner, and they can be discovered through information found in the research of others. Most of the research variables that this research intends to study have been studied before, but looking at so many variables in one study is not all that common. Most often, only one or two variables are examined, and while this brings clarity of focus to the particular study, it does not allow for consideration of the many other factors that may be important. This clarity of focus on only one or two things often brings confusion about the larger issue, and since it does not take into account the many other reasons that may affect someone's decision to commit a criminal act, many limitations are involved that could have been removed had the study examined more potential variables in an effort to see the whole picture, rather than just a part of it."

Tags:variables, literature, review, summarize, compare

Abstract
This paper explains that summated ratings or Likert scales are one methodology used by academics, students, politicians and marketing researchers to determine the attitude of individuals towards a particular issue. The author relates that the use of summated ratings is a survey method that presents a set of attitude statements which the subject must express agreement or disagreement on a continuous scale of five to nine points. The author believes that summated ratings can be used to measure emotional attitudes regarding issues particular to criminal justice, such as punishment and enforcement of crime.

From the Paper
"The relevance of the quantification of attitude may be found in the idea that the psychological "stimulus" designed to provoke an attitude does not necessarily have to be physical. This is reflected in the work of the psychologist Thurstone, who is considered the father of attitude measurement. He addressed the issue of how favorable an individual is with regard to a given issue in his own work. He developed an attitude continuum to determine the position of measuring favorable and unfavorable attitudes on issues. This was refined in 1932, by his protege Likert, the most famous father of the attitudinal scale."

Tags:methodology, survey, issues, evaluation, statements

Abstract
The paper shows that perhaps the greatest misconceptions that are held by the Canadian public relating to youth crime are in regard to the actual crime rates. Canadians tend to drastically overestimate both the occurrence and severity of youth crime, as well as crime in general. It describes how Canadians believe that crime rates have increased, that the proportion of violent crime is greater than the facts would suggest, and that the crime rate in Canada is equal to or worse than the crime rate of the United States. The paper investigates the need to improve the awareness of public policy makers to the actual crime rate, especially among the youth, and shows that with such improvements, public policy makers will hopefully be more confident in their considerations of public perception when creating effective legislation that protects and represents society.

From the Paper
"Public Policy, by definition, is policy that is made to protect, serve, and represent society as a whole. Ideally, public policy should adhere to the utilitarian goals of providing the most good to the greatest number of people, while making a concerted effort to protect minority interests. As with many political theories and entities, the ideal situation seldom becomes reality, as has been the case with crime related public policy in Canada. It often appears that public policy is created to satisfy the short-term demands of the public and to secure the greatest number of votes for the greatest number of elected representatives."

Tags:act, alternative, crime, measures, offenders, violence, young

Abstract
This paper outlines the video security system which depends not only on cameras but also on card readers and other security measures. This paper details the effectiveness of this security system which was installed at Harvard University as well as on various university campuses in Germany. The writer of this paper examines the primary goals of this security system which is primarily to ensure a feeling of safety among residents and visitors to the campuses. This paper explores the various benefits of this system including the fact the publicizing the installation of this type of security system would let would-be criminals know that they are unlikely to escape undetected should they attempt to commit a crime on campus grounds. This paper also contains a price list illustrating the cost for this particular security system.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Outline of the Program
Benefits of the System
Costs of the Program
Process
References

From the Paper
"Obviously, costs will vary from campus to campus, depending on the number of access points to be protected. However, estimates per campus can be made from the following information regarding a four-camera closed-circuit system, using existing computer power at the university as needed. This package would be adequate for a residence hall with four doors. The figures are the costs of the cameras and auxiliary equipment in both U.S. and Canadian dollars; however, similar packages available in Germany would exhibit similar price points. Added to this cost is the cost of programming computers to turn cameras on and off, if that was desired, equipment for viewing captured tape, and the labor costs of installation."

Tags:security, camera, video, access, crime, campus, grounds, university, cost

Abstract
The paper critically reviews the literature on the co-occurring disorders in females housed in jails. This review is limited to studies that include psychotic disorders assessed with structured clinical interviews. Only 22 publications meet the criteria for inclusion in this study. Threats to the validity of this study include observer bias, participant bias and instrument bias; these aspects are critically analyzed during the study. Jailed females with psychotic disorders and co-occurring substance disorders have the following: The highest rates of violent crime, recidivism, the highest number of life threatening behaviors while in custody; highest instances of denial of symptoms at intake in order to avoid psychiatric housing, and may fear loosing custody of their children if a psychotic disorder is detected. Over 60% of jailed females have custody of one or more children. This review finds rising rates of psychotic disorders. The Teplin et al., (1996) study is examined extensively. Though this study remains the largest and most cited in healthcare policy journals, it may underestimate the prevalence and needs of jailed females of today.
Outline:
Abstract
Problem statement
Literature review: Search methods, Reviews, Epidemiological Studies, Combined Methodological Critique.
Implications
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
" Mental Disorders like Schizophrenia and co-occurring Substance Disorders like Methamphetamine Dependence in jailed females is uncertain. This review is the outcome of a systematic international literature search on the epidemiology of mentally disordered female inmates admitted to jails. The goals of the review are to summarize current knowledge on this subject, describe the research methods used, as well as suggest how future research might be planned to extend and focus this knowledge on psychiatric epidemiology in jails. Data limited to studies using structured clinical interviews assessing mental and substance disorders was quantitatively reviewed and critically evaluated. A special emphasis was placed on the Psychotic Disorders and co-occurring Substance Disorders, because inmates with these disorders have the highest violent crime and recidivism rates, they call for the medical resources in the jails where they are housed."

