This paper is a review of the research reported by R. Dekel and Z. Solomon in their article 'MaritalRelations among Former Prisoners of War' in the "Journal of Family Psychology".
Abstract This paper explains that, in their article 'MaritalRelations among Former Prisoners of War: Contribution of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Aggression, And Sexual Satisfaction', researchers Rachel Dekel and Zahava Solomon identify the degree to which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects the marital adjustment, spousal aggression and sexual satisfaction of former prisoners of war (POWs) from the Yom Kippur War. The author points out that the study itself has many limitations and is subject to scrutiny and debate, but the researchers' findings seem to mesh with their anticipated outcomes. The paper relates that these researchers conclude that their findings support the belief that the marital problems of former POWs are related to PTSD symptoms and that increased problems with maritalrelations occurred for the experimental POWs with PTSD by a margin of twice that of the control group.
Table of Contents:
Purpose of Study
Examination of the Literature Review
The Study Framework and Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives
Major Study Variables
Characteristics of the Population and Demographic Variables
Methodology
Data Collection and Analysis
Interpretation of Findings, Outcome, and Conclusion
From the Paper "The articles used in the literature review are generally current, where five were initially published in the 1990s and the rest date from 2000 to the current day. The information presented in the literature review fails to fully and comprehensively describe the topics involved in the study. The theories are not described in detail, nor are the points of interest linked to the other topics. While the literature review is easy to understand and does provide an introduction to the topic, the overall content of the review is too concise and lacks depth."
Abstract It is the purpose of this essay to demonstrate that by treating all "detainees" from Afghanistan under rules governing terrorists rather than those of Prisoners Of War as defined under the Geneva Conventions, the United States is effectively making null rules that help to make the inhumane human, to make the damages of war a little less brutal. The United States is making a mistake, one that it cannot afford.
Abstract To gain insight to the nature of justice as it relates to war in the 21st century, this paper uses three books that review its role: Michael Walzer's "Just and Unjust Wars", Michael Howard's, "War in European History", and Kauppi and Viotti's "The Global Philosophers: World Politics in Western Thought".
From the Paper "Walzer is unique in that he portrays war as a matter of morality, when conventionally it is almost always thought of as a matter of interest. In his book, Just and Unjust Wars, Walzer attempts to make a distinction between "the good fight" and other kinds of fighting. War has been traditionally thought of as force employed in the interest of those that possess the power and will to successfully employ it. However, because the soldier in the battlefield faces uncertain death, moral arguments are necessary to compel him to fight unless his ability to vanquish is consummate; plunder seldom befits a coffin. In their absence, social arguments that befit the initiation of force must serve in their stead. The Viking who failed to join a raid so that he might see the sun rise over the fjords another day faced almost-universal ostracism at the hands of his surly peers.
Although he makes many references to wars that were fought throughout history, the wars that Walzer concerns himself with are modern; 21st century no-holds barred variety; he echoes the argument of Karl von Clausewitz, who claimed that war was a potentially unlimited act of force. This, he claims, is a result of escalation: ?there can be no imaginable act of violence, however treacherous or cruel, that falls outside of war, that is not war, for the logic of war simply is a steady thrust toward moral extremity.? As von Clausewitz puts it, the limits are those of force itself. Because the initiator of conflict is the originator of this recursive exchange of violent force, Walzer argues that this initiator is responsible for all outcomes of the war, whether they be within the aggressor's initially defined interests or not. Walzer uses ancient wars to demonstrate moral principles: in that he makes prescriptions for wartime behavior, they almost always relate to the current geo-political structure."
Tags: Walzer, Howard, Kauppi, Viotti, Just, War, ethics, morality
Abstract This paper displays how wartime production, increased demand for various products, a substantial availability of employment and an overall re invigoration of American patriotism refreshed economic conditions as the country enthusiastically embraced the war effort of WWII thereby exiting the war both as the victor and as one of the world's two super-powers, the other being the Soviet Union.
From the Paper "The new economic circumstances resulted in a new approach toward the American standard of living. Prior to the war, the American dream was popularly asserted as "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" or at least a similar variation on that ideal. The aftermath of World War II however, saw a hyper-compensation for the potential of disillusionment with strategic product placement, quality family programming on television and, generally speaking, a restoration of puritanical American traditional values."
