Abstract
Author Ruth Perry claimed that writer Mary Astell was one of the first feminist theorist. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate these bold claims made by Perry. It focuses on Astell?s essay on the subject of marriage.

From the paper:

"Mary Astell was born during the 17th century and died in the 18th century. It was during the early part of the 1700s when her most influential books and political and religious treatises were published. Astell wrote long before Elizabeth Cady Stanton, even long before Mary Wollstonecraft penned her influential tracts on women?s rights, even before these women were born. Yet the author Ruth Perry has named Mary Astell as one of the first "feminist theorists" and stated that Astell?s ?first three books were feminist books"."

Tags:divorce, husband, wit, pioneering, sexuality, liberal, education, contemporary, philosophical, security, femininity, prudence

Abstract
This essay explains how marriage is a topic that divides feminists today. Some proclaim it a dead institution that has injured women, others simply condemn the way it has functioned as an institution, and other feminists are married or seek to be legally married to their female partners. The confining or ameliorative effects of marriage also continues to be a contentious topic in the popular and political media, even amongst individuals whom are not supremely concerned with feminism as their life's work.

From the Paper
"It was during the early part of the 1700s when her most influential books and political and religious treatises were published. Astell wrote long before Elizabeth Cady Stanton, even long before Mary Woolstonecraft penned her influential tracts on women's rights, even before these women were born. Yet the author Ruth Perry has named Mary Astell as one of the first "feminist theorists" and stated that Astell's "first three books were feminist books" (8)."

Tags:material, affects, charity, school, established, 19th, century, criminal, pursuing, writ, divorce, difficulty, woman, partnership

Abstract
The paper argues that the veneration of Mary in Byzantine Christianity was excessive and is evident in multiple forms of worship such as hymns, prayers, sermons and published canons, which praise her as the ultimate source of Christian salvation and deify her as the Mother of God. The paper relates that this level of veneration exceeded even the veneration of Mary so evident in Roman Catholicism, and was characterized by a distinct and consistent theological, canonical and doctrinal focus on Mary as being virtually preeminent over God the Father and God the Son.

From the Paper
"The veneration of Mary in Byzantine Christianity was excessive and is evident in multiple forms of worship such as hymns, prayers, sermons and published canons, which praise her as the ultimate source of Christian salvation and deify her as the Mother of God. This level of veneration exceeded even the veneration of Mary so evident in Roman Catholicism, and was characterized by a distinct and consistent theological, canonical and doctrinal focus on Mary as being virtually preeminent over God the Father..."

Tags:veneration, of, mary

Abstract
The paper discusses the article "Mary or Michael? Saint-Switching, Gender, and Sanctity in a Medieval Miracle of Childbirth" and how the Virgin Mary is a historically and textually convincing candidate for why the Archangel Michael was replaced. The paper discusses how there is little evidence that goes beyond the subjective nature of the narrative text, which confirms that reasons for why this change occurred in the annals of history. The paper therefore explains that this is why Smith provides an insightful literary explanation for the shift of the peril to a female gender.

Tags:smith, mary, michael

Abstract
This paper explains that Hollywood film adaptations of novels, such as "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley, are often quite different in plot, characterization and theme. The author points out that Mary Shelley's novel was written nearly two-hundred years ago. The paper relates that her approach was dictated by her perceptions of the prevailing moral, social, intellectual, and religious views of her early nineteenth century audience.

From the Paper
"As this comparison of Victor Frankenstein's transforming portrayals in fiction and film demonstrate, Hollywood film adaptations of novels such as "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley are often quite different in plot, characterization and theme. Mary Shelley's novel was written nearly two-hundred years ago, and her approach was naturally dictated by her perceptions of the expectations of her early nineteenth century audience, for she was aware that she needed to appeal to the prevailing moral, social, intellectual and religious views of contemporary English society. "

Tags:mary, shelley's, frankenstein

Abstract
A paper about the African American reformist and educationalist Mary Bethune, who radicalized the movement for the black youth of American and spread awareness for their reform.

Tags:biography, mary, bethune

Abstract
The following summary discusses the advisability of entering either the China or Japanese markets with Mary Kay Cosmetics.

Tags:mary, kay, international

Abstract
St.Madeleine or St. Mary Magdalene is the most colossal and dignified church in the village of France, called Vezelay, which is a work of Romanesque architecture. It is one of the most profound Romanesque churches built in the 12th century with the then traditional style of sculpture and architecture.

Tags:saint, madeleine, mary

Abstract
This paper is an historical study of The French Revolution. It discusses the situation in France before the outbreak of the revolution. It details the execution of King Louis XVI and his mistakes that led to it. It studies the failed political system at the time as one of the causes of the revolution. Finally, it also gives a detailed examination of Mary Antoinette's role at the time and why she was executed.

From the Paper
"The prevailing theory of Divine right of Kings was the philosophy behind monarchy. Earlier, Louis XIV had used the absolute power of monarchy to the extreme. King was God's representative on earth, and he alone could possess and exercise earthly power. He was always right because he represented and was the incarnation, so to say, of his people.
By the eve of the French Revolution, however, few intellectuals and political leaders accepted idea of the King's divine right. The situation was compounded by Louis XVI's weakness as an absolute monarch, though many supported monarchy in the interest of maintaining law and order and continuation of the national tradition. Louis XVI saw himself as the best judge of the people's good and he tried to do right by them, at least in his own opinion.(<http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/ French revolution 89/bar11.gif>) But to the majority of the people, the King was supposed to be like a father, kind and benevolent. 97% of the population, who were peasants, were fierce monarchists."

Tags:execution, Louis, XVI, Mary, Antoinette, French, Revolution, France

Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the utopian literature and ideas put forth by writers and philosophers in the 17th Century. It reviews and analyzes this literature from the perspective of literary critics and the writers who carve out utopian ideology and circumstance. It discusses the views that pinning down a definition for utopia is an exercise in opinion and not substantive fact.

Table of Contents:
Definitions Of Utopia: James Holstun
Definitions Of Utopia: Sir Thomas More
Definitions Of Utopia: J.C. Davis
Definitions Of Utopia: J.H. "Jack" Hexter
Eastern Definitions Of Utopia: Buddhism, Daoism, And Confucianism
Utopian Luminaries: Francis Bacon
Puritanism As Utopia
Utopian Luminaries: Mary Astell

From the Paper
"Once she had pulled herself out of the black hole she had been in, Astell was determined to do something positive for other women; and moreover, she wanted to help women in ways that transcended mere economic issues. She saw the "moral and spiritual destitution of many more" women than those she counted among the very poor and homeless, and she was very concerned for wealthy women who lacked humanistic values, according to Sutherland's critique. As Astell got her feet in the ground and became solvent, and later moved in high society, she "was deeply shocked by the superficiality of the lives of most women." Many of these wealthy women were just as impoverished morally as Astell had been impoverished materially and financially. In Proposal Astell describes in excellent narrative that she was "horrified by the waste of time, of intelligence, of talents given by God," Sutherland continues. And so, the book proposed the establishment of a "Protestant Nunnery" where women who were not married "could take refuge in a life of holiness and service.""

Tags:paradise, Socrates, philosophy