Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the notion of the 24-hour period used in the day/night cycle. The writer explains that this cycle began in ancient Egypt, while the sixty divisions of degrees, minutes and seconds is derived from the number system based on sixty (sexagesimal) of the Mesopotamians. The writer examines this approach to dividing the day and night into like segments. Further, the writer looks at ancient peoples' observations about the motion of the sun and discusses how this ultimately results in the system that is used to measure angles today.

From the Paper
"Given its ancient origins, the reason angles are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds today has likewise been forgotten by many modern observers. In fact, the basis for this method was developed almost five thousand years ago in Sumeria based on their use of sundials to track time. In her book, Time's Pendulum: The Quest to Capture Time -- from Sundials to Atomic Clocks, Jo Ellen Barnett reports that the convention of the 24-hour period used in the day/night cycle began in ancient Egypt, while the sixty divisions of degrees, minutes and seconds is derived from the number system based on sixty (sexagesimal) of the Mesopotamians; because the Mesopotamians had not yet invented fractional numbers, they preferred whole numbers which could be divided in several different ways, and the number 60 can be evenly divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30."

Tags:sundial, cycle, division, numbers

Abstract
The paper relates that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have decided to revise their conceptual frameworks for financial reporting and accounting. The paper notes that, ideally, the present framework of both boards will be broader and expansive so as to develop a conceptual framework, which both Boards can use as an outline for new and revised accounting standards. The paper explains that one key area that is affected is the basis of measurement and its effect on financial reporting. The paper then proceeds to evaluate the different ways that measurement is defined within the conceptual framework. The paper also analyzes the methodologies identified so that choices made in the future can be based on valid recommendations.

Outline:
Introduction
Measurement and Bases of Measurement
Criticisms
Objectives of Financial Reporting and the Bases Choice: Is there a Trade-Off
What Bases Should be Chosen?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Measurement in financial reporting is therefore dependent on a lot of external factors to the organization; which affect the process of integrating it within the conceptual framework of the IASB/FASB. Bullen and Crook (2006) states that measurement will continue to be one of the most challenging aspects of the conceptual framework since neither bodies have a clear cut definition as to what are the necessary bases that should be used nor are there a set of refined guidelines for the use of any bases. The definitions of both bodies are vague, and as such the conceptual framework continues to produce a vague definition."

Tags:conceptual, framework, accounting, standards, IASB, FASB

Abstract
This study examines the factors that affect the utilization of performance measurement. The study attempts to provide better information on the patterns of usage of performance measurement and to use this information to develop an elaborated model of the factors presumed to affect utilization. Using distinctions from the policy and evaluation literature, the following hypotheses were tested and confirmed: Policy adoption is driven more heavily by factors from rational and technocratic theory, whereas actual implementation is influenced by factors addressed by political and cultural considerations

From the Paper
"It is clear that if a manager cannot bring people on board with the company's vision then they will be required to take the necessary actions to ensure the company stays on track in the business transformation by involving the employees. Along with that, it is necessary to have strong leadership when competition is intensified. Therefore, companies need strong leadership so that they have the ability to be innovative enough to set themselves apart from their competitors and maintain a successful and stable structure company, which benefits the employees' health and safety by using performance measuring."

Tags:change, communication, data, results-oriented, adoption

Abstract
This paper explains that, as gear-manufacturing technology became more complex, it was more difficult to perform gear measurements with the degree of accuracy required; thus, precision in the field of gear-manufacturing began to suffer partly as a result of this declining precision. The author points out that the demands of total quality management systems, such as Six Sigma and ISO 9000, continue to raise the level of expectation to a defect-free manufacturing, which is being addressed by adding new multi-sensor units to coordinate measurement machines. The paper relates that coordinate measuring machines are not yet able to completely replace CNC generative gear testers, but demands from the automotive industry, new technologies and globalization are creating an environment where these machines will continue to improve in efficiency, precision and cost effectiveness.
Pictures.

Table of Contents
CMM Introduction
CMM History
The CMM Culture
Management Strategies
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To understand how we got to where we are today, an understanding of CNC Generative Gear Testing Machines may help to clarify the improvements on Coordinate Measurement Machines. CNC generative gear testers are nothing more than computer controlled and fully automated machines that can used to carry out various analytic tests on manufactured gears. The true difference between coordinate measuring machines and the CNC Generative Gear Testing Machines is that the latter are specifically for testing gears. Of course, many in the industry feel that CNC generative gear testers are the most accurate way of measuring axis gears. Coordinate measuring machine offer different options. For instance, coordinate measuring machines have the ability to plot and record many more axis positions. Once recorded, these axis positions serve as the necessary data points to create either two or three dimensional models of a gear or part."

Tags:commonization, automoble, sensor, defect-free, computer

Abstract
This paper defines GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and uses Qatar as an example of its application; however, the author contends, there are a number of reasons GDP cannot be relied upon solely to determine the economic wellness of a country. Instead, the author states that the real GDP must take into account the population. The paper concludes that, to measure the real GDP as an indication of economic well-being, factors such as per-capita income, composition of goods and the happiness of the citizens must be considered.

From the Paper
"What if an increase in GDP is because of the increase in inflation? Inflation increases the price of everything and because of this the value of GDP increases. This type of increase in the value of GDP because of inflation is also not very good as economic wellness and people's standard of living is directly related to the physical quantity of goods being produced and not the quantity. So, we need to taking into account the inflation factor also and adjust the nominal GDP with inflation factor to arrive at the real GDP and only this way we can tell whether or not the country is enjoying economic well-being or not."