Tags: american, cold, communism, culture, democracy, geopolitical, international, mccarthyism, red, relations, values, war, working, world
Abstract This paper relates that the "war on drugs" has caused prisons to reach capacity levels in Connecticut and effected budget cuts in the education system. The writer contends that Connecticut needs to adopt a change in philosophy. The writer then suggests workable alternatives that will not send all drug law offenders to prison and will increase offenders' chances of remaining contributing members of society.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
All Drug Offenders Do Not Belong in Prison War on Drugs and Prison Overcrowding in Connecticut
Solutions
Conclusions
From the Paper "The original purpose of sentencing an individual to prison as recent as 200 years ago was for inmates to, "contemplate their sins in solitude and disgrace." (Hall, 2003). Upon release it was hoped that the individual would then be deterred from committing further crimes. However, over time not only did individuals get sentenced to prison because of the crimes that he or she committed, it became a place for the undesirables in society. The attitude was to lock them up and throw away the key. This expensive attitude has lead to facing some of the problems facing society today."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the past history of the war on drugs is centered on the arrests made against non-violent criminals who were found guilt of carrying, using, and dealing many different types of drugs. In many cases, non-violent drug offenders were often placed into prisons or jails with violent offenders. The writer points out that this was often the case with the war on drugs, as the charges brought against these offenders would often bring about stiff sentences that made them eligible to be placed alongside violent criminals in prison populations. The writer then looks at changes in legislation regarding the use of drugs. The writer also discusses how the legalization of marijuana could be helpful in solving the high prison populations and growing violence associated with drug offenses. The writer concludes that the criminal justice system must begin to realize the inefficacy of inappropriate prison sentencing and brutal reactionary police force that is currently doing very little to help fight the war on drugs.
Outline:
A Past History: High Arrest Rates and Violent Crime for the War on Drugs
Present Issues in the Criminal Justice System and the Affects of the Drug War on Prison Populations
Legalization: Future Implications for the War on Drugs
From the Paper "Since President Nixon officially declared war on the drug markets in America, these legislative actions have led to the arrest of many thousands of drug offenders nationwide. Ronald Reagan played a large part in organizing funding for police and for the prisons that would incarcerate drug offenders after arrests were made. The 1970s and the 1980s saw a steady growth of law enforcement directives that sought to arrest and take off the streets drugs that were said to be causing urban decay and increasing violence in local communities. The criminal justice system was given the edict of minimum sentences for drug abusers and dealers, since the law dictated an unlimited amount of prison time for persons carrying even the smallest amount of drugs in their position."
Abstract The paper discusses how historian David Hackett Fischer, in his book "Washington's Crossing", perceives the American victory in the War for Independence as a true moral victory for the Americans. The paper explains his belief that since the Americans were free men who were willingly fighting for their values and ideals, they triumphed over the larger Hessian mercenary and British army who only half-believed in the British cause. The paper contrasts the moral force and discipline in the American army and their ethical care of prisoners of war to the conduct of the British army. The writer asserts that it is sad as an American to read this book in light of recent scandals about the American army's mistreatment of prisoners of war.
From the Paper "Fischer uses as a kind of case study the famous crossing of the Delaware River by Washington, which proved such a decisive victory for the Americans in war. By all odds, the Americans should not have won because of their inferior numbers. The fact that they took the garrisoned Hessians by surprise on Christmas Day is part of the reason for their success. (Fischer notes that these professional soldiers, despite popular American mythology, were not drunk--surprised, yes, but not drunk). He attributes the survival of the Patriot army to their zeal and belief in freedom, and the way that the values of the Enlightenment and the common man were upheld by the Americans in the war. "
Tags: values, ideals, Hessian, mercenary, British, morals, prisoners, of, war
Abstract The paper explains that the American Civil War was a ghastly testimonial to mankind's inhumanity. The paper shows how nowhere was this better exemplified than in the POW camps, where more people perished than on the battlefield. This paper then explores Andersonville, the most infamous of these prisons.
From the Paper "It is perhaps the Prisoner of War camps that best exemplify the cruel and deadly nature of the American Civil War. In the south, General John Henry Winder, supervisor for all the POW camps east of the Mississippi, once happily observed that more Union soldiers were dying in his prisons than on the battlefield. Of all these prisons the most infamous was undoubtedly Andersonville."
