Abstract This paper presents an analysis of Christian marriagecounseling or pastoral counseling that aims to promote awareness and attitude and behavior change through the use of Christian doctrine and biblical authority.
From the Paper "Marriage is viewed by Christians as a Sacred vow, one in which before God couples commit their lives to each other for better or worse .In "Marriage Counseling: A Christian Approach to Counseling Couples", EverettL Worthington Jr, a Christian pastoral counselor, maintains that quite often the conditions in the marriage relationship are worse than better. The statistics on divorce in the United States provide ample evidence of Worthington's claim. Since the fifty percent or one out of every two marriages in..."
Abstract Due to the astounding body of evidence suggesting that marriage failure generally results from a breakdown of communication and from unrealistic marriage expectations and/or on spousal perceptual biases, it seems that marriagecounseling and premarital counseling could in fact be highly useful tools for assuring the survival of a marriage. By performing a literature review on several sources on the subject of divorce statistics and the history of marital counseling, the paper suggests that couples who received marriagecounseling during marriage or pre-marital counseling before marriage report a lower rate of divorce than those who never had the benefit of counseling. The paper then describes the methodology and findings of a research project performed to prove this hypothesis.
From the Paper "If divorce is usually caused by some force for which counseling cannot really provide an answer, such as social or economic pressure, then there is less support for a hypothesis regarding the power of marital and premarital counseling to prevent divorce. However, if divorce is based on preventable or treatable flaws within the relationship, than the hypothesis may stand. Secondly, one must address the issue as to whether or not couples inside a therapeutical setting show any signs of being better adjusted than couples outside a therapeutical setting, and if past evidence has shown premarital counseling to be effective. If it has not, then the hypothesis as currently stated may still be correct, but it will have to be far more conclusive to prove its point. Finally, one must address the issue of whether or not counseling may in some cases be seen as evidence of impending marriage dissolution rather than marital health, and as such be seen as a negative relational sign. (For example, it is possible that most people approach counseling as a last-ditch effort to save their relationship, or that most of the people enrolled in premarital counseling are in very high risk groups and already undergoing problems. If so, it is further possible that the situation is not so much one of the efficacy or inefficacy of counseling programs themselves, but rather concerns itself with the way in which counseling programs segregate failed from non-failed relationships)."
Abstract This paper explains that, while the divorce rate is constantly rising in America, it has been proven that when a couple goes through a strong pre-marriagecounseling program, the likelihood of their marriage staying intact is increased by 50 percent. The author points out that premarital counseling helps couples identify, express, discuss and reasonably modify their expectations for marriage; when conflicting expectations are uncovered, they have a better chance of being resolved. The paper stresses that, when each person in a marriage endeavors to meet the needs of his or her mate and give unconditionally, marital success is often the result.
From the Paper "Many people in society like to criticize the traditional family with sometimes more emotion than is logical. Some alternatives to traditional marriage-such as when a couple decides not to have children or when they decide to live in a commune-can be consistent with biblical teaching. However, trial marriage, open marriage, mate swapping, or gay marriages are unbiblical. The couple needs to think through these marriage options and decide what type of marriage they want before they're married."
Tags: sex, unbiblical, traditional, unconditional, church
Abstract This paper examines the multicultural counseling approaches used in the application of the family systems theory. Family Systems theory is defined, and three counseling approaches that utilize the theory in a multicultural context are reviewed. They include family therapy, family literacy and cross cultural marriage workshops.
From the Paper "Family systems theory asserts that people can change behaviors if they are aware of the impact current and historical family behavior has on the definition of his or her choices. In the context of the family systems theory the word "Family" may be composed of the immediate family that the person presides with, the extended family of relatives and friends, and the community in general. (Bowens Family Systems Theory 2002, 1)
The family systems theory was pioneered by Dr. Murray Bowen, and has many characteristics. First and foremost the theory is a way of understanding present situations in terms of past relationships. The theory seeks to understand the entire family as an emotional unit composed of linked relationships that have existed over different generations. Family system theory claims that an individuals? behavior is directly correlated to how that individuals? family functions. (Bowens Family Systems Theory, 3)"
Tags: therapy, literacy, cross-cultural, marriage, workshop, relatives, community
Abstract This paper presents a review of the many philosophies on marital counseling. The paper refers to discussions, theories, publications religious views, and various types of psychology and therapies regarding marriagecounseling, as well as the essential factors that need to be considered regarding this topic.
