Abstract
This paper critically examines Maynard Solomon's portrayal, in his biography "Beethoven", of Ludwig van Beethoven's battle for custody of his nephew Karl. It argues that although Solomon delves into Beethoven's psychology and his motives for pursuing custody, the author fails to objectively depict the custody battle. The paper explains that, instead, Solomon's coverage is uneven and his perspective skewed, and he glosses over certain facts that might have shown Beethoven in a more unfavorable light.

From the Paper
"In the chapter "Beethoven and his Nephew," Maynard Solomon makes insightful observations about Beethoven's motives for fighting to gain custody of his nephew Karl, and about Beethoven's feelings toward both Karl and his mother Johanna. He examines Beethoven's psychology in depth, and forms interesting connections between Beethoven's actions and previous events in his life. Overall, however, Solomon does not succeed in accurately depicting the conflict. Despite his thorough analysis of Beethoven's psyche, Solomon glosses over how Beethoven's extreme actions affected Karl's development. He rarely mentions Beethoven's cruelty toward Karl and does not treat the boy as a full-blown character in the saga. As if this omission weren't enough, Solomon also attempts to excuse Beethoven's cruel and unethical actions regarding Karl and Johanna. Because of these shortcomings, Solomon fails to appropriately convey the gravity of the conflict; he neglects to devote an appropriate amount of space to Karl himself, and tries to soften the harsh facts of Beethoven's cruelty."

Tags:classical, biography, relationship, nephew

Abstract
This paper deals with the Themes and Innovative Features in Beethoven's Eroica Symphony, and how to look at it both thematically and musically. It goes through Beethovens life and into the history of the Eroica Symphony, and deconstructs the music as well as the themes and innovations that surround this seminal piece of music. It is six pages with two sources, one being the piece of music itself.

From the Paper
Themes and Innovative Features in Beethoven's Eroica Symphony, No. 3, Op. 55. Program Note. Ludwig Von Beethoven's Eroica Symphony is a piece of unequivocal genius, no doubt because of the risks taken and the powerful- almost compulsory- thematics and emotion employed in the symphony. Ludwig Von Beethoven was born on December 16^th, 1770 and died on March 26^th, 1827. Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany but moved to Vienna, Austria in his early twenties to study music with Joseph Haydn. There, he quickly became a skilled pianist. At this time, however, his hearing started to deteriorate and

Tags:beethoven, eroica, music

Abstract
This paper describes the meaning, content and form of Beethoven's "Appassionata" sonata for piano, Opus 57 in F minor. The paper includes sections of the score. The paper also briefly examines Beethoven's life.

From the Paper
"Ludwig van Beethoven was even in his lifetime recognized for his profound genius wizardry of imagination and vice-like grip of sonata-based formal procedures. (Holoman) Widely acclaimed as the successor to Mozart, Beethoven set the ground rules for the nascent Roman tic movement in music. No composer has more greatly affected his age nor more profoundly disturbed and challenged his followers. (Holoman) This essay will briefly examine Beethoven's life and then focus on an analysis of one of his best-known and most often played..."

Tags:Beethoven, Appassionata Piano Sonata, music

Abstract
This paper is account of Mahler's "Fourth Symphony" as a response and commentary to Beethoven's "Ninth Symphony". It looks at Mahler's adoption of the theme of joy in Beethoven's symphony and his grafting it on to a vocal arrangement.

From the Paper
"In the chapter titled Ambivalent, Elysium Bonds develops the idea that Mahler's Fourth Symphony is a response to and commentary on Beethoven's Ninth. Whereas Beethoven's Ninth is dense and complex Bondargues Mahler's Fourth is ostensibly spare from an ..."

Tags:Mahler, Beethoven

Abstract
The paper discusses how in her novel "Song of Solomon", Toni Morrison uses the history of one black family and covers the period from the end of the Civil War to the time of the Civil Rights Movement. The paper shows how the women of the family are witnesses to the disintegration of the black male and so of the black family, and even as the family disintegrates, these women achieve a form of regeneration as they gain wisdom.

From the Paper
"In her novel "Song of Solomon", Toni Morrison uses the history of one black family and covers the period from the end of the Civil War to the time of the Civil Rights Movement. The women of the family are witnesses to the disintegration of the black male and so of the black family, and even as the family disintegrates, these women achieve a form of regeneration as they gain wisdom. Milkman Dead's sister Corinthians is an example of the lonely black woman who has had to watch the disintegration of the black males of her youth as they grow to manhood and then old age unable to assert themselves or find their place in society. Milkman is the representative male, a man who takes most of his life to become a full..."

Tags:song, solomon, morrison

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the symbolism of flying in Toni Morrison's novel 'Song of Solomon'. It includes five quotes from the novel with two lines of explanation from each as part of the discussion.

From the Paper
"Toni Morrison's 'Song of Solomon' is woven through with the symbolism and imagery of flying. Flying represents a variety of things in the book from the physical act of flight through the air to the metaphorical release from the common bondage of humanity. Ultimately flying is realizing perfect inner freedom unencumbered by the trappings of the physical nature. It is escaping not only from the chains of oppression but also from the inner chains of selfishness and ..."

