This paper reviews and analyzes Simon Winchester's biography, "The Map that Changed the World," which describes how William Smith indelibly changed the face of geological science.
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the life and accomplishments of William Smith, the English geologist credited for creating the first geological map. This paper examines how Smith's maps shifted public perception regarding the creation of the universe. This paper reviews Simon Winchester's biography, "The Map that Changed the World," which summarizes Smith's life, his achievements and the impacts made on the scientific community due to his research. Smith's early work with canal digging companies and within the mining industry enabled him to become more aware of what lie beneath the surface of the land. This paper focuses on Smith's fascination with the earth, rocks and fossils, which led to the creation of his first geological map of Bath. Influenced by other cartography and on extant atlases, Smith devised special colorization systems for his geological maps, which are discussed in this paper. This paper also examines Smith's longing for more recognition than he was afforded during his lifetime. While Smith's maps were published during his lifetime, what should have been the high point of his life marked the beginning of a downward spiral, when many of his personal and professional relationships fell apart. This paper examines why centuries after his death, geologists still pay homage to William Smith, the father of modern geology.
From the Paper "His early work with canal digging companies and within the mining industry enabled William Smith to become more aware of what lie beneath the surface of the land. There could be no better situation for a man who loved geology in the eighteenth century than being paid to dig deep under the ground. Thus, his professional work offered him a private pleasure and a convenient means by which to formulate, develop, and prove his theories. On his own, while he traveled as a surveyor for the Somerset Coal Canal Company, Smith observed how sedimentary layers of rock were arranged in patterns across the land. Somerset Coal Canal Company was not so much interested in the scientific implications for Smith's findings as in their financial implications. For instance, when he was first hired, Smith noticed how English villages rest on top of "a score of complex, broken, twisted, and contorted seams of coal." For Smith, his work meant unlocking some of the earth's deepest secrets."
Abstract This paper discusses the methodology described in an article by Christopher J. Moran and Elisabeth N. Bui entitled "Spatial Data Mining for Enhanced Soil Map Modeling". This paper notes the terrain attributes the researchers saw as better-suited to landscape description as predictors of soil type, using a map sampling strategy and testing it on a region in eastern Australia.
From the Paper "Christopher J. Moran and Elisabeth N. Bui test a new methodology for improving the quality of the soil map models generated by rule induction. In their method, the researchers considered terrain attributes they saw as better-suited to landscape description as predictors of soil type, using a map sampling strategy. The authors use the Murray-Darling Basin (MBD) in eastern Australia as an example of an area not now covered by any detailed form of land-resource inventory, and the authors use their method of spatial modeling to develop soil-landscape models in areas that have been surveyed and then to extend these across the unmapped areas. While this is a logical approach, it raises the question of how certain the authors can be that the model for mapped areas can be extended across unmapped areas. "
Abstract This paper explains that crime maps can be used not only to solve but also to prevent crimes. The author points out that, beginning about in the early 1900s, the earliest crime maps were pin maps, color-coded pins physically placed on wall maps. The paper relates that the use of mainframe computers for mapping was so labor intensive that it was only worth making a map if it was going to be used as a base map for a large area. The author indicates that, in the 1990s, the availability of personal computers and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) programs made mapping easier, faster and with much more detail. The author relates that crime pattern analysts include key mapping factors, such as the location, distance, and other thematic information, to create visual representations of information that can be used by the various participants in the criminal justice system.
From the Paper "The general public is also able to use crime maps. In Oakland, California the police department posts their crime maps on the Internet so that everyone can be informed about crime in their neighborhood. The Oakland Mayor explained that people are unable to ignore the plight of their neighborhood if the crime statistics are openly available. The public is also able to use crime maps to decide where they want to live when moving to a new city. Having the crime statistics on a map allows a person to see exactly where crime has and is likely to continue to happen in exact neighborhoods."
Abstract The paper explains how mind mapping is proposed to particularly benefit students. It is a technique to help clear their minds of clutter. The paper illustrates how this will help a student focus his/her attention in class during a lecture as well as increase concentration when reading. The paper discusses how to use mind maps. Firstly, one puts down or records as much pertinent information as possible. One encircles the main question on unlined paper and branches out related ideas from the center. One then connects any related ideas and promptly writes down and/or draws ideas as they occur. The paper concludes that using a mind map, like following a virtual map when traveling to an unknown destination, helps insure the traveler arrives at his/her anticipated destination.
