Abstract This paper examines the major environmental problem of marinepollution in Los Angeles and Orange County. The paper discusses the causes and effects of marinepollution and includes maps of the area under discussion.
From the Paper "The southern California megalopolis, extending from Santa Barbara all the way to the Mexican border and centered around the City of Los Angeles, is widely recognized as the largest population and industrial center in the western United States and the second largest in the nation. According to the US Geological Survey, the metropolitan area fronts the Pacific Ocean along a coastline that is about..."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses marinepollution. According to the paper, the ocean plays a critical role in sustaining life on this planet. The paper discusses how economic and social prosperity will be useless if the coastal and marine environments are sacrificed, abused or neglected in the process of development. The paper goes on to discuss the serious environmental issues pertaining to marinepollution facing us today.
From the Paper "The accidental wreck of a 20-tanker, 987-foot ship of Exxon Valdez in Bligh Reef led to the rupturing of eight of its 11 cargo tanks and the spilling of 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound in March 1989 (US Congress 1960). Although no lives were lost, the accident was an immense disaster to fisheries, subsistence livelihoods, tourism and wildlife. Most important was the awareness that the sanctity of the Alaskan waters was most outrageously ravaged. In response, US Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which established measures in preparing for and preventing spills for the implementation and enforcement of the US Coast Guard. It requires transporters of oil and production facilities to develop and implement response plans, participate in preparedness drills and maintain safe shipping and handling practices (Earle 1995). MARPOL began to control the operations and passage of new oil tankers, the carrying of noxious liquids in bulk, the control of sewage and other "grey water" and garbage, including plastics, metal, glass, galley wastes and other materials (Earle, US Congress)."
Abstract This paper examines how the problem of international liability and compensation for pollution caused by oil spills is specifically addressed by the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. It also looks at how the issue of pollution is also the object of other international treaties and conventions, such as the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Intervention Convention, the London Convention, and others.
From the Paper "The experience of the IOPC Funds when it comes to analysis of the criteria laid down for the admissibility of compensation, is quite considerable. Settlement of claims founds itself on the definition of "pollution damage", which has is "damage caused by contamination". The examination of the criteria for the admissibility of claims for compensation, under the 1969 Civil Liability Convention, the 1971 Civil Liability Convention and the 1992 Protocols, was thoroughly performed in 1994 by a working group of the 1971 Fund. This examination was concluded by a Report, which now forms the basis for the 1992 Fund's policy on the criteria for admissibility of claims. The Report was endorsed by the Assembly of the 1971 Fund and was adopted by way of a Resolution by the Assembly of the 1992 Fund. "
Abstract This paper describes many of the laws enacted by the U.S. Congress for the preservation and protection of marine life. The paper explains which federal body has the authority to enforce the laws, the penalty for violating the laws, and takes a look at some of the laws passed in direct response to the accidental wreck of the Exxon Valdez in 1989. The paper also discusses some of the recycling efforts currently underway and how these efforts are helping to protect the environment.
From the Paper "The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships signed a Protocol, called the MARPOL Protocol, on February 17, 1978 to control and prevent marine pollution from ships, oil tankers in particular (US Congress). It forbids the disposing of any kind of plastic materials, including synthetic ropes and fishing nets, garbage bags, floatable lining and packing materials and other garbage, into the sea.
The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) was signed (US Congress) on October 21, 1980 and amended in 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1996. Renamed into the Marine Pollution and Research Control Act of 1987 when amended, it requires ships in US waters to comply with the Protocol of the Convention and the Annex IV of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, as amended by the Antarctic Science, Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996 (US Congress)."
Abstract This paper begins by describing the current situation of marine ecosystems around the world and looking at the damage they suffer as a result of pollution. The paper explains that marine ecosystems are being altered because of oil spills and other human-mediated activities and then takes a look at the effects of this pollution.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of underwater fossil fuel extraction and transportation on ocean life. It looks at how several accidents have happened during the ocean transportation of fossil fuels, polluting the surrounding ocean waters ,and killing marine life, and how offshore fossil fuel extraction may also lead to oil spills, polluting the surrounding environment. The paper examines the effect of oil pollution on ocean life from these two perspectives and argues that the environment cannot survive these accidents for long. Solutions are proposed, such as stricter controls on the specification of the ships used to transport fossil fuels and, maybe, the prohibiting of offshore drilling of fossil fuels.