Tags:dsm-iv, scid, cods, jail, inmate, recidivism, psychopathology, mental, substance, disorders, epidemiological, data, suicide, cohort, studies, sads-l, schizophrenia, dis

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion on the New York Police Department. The NYPD has been taking great measures recently to curb their crime rate and the crime rate has been steadily dropping. The author takes us on a journey through some of the measures being used and the controversy surrounding those measures.

Abstract
This paper describes the laws behind California's 'three strikes' legislation and argues that this legislation is neither a deterrent nor a balanced way of meting out justice. The paper then addresses the issue of capital punishment and contends that capital punishment is also an ineffective answer to rising crime rates. Finally, the paper contends that measures such as the 'three strikes' laws and capital punishment are the public's gut reaction to high crime rates and is similar to the public's gut reaction after 9/11, which gave the U.S. Attorney General sweeping powers under the guise of protecting America to suspect arrest people for the most petty and unfounded reasons; both reactions threaten the freedom and liberty that is so valued by American citizens.

From the Paper
"It has been said that only two things are certain death and taxes. Yet to these two inevitabilities, many Americans would add a third -- crime. The fear of becoming the victim of a crime " especially of a violent crime " haunts many otherwise rational individuals. Violence, it seems, is everywhere. One need only turn on the television to be assailed by images of murder, rape, and physical assault. And, it is not only Hollywood that is the villain. Both local and national newscasts revel in the depiction and discussion of violent acts: a child is kidnapped; a pregnant housewife disappears and is later found murdered; a ruthless killer stalks the streets of a large city. The media like to quote facts. Just yesterday, on April 27th, it was reported that the murder rate in California's most populous urban areas had increased by eleven percent, this despite years of noticeable declines. The sudden upsurge was attributed to the State and the nation's, faltering economy. But, many Californians are not convinced. Nor were they convinced by the multitude of theories that were put forth to explain the skyrocketing crime rates of the 1970s and 1980s. Joblessness, drug use, and lack of education may indeed inspire some to commit violent and antisocial acts; however, to a majority of citizens in the Golden State, the root cause of such behavior is much simpler. Like the Eighteenth Century Englishman who penned Hanging Not Punishment Enough, they hold firmly to the idea that an increase in criminal activity is fundamentally linked to the lack of a strong deterrent. The anonymous author of that pamphlet advocated the replacement of the "relatively painless" punishment of hanging with more brutal forms of capital punishment, such as for example, breaking on the wheel."

Tags:criminal, polly, klaas, felonies, sentenced, prison, life, hardened, dangerous, death

Abstract
This paper examines how many communities in which there are high crime rates have introduced neighborhood watch groups. According to the paper, experience has shown that citizen efforts to patrol their neighborhoods serves as an effective deterrent, for criminals seek out more vulnerable neighborhoods once they see that residents have formed neighborhood watch groups and are taking proactive measures to protect their streets and homes from crime.

From the Paper
"In many communities where crime rates are high and the police have been ineffective, concerned citizens have formed neighborhood watch groups in order to identify and report criminal activity. Experience has shown that citizen efforts to patrol their neighborhoods serves as an effective deterrent, for criminals seek out more vulnerable neighborhoods once they see that residents have formed neighborhood watch groups and are taking proactive measures to protect their streets and homes from crime...."

Tags:neighborhood, watch, group

Abstract
This paper explores the disparity in prison populations, as compared to actual crime rates in American cities for the African American population. The study further examines the demographics of those incarcerated to determine which factors were predictors of receiving a prison sentence among the population group. Ultimately, the authors hopes that this study will help determine which factors are the best predictors of African Americans receiving prison sentences.
It is also pointed out that the ability to predict which African Americans are at risk will help to reduce significantly the number of youth that are currently incarcerated. The paper concludes by stating that by identifying at risk youth and adults, with objective of attempting to provide assistance, prison terms may be avoided. The paper includes a description of its methodology and the survey that was used to collect data. The survey appears in the appendix.

Section 1: Introduction
Section 2 : Background and Relevant Literature
Section 3: Instrumentation and Measurement
APPENDIX I
Survey Questionnaire

From the Paper
"Recent statistics indicate that the "war on drugs" has resulted in a growing number of drug related incarcerations since its inception in 1980. For every 100,000 US residents, 684 African Americans were arrested, as compared to only 387 whites arrested (King, 2008). This amounts to a 77% higher arrest rate for African Americans than for the white population. The disparity continued to grow and by 2003, African Americans were 238% more likely to be arrested for drugs than the white population (King, 2008)."

Tags:drug use, repeat offenders, prison, survey