Outline:
Addressing Conflicts in Marital Counseling To Change or Not to Change?
Not So Easy to Change Issues
Better or Worse?
Divergent and Competing Theories
Psychodynamic Theory
A Hope-Focused Approach
More than Change
Solution-Focused Therapy via the TelephoneMarital Counseling Considerations
From the Paper "Theresa Tisdale, who identifies herself as a Christian psychologist, teaches integration and clinical courses in the doctoral and masters programs at Azusa Pacific University. Transformation and what she terms "essential relatedness," relate to her clinical practice. The term, "essential relatedness," Tisdale explains, reflects that humans as created in God's image. A vital element of that image consists of the intimate connection between Father, Son, and Spirit. "In a similar way, humans are created to relate intimately with self (dimensions of body, soul, and spirit), others, God, and creation. "
Abstract This paper assesses, through the use of critical thinking skills, the dilemma of a couple who, due to marital unhappiness seek a divorce. The couple have been married for approximately seven years and they have a four-year old daughter. The paper relates that both of the parents have been in marriagecounseling, and presently are living separately from one another. The paper assumes that there are no major problems in this marriage.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Divorce and Happiness Outcomes
Investigation of Formerly Unhappy Marriages and How These Marriages Survived
Last Considered But Certainly Not the Least among Considerations
Summary & Analysis
From the Paper "Research findings state that adult who were unhappily married and who divorced or separated "were not happier, on average, than unhappily married adults who stayed married." (Waite, Browning, Doherty, Gallagher, Luo and Stanley, 2002) Furthermore, findings state that divorce: "...did not reduce symptoms of depression for unhappily married adults or raise their self-esteem, or increase their sense of mastery, on average, compared to unhappy spouses who stayed married." (Waite, Browning, Doherty, Gallagher, Luo and Stanley, 2002) For the purpose of this present assessment, it is critically necessary to consider the fact that findings of research study show that: "The vast majority of divorces (74%) happened to adults who had been happily married five years previously." (Waite, Browning, Doherty, Gallagher, Luo and Stanley, 2002) Within this specific group findings state "divorce was associated with dramatic declines in happiness and psychological well-being compared to those who stayed married." (Waite, Browning, Doherty, Gallagher, Luo and Stanley, 2002) Just as important to note is the fact that findings show that: "Two out of three unhappily married adults who avoided divorce or separation ended up happily married five years later." (Waite, Browning, Doherty, Gallagher, Luo and Stanley, 2002) Additionally reported is that: "...the unhappiest marriages reported the most dramatic turnarounds. Among those who rated their marriages as very unhappy, almost eight out of ten who avoided divorce were happily married five years later."
From the Paper "Marriage is a complex interpersonal relationship. Thus its breakdown generally arises from a variety of causes. With the divorce rate approaching crisis proportions, an urgent need exists for counselors skilled in marital stabilization.
One of the most prevalent underlying factors in the breakdown of marriage is lack of communication. When communication ceases, marital growth deteriorates: "In many cases, one partner is so alienated by the spouse that empathy, sympathy, and even listening cease" (Friesen & Friesen, 1989, p. 9).
Prather (1995) attributes outside influences internalized by unwary couples as a major factor in the breakdown of marital relationships. Popular philosophies embrace a mindset known as "separation psychology." We live in a disposable society..."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the couple in the movie, 'Mr. and Mrs. Smith' believed they knew each other, but even after six years of marriage, they didn't really know each other. In fact, the writer points out that they are both paid killers for different firms but neither one of them knew this about the other. The writer maintains that the movie does a good job of showing the problems a couple can have in their marriage. Further, the writer notes that the moral value of this movie is that couples must develop communication skills where they share their feelings and the ability to have empathy for one another is important in marriage.
From the Paper "The setting of the movie begins with the couple being in marriage counseling. When the movie first starts, John Smith (Brad Pitt) and Jane Smith (Angelina Jolie) are attending marriage counseling. While once they found themselves madly in love, after six years they are struggling. Part of the problem is that they hide their feelings especially anger toward one another. The writer focuses on the problems the couple has and then they escalate when they discover they are on opposite teams. Their inability to communicate openly with one another from the beginning has now turned to anger with the desire to kill one another. The writer does a good job at portraying the feelings of the couple."