Tags:output, period of time, standard of living, inflation, degradation of environment

Abstract
This paper explains that sociologists and politicians have become extremely worried about the growth in international and national income disparity especially in developing countries, which is considered to be the cause of political strife. The author stresses that calculating the level of income disparity in developed or under-developed societies is not easy; two different studies of one particular country, at the exact same time, can come to two different conclusions. The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the various structures and theories of income disparity measurements being utilized by the third world countries, which are comprehensive enough to accurately evaluate income disparities with all independent variable, such as color, gender, rural/urban, economical system and occupation. Tables and graphs.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
General Questions
Specific Questions
Background of the Study
The Histories Context of Income Disparity:
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of the Income Disparity Measurement Methods Being Used
Critical Analysis of these Measurement Methods
Problems with the Use of these Methods within Countries
Ideas about the Gaps that Exist
What is Wrong with the Present Methods being Used?
Theoretical Framework
Summary of the Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
General Questions
Specific Questions
Research Design
Operationalization Variables
Data Collected
Analysis Plan
Causal Diagram (Ordinary Least Squares Regression)
Conclusion
Table: World Population and Total poverty
Table: Education Spending in relation to the Total GDP and Total Expenditure of the Governments
Table: The Percentage of Income Sharing between the Richest and the Poorest
Table: Gender Related Income Distribution
Table: Occupation and Unemployment Rates

From the Paper
"A substitute structure of measurement frequently employed by the third world has been the use of per capita GNP facts and figures (GNP/c), however, the consideration of purchasing power parity (PPP) has been made and changes have been made accordingly. The changes made in this system compare the local prices of products, merchandise and services of that particular country with the international prices of the same commodities. By utilizing the identical comparative prices for each and every product and services, the researchers evaluated the income measurements that had been changed for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results of the measurements model that considers the purchasing power parity (PPP) and changes the GNP/c accordingly is different from the model that disregards the changes."

Tags:gnp, standard, causal, repercussions, structural

Abstract
The paper discusses constructivism as a theory of learning which posits that students "construct" learning by constant self-assessment, socializing and contextualizing. The paper explains that in this learning activity, constructivism is demonstrated as students investigate and report on a crime scene applying forensic techniques learned in science.

From the Paper
"The following is an interdisciplinary activity for seventh or eight grade middle school students. It is based on several science and language arts objectives and builds heavily on the use of problem solving skills. The primary educational theory employed is Constructivism. Background: Need - This learning event is a culminating activity for a science unit on forensics done in conjunction with a Language Arts unit on persuasive writing. It also includes on-going practice of public speaking skills. Teachers need to provide an opportunity for students to apply the skills..."

Tags:assessment, constructivism, science

Abstract
This paper examines the differing options that have been presented for defining and measuring poverty and assesses the relative flaws of each method. The paper begins by defining poverty and then discusses the reasons why there exist serious problems with attempting to define it. The paper then describes the inherent pitfalls that are evident in each method of measuring poverty. The paper also presents the writer's personal opinions on the above issues.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, it is clear that there exist significant difficulties when we attempt to both define and measure poverty. As we have seen it is very often personal opinion that either guides where we place the poverty line or what factors we use to measure poverty accurately. Using systems based on income is the common method and it is employed in many areas of the world, in particular the United States. However, Townsend was correct to highlight how income alone is not encompassing enough and it is important that we consider other factors that are integral in making and sustaining a good life. Access to quality social care is one of the most vital parts of these other factors."

Tags:society, legislature, standards, income

Abstract
This paper presents the findings of an article written after testing two specific hypotheses: (1) that the ski boot in its standard setting causes a misalignment of two measurements of knee angles as compared to the natural barefoot position; and (2) that both canting and boot rotation affect on varus valgus (VV) and internal-external rotation (IRER) angles as well.

Outline:
Introduction
Article Summary
Subjective Evaluation
Biomechanical Description of Technique
Critical Analysis of Technique Selected
Summary

From the Paper
"Knee injuries are some of the most interesting issues in orthopedics and sports medicine from the perspective of both prevention and treatment. The analysis of biomechanical causation is crucial to understanding acute traumatic knee injuries as well as long-term chronic knee problems commonly presenting in athletes at all levels of involvement.
"In the case of knee injuries in skiers, one testable hypothesis is the component of causation that relates to ski boots. By design, ski boots are intended to provide external support and maintenance of advantageous ankle and knee flexion and tibial angular orientation with respect to the perpendicular as measured between the skier and the ski
slope. Previous research has established a relationship between external ankle support in general and specifically, the way that altering or restricting the natural motion of the ankle joint contributes to changes in the mechanical load on anatomical structures in the knee."

Tags:prevention, restricting, ankle

Abstract
The paper looks at why terrorists and terrorism exist and the major motivations and/or objectives of terrorism. The paper discusses the Patriot Act and the Department of Homeland Security that enabled several measures to detect, investigate, prevent and stop domestic terrorism that are results of the 9/11 incidents. The paper notes that dealing with the causes and effects of terrorism and the war on terrorism is not a one-sided affair but rather, it should be viewed from various angles and seen through the eyes of the different actors involved.

From the Paper
"Terrorism has been a bane of mankind since time immemorial. It has been used to justify bloodshed to gain freedom from oppression and other social inequities. One common adage goes: "One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter," thus rationalizing terror or terrorist acts. The terrorist incidents that occurred in September 11, 2001 were looked upon by the instigators and their sponsors as a rousing success with the death of thousands of people and causing untold problems to the American government and its people. The World Trade bombing on February 26, 1993 can be seen as a dry run for the 9/11 incidents and as a result, the world changed its security posture and the way people looked at terrorism is different now more than ever."

Tags:Patriot, Act, 9/11, surveillance, freedom