Abstract
This paper gives an historical analysis of James Madison and his Presidency, focusing on his commitment to the separation of church and state. This commitment influenced the decisions he made and the political ideology that he upheld. The paper traces Madison's political career and its interconnection with the birth of the US. Madison's famous treatise on separation of church and state entitled "The Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments," is analyzed. The paper concludes by reinforcing James Madison's commitment to the separation of church and state and the protection of individual liberty.

From the Paper
" From the early days of the development of the British colonies into an independent nation, Madison was involved. As a student of history, government, and law, he took part in framing the Virginia Constitution in 1776 and held membership in the Virginia Assembly ("James Madison"). Madison served in the Continental Congress and engaged in frequent debates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia ("James Madison"). Together with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, Madison made a major contribution to ratifying the Constitution by writing the Federalist essays, which were in favor of the creation of a more powerful federal government to replace the ailing Confederation. The essays earned him the title of "Father of the Constitution," although he claimed the document was "the work of many heads and many hands" ("James Madison"). He also shared in framing the Bill of Rights and passing the first revenue legislation."

Tags:James, Madison, Constitution, First, Amendment, separation, of, church, and, state

Abstract
The paper presents a scenario that relates to electronic record-keeping or surveillance and provides a reasonable analytical background to understanding the Due Process Clause, the Fourth Amendment, and other relevant statutes, especially within the framework of the "Marbury v. Madison case".

From the Paper
"The scenario being presented relates to electronic record-keeping or surveillance and provides a reasonable analytical background to understanding the Due Process Clause, the Fourth Amendment, and other relevant statutes, especially within the framework of the "Marbury versus Madison" case. However, the paper will outline why issues related to wire-tapping and surveillance via the Patriot Act as being enforced at the local or state level can be challenged as unconstitutional but how the principles of "Marbury versus Madison" and the Due Process clause would apply to the wiretapping validity. The content of the paper..."

Tags:marbury, madison, congress

Abstract
This paper argues that James Madison's role in the creation of the U.S. federal government from the early Continental Congress to the Bill of Rights, including the Annapolis Convention, the Constitutional Convention, the Federalist papers and other contributions, was the most important among the Founding Fathers. The author contends that had it not been for the genius and foresight of James Madison, citizens would not enjoy the protection of several important civil liberties; indeed, without Madison's contributions, the country might not even exist as a sovereign republic today. The paper relates that Madison's constitutional vision of limited government set the base for the American liberty.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Madison's Role at the Annapolis Convention and Continental Congress
Madison's Contributions to the Bill of Rights
Madison and "The Federalist"
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to one biographer, James Madison was "A giant in intellect, who convinced the squabbling states to send representatives to Philadelphia over 200 years ago to 'form a more perfect union.' For the Constitutional Convention, he prepared a scheme of national government untried in the world." This "untried scheme" was necessary because, on the national level, the Articles of Confederation had made the single-branched Continental Congress responsible for conducting the war, for administering foreign relations, and for handling other matters of national concern; however, they had not entrusted the Congress with the power to tax and provided no power to enforce its decisions. "In other words," McDonald notes, "compliance with its decisions was to be voluntary.""

Tags:limited-government, publius, separation-powers, contract, religion

Abstract
The paper discusses James Madison's ideas that stand at the basis of the Constitution and focuses on Madison's emphasis on the separation of Church and State, or in other words, the freedom of religion. The paper looks at how Madison promoted this belief both in private letters to powerful politicians and in public writings such as newspaper articles, and also shows how in his more public writings, Madison argues for the separation of church and state in more general terms. The paper explains that Madison promoted the separation of church and state because he believed that imposing one upon the other would detract from the democratic nature of the Constitution.

From the Paper
"In working for the separation of the church and state, Madison promoted this idea both in private letters to powerful politicians and in public writings such as newspaper articles. In 1832, Madison for example wrote a letter to Jasper Adams, the president of the College of Charleston. The letter was written in response to a pamphlet that Adams sent to Madison regarding the former's views on Christianity and how it related to the government. The pamphlet was also sent to other statesmen such as John Marshall and Justice Joseph Story. Both Marshall and Story agreed with Adams' views, that Christianity should be integrated with the government of the United States. Madison, however, disagreed, believing that religion should not be imposed by the government, and indeed that it is more likely to flourish if uninterrupted by government."

Tags:sovereignty, power, democracy, politics

Abstract
This paper explains that Jack Rakove's "James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic" covers all stages of Madison's life including his early life and career, his efforts in the constitutional convention, his contributions to shape the new nation and his performance as Secretary of State and as President of the United States. The author points out that Rakove described young Madison as always interested in gaining knowledge despite being sickly as a child and as a young man. The paper relates that the chief set of ideas that Madison brought to the framing of the Constitution was the Virginia Plan, which replaced the existing unicameral congress with a national government of three independent branches. The author comments that Rakove shows how Madison and Thomas Jefferson worked closely together to smoothly run the progression of the new country

From the Paper
"James Madison was born on March 16, 1751 in Virginia to James and Nelly Madison. His father was a wealthy slave owner that ran a tobacco plantation. He was the oldest of 11 children but only six of his siblings lived to adulthood. "By early teens, Madison was acquiring the intellectual earnestness that marked him ever after" When he was eleven years old he began attending a local school run by Donald Robertson, which was rare because schools in the area where he grew up were scarce.... Because of his intense desire to learn and his eagerness to study, his teachers and parents decided in 1769 to send him to the College of New Jersey, which later became Princeton University."