Tags:Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon, African American, black, flying, symbolism, imagery

Abstract
There have been numerous philosophers and even thinkers in economics who have put forward their theories. This paper discusses two major philosophers of economics, Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes. It looks at how Adam Smith, known commonly as the father of modern economics, influenced the growth of economic theory and the evolution of modern, market-based societies. It also discusses how the second great revolution in economic thought was by John Maynard Keynes and how his theory of Employment, Interest and Money bestows to academia a different way of looking at the aggregate economic universe.
Outline
Introduction
Adam Smith
John Maynard Keynes
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Smith was in support of free trade. He derived his support for free trade among nations by centering it on the obvious desirability of trade among individuals: "It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy". Though Smith is usually thought to have relied on the Theory of Absolute Advantage to gain his support for free trade. According to Smith, free trade not only extended the extent of the market and, thereby, permitted greater division of labor; free trade also increased productivity by allowing countries to specialize in what they do well. In Smith's view of the workings of the market system, any short-run deviation of the market price from the long-run price would activate the forces of competition which would ultimately take the market price to its long-run level."

Tags:employment, interest, market, free, trade

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the life of Ludwig van Beethoven, who by the time of his death in 1827, was already recognized as one of the greatest musical talents of his era. At the end of reading the biographies of both Geck and Jones, the writer notes that one is left with an impression of Beethoven that often confirms the stereotype of the Romantic genius at odds with his era. But, as both biographers point out, this is a notion that Beethoven played a major role in fostering. The writer discusses that as an emblematic figure of Romanticism, Beethoven not only composed some of the most important music of all time; he also gave rise to common beliefs about the myth of artistic genius. The writer concludes that ultimately, it may be impossible for a truly "objective" account of Beethoven's life to ever emerge, owing to the fact that mythology and reality are inextricable when considering the legacy of this great man - and the music that continues to live on, all these years later.

From the Paper
"At the same time, Geck shows the ways in which Beethoven fostered many of the myths surrounding his genius during his own lifetime. Geck admits early on that there continues to be some confusion regarding Beethoven's exact birth date, for example. Much of this confusion arises from the fact that Beethoven was not the first-born son of his parents - but he was the first-born son to survive. Two years prior to Beethoven's birth, they had had another son who was also named Ludwig, but who died in infancy. For this reason, Beethoven believed that he had been born in 1772, rather than 1770, as has commonly been believed.
"If there is a problem with Geck's biography, it is a structural one."

Tags:composition, genius, works, Romanticism

Abstract
This paper defines romanticism and romantic music, describes Beethoven's contribution to music and his innovations, and the ways in which his music linked with romanticism. Examples of some of his major works that depict romanticism are also discussed.

Contents
Romanticism
Beethoven and his Music
Early Music and Loss of Hearing
Early Influences
Different Phases of Beethoven's Music
The Eroica - Beethoven's Third Symphony
Beethoven's Sixth Symphony
The Ninth Symphony
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century as a revolt against "classicism" (and to a lesser extent against "rationalism".) It stressed strong emotion, feeling and imagination rather than correctness in form. Romanticism rejected order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism and the 18th century Neoclassicism. The movement took its inspiration in part from the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution. ("Romanticism"-Columbia Encyclopedia, 2000)
In Romantic Music emotion and expression of feelings is given more importance than formal balance and internal order. It became the dominant musical trend in classical music during the 19th century and period between 1800 and 1900 is often referred to as the Romantic Period. While Beethoven is thought to be the first romantic composer, other notable composers who used romanticism in their music include Chopin and Wagner."

Tags:classic, orchestra, ninth, fifth

Abstract
The following paper discusses both sides of both issues of the Maynard vs. Wooley case. In 1969, the New Hampshire legislature approved a law that obligated most non-commercial motor vehicle license plates to display the state motto ?Live free or die.? This act of the state was intended to promote appreciation of state individualism, history, and pride, and on a more practical level to distinguish passenger New Hampshire license plates from others. George and Maxine Maynard, two devoted Jehovah?s Witnesses residing in New Hampshire, however, were offended by the statement that conflicted with their religious and moral beliefs. Finding the statement objectionable, the couple covered then later cut out the words from the plate, believing that displaying them would be equal to an affirmation and open endorsement of the statement. Their refusal to carry the motto on their plate violated New Hampshire statutes RSA 262:27-c and RSA 263:1 that required the display of the motto on all non-commercial plates and outlawing any deliberate obscuration of or damage done to the motto. The Maynards objected to the fines and charges against him, and the case went to the New Hampshire state court, where the judge ruled in their favor. The interests of the people were put at risk for the pursuit of a state interest that was relatively quite insignificant and could be achieved in less drastic means. The author discusses the Supreme Court?s final ruling that chose to place priority on personal freedoms and rights.

From the Paper
"A great deal of the case focused on the state's violation of the First Amendment, which protects the Maynards" freedom of religion and speech, and of the Fourteenth Amendment, which provides that the citizens? rights cannot be infringed on by the state. The Maynards believed, and later the greater part of the Court agreed in Justice Burger's opinion, that the N.H. statute R.S.A 262:27-c itself was unconstitutional because it ?forces an individual, as part of his daily life - constantly while his automobile is in public view - to be an instrument for fostering public adherence to an ideological point of view he finds unacceptable. In doing so, the State "invades the sphere of intellect and spirit which it is the purpose of the First Amendment to our Constitution to reserve from all official control."

Tags:district, attorney, constitution, rights, personal, freedom, expression, individual, state