Tags: andersonville, prisoners of war, civil war, wirz, prisoner exchange
Abstract This paper explains that the atrocities associated with the once American controlled Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq have been represented visually through a series of oft repeated photographs taken by American guards at the prison. The author points out that these images are of frequently naked, hooded Iraqi prisoners being publicly shamed and tortured by America soldiers, often shown smiling and referring to the spectacle with what can only be described as glee. The paper states that these pictures have left a lasting mark on the face of the war and on the image of the United States all over the world.
From the Paper "Another issue associated with these grave deeds and their photographic record is the obvious and frequent utilization of nudity as a manner to debase prisoners. The guards are shown fully uniformed (in a show of power over the prisoners) while prisoners, except for the covering of their faces are debased in scenes of immorality completely incongruent with their faith and their pride, yet interestingly congruent with the world view (as it applies to Islam) as it relates to hatred of western freedoms, including the manner in which the west freely depicts nudity and objectifies the body."
Abstract In 2005, a 22 year old female reservist serving in Iraq, Lynndie England, admitted to seven charges of infraction and breaking of the United States Military's rules for handling prisoners of war under her charge as a United States Military prison guard at Abu Ghraib, Iraq. The author of the paper uses the example of Lynndie England to examine the situation that young, immature and inexperienced reserve soldiers find themselves in, the environmental factors that influence their behavior, and their capability to behave humanely. The writer suggest, that rather than accusing the perpetrator of degrading and inhumane acts of being inhuman, we should look at the situation where young, inexperienced adults are thrown into a totally alien situation and, in the absence of proper guidance or leadership, adopt the machoistic behavioral patterns that they perceive as being both expected of them and, in their situation, normal. The writer of the paper appends some of the sources used for the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
The Case of Lynndie England
Works Cited
From the Paper "What this means is that a woman in the company of "revolutionaries," or, in the case of Abu Ghraib, a woman cannot achieve the maximum of her potential because in the presence of macho men, still struggling with their patriarchal "baggage," or those influences that prevent them from coming into the identity of their maturity. As we know, in some cases, this might not happen; in other cases, a man is able to put the patriarch in the proper perspective, and might emerge into maturity as an individual identity. Those men who successfully "liberate themselves of learned patriarchal patterns and tendencies will be able to come into their individuality and succeed beyond the restrictions of their fathers."
Tags:war crimes, inhuman maturity responsibility leadership officers prison control abuse power torture humiliation ethics patriarchal
Abstract This paper discusses why the war on drugs is a failure - from a financial standpoint, prison overcrowding standpoint and a drug education and prevention standpoint. The writer explores solutions to these problems that could save money, solve the prison overcrowding problem and discusses new education techniques.
From the Paper "The unofficial war on drugs began roughly in 1972, when Richard Nixon was president. Since then, the war on drugs has grown drastically. It was militarized during the Presidency of Ronald Reagan (roughly 1984), and the budget for the war then began to soar. Government agencies formed for other purposes became involved in the war on drugs, which of course, raised the budget for the war on drugs even further. At last count, the United States' Government budget for the war on drugs reached the 17 billion dollar mark (Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1999). When spending reached 17 billion dollars in 1999 on the failing war on drugs, it had ?Democrats [including IL Rep. Jan Schakowsky] question[ing] whether more dollars. . .[was] the answer to the U.S. drug scourge. "Is [this] the first in a series of blank checks in a war that has no. . . end game"?? (Lytle, 1999 ). High spending on a war that has only claimed to have confiscated three percent of all incoming drug shipments last year on an already high budget (16 billion last year), does not need more money (Check, 5). It is time to think about re-structuring the war on drugs and taking a different viewpoint. Forget pouring money into the only aspect of the war that we can never win, and re-direct our efforts at the aspects of the war that we can win. The current strategies in dealing with the war on drugs simply do not work; thus, the failure of the war on drugs is evident on many levels. In terms of a financial standpoint, the war on drugs has cost more than we can afford. Also, prisons have become overcrowded and because of this, sentences are often reduced in order to make room for new incoming drug offenders. Many drug education programs have experienced mass failure."