Tags:intellectual, convention, virginia, representation, jefferson

Abstract
This paper first explains that, on March 2, 1801, two days before he was to leave office, the Federalist President John Adams made out scores of last minute judicial appointments, which were challenged leading to the constitutional case, "Marbury vs Madison". The paper then goes on to present several key legal questions involved in this case and the Supreme Court decision. The paper concludes that Chief Justice Marshall's classic argument in "Marbury vs. Madison" firmly established the ultimate supremacy of the Constitution for all laws held in the U.S., set up the Supreme Court's power of judicial review and authenticated the Supreme Court as a true and powerful organ of the United States government, able to provide fundamental guarantees to the basic rights of the individual and society.

Table of Contents:
Background of "Marbury vs. Madison"
The Constitutional Questions
The Supreme Court's Decision
The Constitutional Significance of "Marbury vs. Madison"

From the Paper
"If the appointment was binding, what was the proper recourse for the petitioners? Marbury and the others looked for a Mandamus from the Supreme Court, while the Jefferson Administration claimed there was no recourse.
"Was the Supreme Court the proper venue to decide this question? At first blush, it seemed clearly so, as by the Judiciary Act of 1797, and reaffirmed by the Judiciary Act of 1802, the Supreme Court was explicitly named as the body to issue acts of Mandamus. However, the Marshall court decided to review this question as part of their decision."

Tags:appointments recourse venue supremacy, judicial review

Abstract
The paper reviews a series of letters written by James Madison to other delegates at the Constitutional Convention, in order to determine who the major players were in the debate about the amendments and what their respective interests were. The paper discusses the discernible relative power and wealth of these individuals and the intended audience for these primary sources and analyzes how these sources could be used by a modern historian to write a historical essay. The paper shows how James Madison was indeed responsible for crafting the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, although he did so somewhat reluctantly. The paper discusses how Madison realized that the support of the people was an absolutely essential ingredient in ensuring the survival of the new country and its form of government.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Founding Fathers were faced with a number of important issues as they debated the form and content of the Constitution then under consideration, not the least of which was ensuring that their own individual interests would be addressed in the new country. The Constitution that emerged from this debate was not entirely satisfactory to all of the convention delegates as it related to individual liberties, though, and a series of amendments was proposed for this purpose that has become known as the Bill of Rights today. The author of the first ten Amendments to the Constitution was James Madison, but his reasons for advocating these civil liberties were substantially different than many modern observers might believe."

Tags:Founding, Fathers, liberties, freedom, Washington

Abstract
The paper discusses the differing philosophies of John Locke and James Madison. The paper details how Locke suggests a "social contract" which would bind people together in order to secure their individual rights and the protection of their property. The paper further examines how Madison, in his argument for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, argued that a democracy where all people had a say in government could actually lead to the denial of rights to part of the group - the minority. The paper concludes that if all men were moral, then Locke's system would be the perfect form of government. Unfortunately this is not the case, and so Madison's argument for divided government is preferable, because it protects minorities from ambitious factions.

From the Paper
"In his famous Second Treatise of Government, John Locke delineates why government is necessary, why people should consent to it, and what they can expect from it. The natural state of freedom into which all men are born is paradoxical because, in that state, all other men are free as well. The attainments of property are useless if a person cannot protect himself and his wealth. For economic and political reasons, Locke suggests people give up some freedom in order to gain freedom from being abused by other free people."

Tags:self-regulate, federal, system, Federalist, Papers, legislative, body, Second, Treatise, of, Government

Abstract
This paper looks at the views of Marx and Madison on class struggle. The ideologies of both Marx and Madison are compared. It is shown that while Marx looked to socialism as a result and solution to the class struggle, Madison looked to establish a structure to minimize the effect of the differences, and in which capitalism could co-exist with representative government.

From the Paper
"Marx wrote that the history of all existing societies is the history of class struggle. Using this statement as a basis for his theoretical model, he argued that historical change was in large measure due to the forces of people acting to gain, protect or protest their relative social and material status. If everything is material and humans create social life in response to economic need, then aspects of human society are primarily based on economic structure, classes are determined by their relationship to that structure, and events can be seen as the outcome of the interaction of those classes. From the moment humans were able to produce more than was needed for mere subsistence, there was a struggle over who was to control the surplus and the means of production."

Tags:class, material, structure, production, federalist, communism, socialism

Abstract
This paper discusses that, in "The Federalist Paper Number 10", Madison responded to critics who had argued that the United States had too many "factions," to be ruled democratically by a single government. The author states that Madison believed that factions posed a problem to a democratic form of government but had a positive role to play. The paper concludes that James Madison's ideas and arguments in "The Federalist Paper Number 10" remain the foundations of pluralistic democracy.

From the Paper
"Madison acknowledged the importance of factions in the opening paragraph, stating that, "Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction" . In prescribing how to rule and control the effects of factions, Madison detailed their relationships with other important concepts, such as liberty and property, and asserted his belief that factions were both the underlying basis of, and the fundamental problem in, politics."

Tags:critics, factions, democratic, single