Abstract
This paper examines the major environmental problem of marine pollution in Los Angeles and Orange County. The paper discusses the causes and effects of marine pollution and includes maps of the area under discussion.

From the Paper
"The southern California megalopolis, extending from Santa Barbara all the way to the Mexican border and centered around the City of Los Angeles, is widely recognized as the largest population and industrial center in the western United States and the second largest in the nation. According to the US Geological Survey, the metropolitan area fronts the Pacific Ocean along a coastline that is about..."

Tags:marine pollution, environment, Los Angeles

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses marine pollution. According to the paper, the ocean plays a critical role in sustaining life on this planet. The paper discusses how economic and social prosperity will be useless if the coastal and marine environments are sacrificed, abused or neglected in the process of development. The paper goes on to discuss the serious environmental issues pertaining to marine pollution facing us today.

From the Paper
"The accidental wreck of a 20-tanker, 987-foot ship of Exxon Valdez in Bligh Reef led to the rupturing of eight of its 11 cargo tanks and the spilling of 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound in March 1989 (US Congress 1960). Although no lives were lost, the accident was an immense disaster to fisheries, subsistence livelihoods, tourism and wildlife. Most important was the awareness that the sanctity of the Alaskan waters was most outrageously ravaged. In response, US Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which established measures in preparing for and preventing spills for the implementation and enforcement of the US Coast Guard. It requires transporters of oil and production facilities to develop and implement response plans, participate in preparedness drills and maintain safe shipping and handling practices (Earle 1995). MARPOL began to control the operations and passage of new oil tankers, the carrying of noxious liquids in bulk, the control of sewage and other "grey water" and garbage, including plastics, metal, glass, galley wastes and other materials (Earle, US Congress)."

Tags:fish, sewage, oil, pollution, noxious, substances, dead, zone, algae, mussels, lobsters, clams, plastics

Abstract
This paper examines how the problem of international liability and compensation for pollution caused by oil spills is specifically addressed by the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. It also looks at how the issue of pollution is also the object of other international treaties and conventions, such as the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Intervention Convention, the London Convention, and others.

From the Paper
"The experience of the IOPC Funds when it comes to analysis of the criteria laid down for the admissibility of compensation, is quite considerable. Settlement of claims founds itself on the definition of "pollution damage", which has is "damage caused by contamination". The examination of the criteria for the admissibility of claims for compensation, under the 1969 Civil Liability Convention, the 1971 Civil Liability Convention and the 1992 Protocols, was thoroughly performed in 1994 by a working group of the 1971 Fund. This examination was concluded by a Report, which now forms the basis for the 1992 Fund's policy on the criteria for admissibility of claims. The Report was endorsed by the Assembly of the 1971 Fund and was adopted by way of a Resolution by the Assembly of the 1992 Fund. "

Tags:damade, convention, marpol, oil

Abstract
This paper describes many of the laws enacted by the U.S. Congress for the preservation and protection of marine life. The paper explains which federal body has the authority to enforce the laws, the penalty for violating the laws, and takes a look at some of the laws passed in direct response to the accidental wreck of the Exxon Valdez in 1989. The paper also discusses some of the recycling efforts currently underway and how these efforts are helping to protect the environment.

From the Paper
"The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships signed a Protocol, called the MARPOL Protocol, on February 17, 1978 to control and prevent marine pollution from ships, oil tankers in particular (US Congress). It forbids the disposing of any kind of plastic materials, including synthetic ropes and fishing nets, garbage bags, floatable lining and packing materials and other garbage, into the sea.
The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) was signed (US Congress) on October 21, 1980 and amended in 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1996. Renamed into the Marine Pollution and Research Control Act of 1987 when amended, it requires ships in US waters to comply with the Protocol of the Convention and the Annex IV of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, as amended by the Antarctic Science, Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996 (US Congress)."

Tags:environment, ecosystems, nature, reserve, prohibts, noxious, substances, wastes, sea

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of Flags of Convenience as they pertain to maritime oil pollution. The writer explores UN and MARPOL mandates and discusses the Flags of Convenience. The writer then ties them into maritime oil pollution and presents recommendations for how this might be solved.

From the Paper
"As the world populations continues to grow and live longer than ever before it has become apparent that natural resources must be guarded with the utmost care and protection. It is those natural resources allow mankind to survive therefore their preservation is paramount to the success of the future. One of the biggest threats to the eco-system today is the threat of oil pollution. Through spills, dumping and other accidents the oil pollution in the world has threatened significant areas of the eco-system that are depended on. In recent decades there have been measurements taken to prevent oil pollution from destroying the eco system, and many of the mandates in place are indeed strong statements of protection, however, with the advent of "flags of convenience" states those mandates have lost their clout and power, therby rendering them ineffective. Even MARPOL and the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas have been disabled by the FOC provisions."