Abstract This paper discusses some reasons for the current high divorce rate, in particular, the lack of interpersonal communication, and proposes a workshop that will help married couples to regain contact with the self, and through this, reestablish contact with a partner. The author explains that self-love is not selfish but a sound basis for personal as well as marital happiness. The loss of self-love leads to a loss of self-esteem and self-respect, which in turn causes resentment of the partner. The author describes the proposed workship in detail and concludes by expressing the belief that all people have within them the ability to make their marriages work, if they are willing to look beyond their resentment and personal pain.
From the Paper "According to authors such as Bob Narindra and Sandra T. Spalding, communication is one of the most important foundations of a good marriage. However, the way in which this communication occurs can become problematic. One of the partners may for example communicate by fighting all the time, while the other partner responds by being fearful for the majority of their lives together. Others may interact with silence, facial expressions, and gestures. Communication styles differ among people. The particular style is not of importance. What is important, is that communication should occur effectively. Each partner needs to be able to interact in a way that makes him or her feel satisfied and valued. This often does not happen, and I believe that the core of the problem is a lack of self-esteem in at least one partner. This can be remedied by self-love."
This paper studies three books: 'Brief Counseling in Action' by John M. Littrell, 'Counseling Children and Adolescents' by Ann Vernon and 'Career Counseling' by Norman C. Gysbers, Mary J. Heppner and Joseph A. Johnston.
Abstract This paper provides book report on three books regarding counseling. The three books discussed are: 'Brief Counseling in Action' by John M. Littrell, 'Counseling Children and Adolescents' by Ann Vernon and 'Career Counseling' by Norman C. Gysbers, Mary J. Heppner and Joseph A. Johnston. The reports examine the author's main points. The writer of this article discusses the validity of these points, critical issues raised, language used, types of evidence (primary, secondary) and looks at what the books have in common. The paper also discusses the relevance of the books to a B.A. degree in Counseling and reveals what was learned from the books.
From the Paper "This book is an introduction to brief therapy for counselors and counseling students that will enable the reader to establish the mindset for brief counseling. It will help them master the key steps in the solution-focused model and acquire the necessary techniques for speeding up the action. The book uses many vignettes and three in-depth single-session cases demonstrating the use of brief counseling in different settings such as schools, counseling centers and in private ... "
Tags: brief counseling, child and adolescent counseling, career counseling
This in-depth paper analyzes the issues and problems facing minorities in the U.S. while focusing on the critical need for counselors who are trained to effectively handle and counsel people of various ethnic backgrounds.
Abstract This well-researched paper defines multicultural counseling as a relationship in which the counselor and the client belong to different cultural groups, hold different assumptions about social reality and subscribe to different world views. The writer discusses the role of multicultural counselors while stressing the need to increase their understanding of the culture, life history and social circumstances of the people they are counseling. This paper cites relevant statistics and reports pertaining to this topic including the U.S. Census Bureau which states in recent reports that minorities currently make up one-quarter of the U.S. population. This paper examines issues of acculturation, cultural history and norms as well as intergenerational conflicts in two specific families, one South Vietnamese and the other Mexican-American while also detailing the type of counseling recommended for each family. The writer contends and explains why it is imperative for counselors to treat their clients as individuals without stereotyping the cultural characteristics of one specific person to those in the broader cultural community.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Multicultural Counseling Importance of Multicultural Counseling Acculturation
The Helping Relationship
Case Study One - The Vu's
Case Study Two - The Santiago's
Role of Supervision
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "When researching a specific culture, it is also important for counselors to be alert to any cultural stereotyping that might be uncovered. For instance, Buriel stated, "Mexican Americans as a group possess characteristics known to be negatively associated with many work attitudes, have experienced the effects of past and current discrimination, and are believed by some to be limited in their economic and occupational advancement." If counselors failed to investigate further, they would be limiting their understanding of Mexican Americans, as well as stereotyping all individuals of Mexican American descent, which would limit the effectiveness of counseling."
Tags: therapy, counseling, treatment, cultural, conflict, ethnic, u.s., immigration, aid
Abstract Theocentric counseling is a Christian method of psychotherapy that concentrates on situating the useful parts of modern therapeutic techniques in a Christian dialogue and culture. This paper gives an explanation of theocentric counseling methods, and explains how theocentric counseling can be used in career guidance and life skills development therapy.