From the Paper "In order to understand the effects of oil pollution in the ocean life and the difficulties in identifying the invisible pollution, the difference between the short term and the long term effects of pollution should be taken into consideration. The short term pollution is the effect of the obvious pollution on the marine environment. One of the most significant examples of the short term pollution is the accident of Exxon Valdez. As Robert H day Et Al biologists say, on the 24th march 1989, the oil transportation tanker Exxon Valdez crashes the Prince William sound area in Alaska and within hours an incredible amount of oil had spilled into the marine environment."
Abstract The paper examines the environmental issues in Lake Simcoe, one of the popular summer resort areas in southern Ontario. The paper discusses the effects of urbanization, recreation and water pollution on the lake and its marine life. The paper also shows how air pollution affects the lake, directly and indirectly. The paper calls for each one of us to do our part in the conservation effort.
Outline:
Introduction
Urban sprawl
Lake Simcoe and Recreation
Impact on Marine Life
Air Pollution on the Watershed
Conclusion
From the Paper "Lake Simcoe is one of the popular summer resort areas in southern Ontario [1]. This body of water is located between the Georgian Bay and Lake Ontario and is often used for recreational boating and fishing [2]. The Lake Simcoe watershed and the Nattawassaga watershed are the two major sources feeding Lake Simcoe and cover 744 square kilometres surrounding most of the lake and is currently a hot spot for environmental action. Not only does the general population around the lake depend on it as their drinking water, but the lake itself is responsible for generating more than $200,000,000 per year in recreational revenue [4]. So it is disturbing to know that urbanization is leading to the pollution of the lake in terms of increasing levels of sewage, air pollution, and phosphorous among others [5]."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination of Flags of Convenience as they pertain to maritime oil pollution. The writer explores UN and MARPOL mandates and discusses the Flags of Convenience. The writer then ties them into maritime oil pollution and presents recommendations for how this might be solved.
From the Paper "As the world populations continues to grow and live longer than ever before it has become apparent that natural resources must be guarded with the utmost care and protection. It is those natural resources allow mankind to survive therefore their preservation is paramount to the success of the future. One of the biggest threats to the eco-system today is the threat of oil pollution. Through spills, dumping and other accidents the oil pollution in the world has threatened significant areas of the eco-system that are depended on. In recent decades there have been measurements taken to prevent oil pollution from destroying the eco system, and many of the mandates in place are indeed strong statements of protection, however, with the advent of "flags of convenience" states those mandates have lost their clout and power, therby rendering them ineffective. Even MARPOL and the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas have been disabled by the FOC provisions."
Abstract This paper studies the causes and effects of pollution in the world's oceans. The paper lists the causes of this pollution, including oil spills, tanker discharges, untreated municipal wastes and agrochemical residues. In addition to these major causes, the paper also includes a look at the smaller ,yet more common causes, such as medical wastes, beach visitors? garbage and waterfront businesses.
From the Paper "An ocean organism's internal environment is highly influenced by many external factors. Many marine invertebrates are conformers and have the ability to thrive around the world. They have no need to control their internal environment since the external environment is fairly constant in terms of temperature, oxygen tension, and nutrients. However, with the threat of pollution, the marine invertebrates ability to live within the dirtied and toxic waters are compromised, therefore, resulting in fewer numbers for reproduction, production and harvest."
Abstract This paper investigates the the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which requires double hull tanker ships. It specifically examines whether double-hull tankers are the right measure to prevent pollution at sea. the paper looks at the history of oil spills with and without double hull tankers and discusses whether they can prevent or even contain oil spills. The paper contains graphs.
Table of Contents:
Literature review
Introduction
Views about double skin tankers
Oil spill preview
What is the impact of OPA90
Cost benefit analysis
Conclusion
Appendix
From the Paper "Risk reduction cannot be certain in oil spills, but there are some alternatives that would clearly lessen the probability of a spill from occurring. Designs have been drawn up to modify the hulls of tankers. Some of these modifications will increase the costs in the construction, as well as the energy to move tankers. The extra costs in fuel to move a tanker can be costly with the added weight of the extra hulls and the new designs being implemented to meet OPA90 standards. The critical thing that many companies are facing when making this decision on a hull, is whether these increased costs will effectively reduce the risks, monetary costs, and potential negative public image that is associated with an oil spill."