Tags:sea, flags, convenience

Abstract
This paper begins by describing the current situation of marine ecosystems around the world and looking at the damage they suffer as a result of pollution. The paper explains that marine ecosystems are being altered because of oil spills and other human-mediated activities and then takes a look at the effects of this pollution.

Tags:pollution, marine, ecosystems

Abstract
The paper examines the environmental issues in Lake Simcoe, one of the popular summer resort areas in southern Ontario. The paper discusses the effects of urbanization, recreation and water pollution on the lake and its marine life. The paper also shows how air pollution affects the lake, directly and indirectly. The paper calls for each one of us to do our part in the conservation effort.

Outline:
Introduction
Urban sprawl
Lake Simcoe and Recreation
Impact on Marine Life
Air Pollution on the Watershed
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Lake Simcoe is one of the popular summer resort areas in southern Ontario [1]. This body of water is located between the Georgian Bay and Lake Ontario and is often used for recreational boating and fishing [2]. The Lake Simcoe watershed and the Nattawassaga watershed are the two major sources feeding Lake Simcoe and cover 744 square kilometres surrounding most of the lake and is currently a hot spot for environmental action. Not only does the general population around the lake depend on it as their drinking water, but the lake itself is responsible for generating more than $200,000,000 per year in recreational revenue [4]. So it is disturbing to know that urbanization is leading to the pollution of the lake in terms of increasing levels of sewage, air pollution, and phosphorous among others [5]."

Tags:urban, sprawl, recreation, water, air, pollution

Abstract
This paper examines the impact of underwater fossil fuel extraction and transportation on ocean life. It looks at how several accidents have happened during the ocean transportation of fossil fuels, polluting the surrounding ocean waters ,and killing marine life, and how offshore fossil fuel extraction may also lead to oil spills, polluting the surrounding environment. The paper examines the effect of oil pollution on ocean life from these two perspectives and argues that the environment cannot survive these accidents for long. Solutions are proposed, such as stricter controls on the specification of the ships used to transport fossil fuels and, maybe, the prohibiting of offshore drilling of fossil fuels.

From the Paper
"In order to understand the effects of oil pollution in the ocean life and the difficulties in identifying the invisible pollution, the difference between the short term and the long term effects of pollution should be taken into consideration. The short term pollution is the effect of the obvious pollution on the marine environment. One of the most significant examples of the short term pollution is the accident of Exxon Valdez. As Robert H day Et Al biologists say, on the 24th march 1989, the oil transportation tanker Exxon Valdez crashes the Prince William sound area in Alaska and within hours an incredible amount of oil had spilled into the marine environment."

Tags:marine, exxon, valdez, spills, fossil, fuels

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the problem of ocean pollution, and how it is affecting marine life. It also looks at what is being done to control pollution in the United States and around the world. The paper shows that, as the world become more industrialized, the pollution in the ocean is becoming more of a problem.

From the Paper
"There are numerous pollutants contaminating the world's oceans they have been building up for hundreds of years, and they are both man-made and natural, although man-made pollutants are much more common than natural pollutants. Over 900,000 gallons of oil spills into the oceans every year, either from leaking tankers, oil spills, or leaks from oil dredging machinery. "In 1997, the 22 oil spills reported worldwide involved a total of 15 million gallons (57 million liters) of oil" ("Water Pollution")."

Tags:oil, tanker, industrialization, spill, marine, fishing

Abstract
This paper discusses how, because of the interconnectedness of the global environment, marine debris is not only a national problem and how it is indiscriminate in its harm to marine wildlife, the degradation of ocean habitats, interference with navigation and water safety, fishing, coastal communities, human health and disease vectors, and the global economy. The paper discusses how although there are certainly a variety of national laws and regulations designed to protect individual waterways and to limit the disposal of garbage in the oceans there are no comprehensive, international programs designed to assess and limit marine debris, or to remove what waste is already in the system.

From the Paper
"Fortunately, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a federal agency that is tasked with the conditions of the world's oceans and atmosphere, understands that issues that effect the oceans are global in span and must be treated as global in diplomacy, policy, and education. NOAA has a Marine Debris Program that serves as a centralized information and action/development center with NOAA and several global agencies, including the United Nations. It is tasked with the coordination, strengthening, and education to the public and private sector regarding the effects of marine debris. In the last decade, NOAA-MDP has focused its efforts on the international community - helping to identify, reduce, prevent, and where possible, clean up, marine debris pollution. "

Tags:ocean, habitats, marine, wildlife, pollution