Abstract The tasks of psychotherapy and counseling are ones of extreme significance in the lives of the hurting. This paper attempts to define ethics and their personal application as they relate to the counseling profession. It also discusses some of the issues that counselors face which can challenge their concepts of ethical practice. Finally, it gives a general overview of the status of the counseling profession as it exists at present.
From the Paper "The tasks of psychotherapy and counseling are ones of extreme significance in the lives of the hurting. This paper will attempt to define ethics and their personal application as they relate to the counseling profession. It will also discuss some of the issues that counselors face which can challenge their concepts of ethical practice. Finally, it will give a general overview of the status of the counseling profession as it exists at present. These concepts of ethics should dictate the daily decision making of any counselor. In developing our own personal ethics as counselors, we must fully understand the accepted standards of ethics as they exist in established mental health practice. The difficulty in this endeavor is that often these codes are difficult to apply to a specific situation or at worst, contradictory (American Counseling Association [ACA], 1995). Although there are many similarities between the various ethical codes of conduct, differences and conflicts do arise due to the world view and primary goals of each organization. In determining our own individual ethical guidelines, a counselor must utilize these varying interpretations of ethical behavior to serve as a basis for lifelong growth in decision making skills and formation of ethical standards. These ethical situations often arise out of the power dynamic in the counselor / client relationship. It is the ethics of this relationship that form the foundation for what is defined as a counseling code of ethics. Clients seek out therapists for reasons as varied as marital problems, and work anxiety. Whatever the reason one approaches a therapist, by the time they do so they are usually in a very emotionally sensitive. By this point they have often times tried to handle their difficulties on their own. They may have talked to friends, clergy, or family about the issue. Unfortunately, untrained advice often makes issues more confusing. When none of these things work, they seek the help of a professional counselor of therapist. When they do this it is vital that they be able to trust the professionalism and the ethics of the therapist and counselor they turn to. The ethics of professional counselors are strictly defined and adhered to (Kelman, 1968). Some of the numerous codes that exist include those of the America Counseling Association, the American Association of Christian Counselors, and the American Psychological Association. Familiarization and adherence to these codes is essential in learning good decision making skills as a professional counselor."
Abstract This paper examines the impact evaluation has on supervisor and supervisee relationships within the counseling profession. In particular, the paper attempts to uncover what role, if any, proper evaluation and quality supervisor and supervisee relationships have on a supervisee's ability to achieve a positive client outcome. The paper also examines evidence that supports better evaluation techniques as a means of improving supervisee skill attainment and development.
Outline:
Quality of Supervisory Relationship in Counseling How Supervisory Relationship Impacts Quality Counseling Enhancing the Evaluation Process To Benefit Supervisor and Supervisee
Conclusions
From the Paper "There are many approaches to investigating the role of supervisor and supervisee. Jones (2001) notes that supervisors and supervisees should consider their roles and responsibilities "outside supervision and how these influence the supervision relationship" (43). Further Jones notes that it is important that supervisors work constructively with supervisees to maintain the integrity of their relationship. In times of old much of the reporting done on supervisor relationships tended to focus on self-reported behaviors both from supervisors and supervisees (Clark, et. al, 2003)."
Tags: counselor, counseling, supervisor, supervise, oversee, training
Abstract This paper explores a federal research grant to study questions in the field of counseling psychology. The author first sets the stage with an already conducted study, using its findings as a base from which to work. The paper relates that the study, which the author would conduct, combines qualitative and quantitative methods to study the incidence and effect of empathic counseling methods, which would contribute to the field significantly by providing a more reasonable determination of the nature of counseling methods and draw some conclusions about their effectiveness.
From the Paper "Having just received a federal research grant in the field of psychology - more specifically, counseling psychology - it now falls to me to demonstrate my ability to formulate an appropriate research project that will make a significant contribution to the field. That said, it is my intention to expound upon a recent study that was done (Carlozzi et al, 2002) that examined the relationship between theory, practice, and empathy for counselors and psychologists. Understanding the role that empathy plays for psychologists is important on both a theoretical and practical level. This paper will first present the results of the study mentioned above as a basis for my subsequent explanation of my own research intent. My work will help quantify both the incidence and importance of counselor empathy and has the potential to suggest some new theoretical approaches to the issue."