Abstract The following paper examines the semiotic messages being delivered by the American Marine Corps' "The Few, The Proud, The Marines". The paper argues that the Corps cleverly appeals to people's inward desire to be something more than themselves - and their equally potent desire to serve a great cause. More than that, the paper argues that the phrase appeals to notions of American exceptionalism.
From the Paper "It is entirely possible that no government slogan is more freighted with meaning and connotation than the hallowed Marine slogan, "The Few, The Proud, The Marines". The following paper will examine what this slogan means and what it is saying about American culture by employing a semiotic analysis of the expression. Ultimately, what should emerge is an appreciation and understanding that the aforementioned expression taps into a popular deep-seated yearning to be one part of an elite unit readily distinguished from other groups in society; no less importantly, the popular slogan taps into equally popular notions of American exceptionalism. With that in mind, it is to a discussion of the American marines' inimitable slogan that this paper now turns. Simply put, semiotics is the study of signs - both individually and as they are grouped in "sign systems" - and how metaphorically-laden meaning is transmitted and understood through the use of signs."
Abstract There is much controversy on Samuel Taylor Coleridge writing "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" because of its religious overtones. The symbolic purpose of the Albatross and the Mariner's type of religious consciousness are issues discussed in this paper.
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts Mary Shelley's story of Victor Frankenstein and his Creature to Coleridge's Mariner of his poem, "The Ancient Mariner," arguing that the latter informed the former.
From the Paper " In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, the monster created by Victor Frankenstein becomes a killer not by choice but because he has been abandoned by his creator. In developing the character of the creature Shelley also develops the ..."
Tags: Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Abstract A discussion of the similarities and differences between Samuel Taylor Coleridge's 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' and Herman Melville's 'Moby Dick'. It compares the stories' content and characters as well as their literary properties. It discusses the similarity between the main themes as well as the narrator's significance. It includes several excerpts form both books and analyzes them. Finally, it concludes that Coleridge and Melville seem to be delivering the same message. They urge us, as humans to accept the mysteries of the universe, however harsh we find them, or we will end up destroying ourselves.
From the Paper "'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and 'Moby Dick' by Herman Melville are rich in thematic parallels. Both works are highly symbolic and are centered on the sea, which can be equated with the sea of life. Both stories are dramatic, fantastic, exciting and full of supernatural portent. Symbolism seen through nature is a major theme in both as the Mariner and Ahab share monomanical obsessions with albatross and whale. Both works are narrated by the only soul to survive the experience and both narrators, Ishmael and the Mariner with his "glittering eye"( Coleridge l. 13) can be imagined to be similar strange figures who might corner a listener to tell the tale which haunts him. Both Ishmael whose liferaft is a coffin and the Mariner, whose skeleton ship disintegrates are ghostly reminders of their creators advice about dealing with life's mysteries."
Abstract The paper reviews Coleridge's poem part by part. It discusses its main psychological themes and ideas, those of depression, loneliness and isolation. The author highlights how the main character, the mariner, is trapped in a watery and dangerous world filled with the unknown which Coleridge manipulates through the use of human psychology.
From the Paper "After reading "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," one has the impression that the psychological journey of the mariner has much to do with a deep sense of depression and isolation which Coleridge describes with "Alone, alone, all, all alone/Alone on a wide open sea!/And never a saint took pity on/My soul in agony" (Part IV, lines 9-12). In addition, Coleridge provides the impression that another aspect of this psychological journey is related to the Mariner trying to figure out why he is being forced to endure the tragedies that are happening on the wide open seas. But unknown to him, these tragedies are linked to the killing of the albatross. One excellent example can be found in Part Six of the poem, where the mariner states, "Like one, that on a lonesome road/Doth walk in fear and dread/And having once turned around walks on/And turns no more his head/Because he knows, a frightful fiend/Doth close behind him tread" (lines 37-42)."