Abstract The prison system in the United States is not able to meet the growing demand for mandatory minimum sentences. In order to alleviate overcrowding in prisons, the private industry has been called upon to build and operate new prisons. Consequently, the population in private prisons is growing at four times the rate of the general prisoner population. The government is now renovating closed military bases and turning them into prisons, yet overcrowding still exists. The paper examines four reasons why this dynamic is occurring and is likely to continue if present conditions remain the same. The four reasons discussed are the climate of fear in the US population; the misdirection of funds from education to prison building; the "three-strikes" law; and the entry of private enterprises into the picture.
From the Paper "If trends continue, more personal income will be spent on corrections than on higher education, while the burden on families to finance higher education will increase. In addition, teachers' salaries are taking a back seat to increased payroll for prison staffing. As states continue to lay off teachers to pay for corrections officers, citizens are becoming less educated and, consequently, less employable. This individual is precisely the most at-risk for criminal activity, and is most likely to find himself a member of the prison population."
Abstract The writer of this paper details relevant statistics and data regarding the growing problem of violence and gang related incidents in prisons, both in America and around the world. This paper cites federal reports which state that there was a 400% increase in prison gang disturbances during the 1990s. This paper examines the unique management issues facing prison guards and administrators in trying to control the violence. The writer explores several published articles with information and solutions to the gang violence problem in prisons. This paper delves into the reason gangs exist in prison, which include current gang members who enter prisons who are quick to locate affiliate members from their own gang. Young people who enter prison for the first time learn quickly that the fastest way to get protection from the older, tougher inmates is to join a gang. The writer discusses the importance of systematically monitoring gangs in prison for purposes of seizing drugs and other illegal contraband. This paper also examines the lack of rules or restrictions in dealing with gangs in prison.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Statistics
Monitoring
Restrictions
Characteristics Common to all the Gangs Around the World Include
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Gang activity through prison is most often tracked by a data base computer system. This insures that an inmate who is known to belong to a particular gang is in the computer data base and can be tracked if he re-offends and goes to another prison or comes back to the same one.
"Also, three systems use regularly scheduled reports, incident reports and intake interviews to track gangs, and in Connecticut, Nebraska and Tennessee, gang coordinators are present in the facilities. Utah uses a graduated point system to document gang activity before the information is officially validated and logged, and Delaware refers all cases of gang-related activity to its internal affairs section."
Abstract The paper looks closely at the subject of marital infidelity through the sources of Flaubert's "Madame Bovary" and the stories of "The Arabian Nights." The paper explains that both of these tales involve marital infidelity. The paper first addresses "Madame Bovary," and Emma's character as well as her affairs and then moves on to address the conflict in "The Arabian Nights."
From the Paper "Marital infidelity has often, in literature, been shown to be a destructive force upon the families and peoples who have come into contact with it. Two works which include the subject matter of marital infidelity are Gustave Flaubert's "Madame Bovary" and the tales of "The Arabian Nights." These two works are both centered on these themes, but achieve their central messages through different means. "Madame Bovary" illustrates the destructiveness that accompanies sexual misconduct within marriage, while "The Arabian Nights" illustrates instead that healing can stem after this misconduct has been completed. It is notable, that in both works, it is the affairs of women which drive the plot, not those of men."
Abstract This paper presents a review of the many philosophies on marital counseling. The paper refers to discussions, theories, publications religious views, and various types of psychology and therapies regarding marriage counseling, as well as the essential factors that need to be considered regarding this topic.
Outline:
Addressing Conflicts in Marital Counseling
To Change or Not to Change?
Not So Easy to Change Issues
Better or Worse?
Divergent and Competing Theories
Psychodynamic Theory
A Hope-Focused Approach
More than Change
Solution-Focused Therapy via the TelephoneMarital Counseling Considerations
From the Paper "Theresa Tisdale, who identifies herself as a Christian psychologist, teaches integration and clinical courses in the doctoral and masters programs at Azusa Pacific University. Transformation and what she terms "essential relatedness," relate to her clinical practice. The term, "essential relatedness," Tisdale explains, reflects that humans as created in God's image. A vital element of that image consists of the intimate connection between Father, Son, and Spirit. "In a similar way, humans are created to relate intimately with self (dimensions of body, soul, and spirit), others, God, and creation. "