Outline:
Introduction
Quantity, not Quality
Creating a Mind Map Mind Map of Mind Mapping Picture This
Conclusion
From the Paper "Mind mapping was originally ". . . developed by Tony Buzan of the United Kingdom, mind mapping is also a software product of The Bosley Group, entitled MindMapper. The mind mapping process is as follows: (1) The topic being focused upon is represented by a central image or graphic. (2) The main themes of the topic radiate out from the central image as primary branches. (3) In a tree-like structure, the minor themes of each main theme radiate out further from the primary branches. (4) All branches are interconnected to form a series of links." (Leonard, 2002, p. 128) Mind mapping can also be completed using "The Inspiration," another computer software, that serves as a ". . . generic tool that can be adapted to different knowledge domain and can be used on its own or combined with other strategies." (Pillay & Elliott, 2002)"
Abstract This paper covers the first medical maps made and includes copies of each map described. The paper describes the disease of malaria and how modern medical mapping is applied to the study of malaria.
Introduction
Medical Maps Diseases around the World Being Mapped Conclusion
From the Paper "Malaria kills a child every 30 seconds in developing nations. Despite numerous attempts to exterminate it, malaria is one of the few diseases that have been able to continue to spread. During the 1950's, the world health organization stated that Malaria would be eradicated by the use of DDT by the end of the decade. DDT, a miracle insecticide was found in the 1960's to continually decrease in effectiveness. DDT was able to stop large populations of mosquitoes from developing to adulthood. The extermination of mosquitoes, in theory, would destroy the carrier of Malaria, and the disease would die out. DDT was found to have adverse effects in the several environmental areas. The insecticide is soluble in fat. If fish take in the insecticide by consumption of food in an area that has been applied with DDT, then the DDT is concentrated in the fatty tissues of the fish. The fish then can be consumed by a bird, but the bird will most likely consume many fish in one day. This growth in concentration of DDT creates abnormal effects in animals that are high on the food chain. DDT was found to cause the calcium in bird eggs to leech out, making the egg walls very thin, and easily cracked. The cracking of eggs caused the decrease of many bird populations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned its use n December of 1972 because of the adverse effects the DDT caused. The banning of the DDT chemical for broad use in many highly developed countries spurred the development of other ways to stop the spread of malaria. The extermination of mosquitoes became an unviable avenue. After the banning of DDT in the United State, the focus became clear that Malaria must be contained by the use of drugs that would be distributed to people."
Tags: drug, manufacturers, infections, evolving, resistant, doctors, geographers, world
Abstract This research paper attempts to determine whether organizational mapping would assist today's military by first looking at what the organizational mapping process does and then by discussing what the military may lack in organizational mapping at the informal level.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background and Summary of Issue
The Modern Military
Organizational Mapping Discussion
Literature Review
The Transformation of the Military
The Human Component of the Military
Conclusions
From the Paper "While it is very important to have government administration work at peak performance, currently the United States is involved the largest multi-pronged military actions since World War II. Likewise, the United States military is gearing up for what could be its largest military ground action since it left Vietnam. Like the modern corporation, over the past twenty years, the modern military has gone through extensive "down sizing". The modern military is supposedly a professional corps of men and women making a long commitment to developing and improving their highly technical military operations specialty (MOS). The modern military is very different from the old military where the greatest need for IIA, IIB and IIC MOS - Infantry, Air-Borne Infantry and Calvary were the positions needing the greatest number of recruits. Instead today's military is composed of highly trained specialists who are computer literate as well as military savvy. The vast majority of enlisted men and women in today's military go in for an education and the opportunity to "Go to College" on the GI Bill once they finish their tour of duty."
Abstract This paper reviews and analyzes the early maps of the Americas, the men who created them, the institutions that produced and promoted them based on data and rough maps brought back to Europe by explorers, and the purposes - especially their communicative capabilities - they served in terms of the development of colonial properties for Spain, England, and Portugal among other European nations.
Outline:
Thesis Statement
Introduction: Incomplete Communication in Some Maps Literature Review: History of Maps and the Age of Discovery
From the Paper "Certainly the leaders in Portugal and Spain, among the most active early exploring nations, had volumes of logs, notes, journals and other historical records of discoveries made by their intrepid sailors. But, according to Monica L. Smith, writing in Annals of the Association of American Geographers (Smith, 2005), "...the visual stimulus of a map may be more powerful than the scholarly text that accompanies it." Smith explains. Indeed, by providing a visual image "the map gives another dimension to the image it represents," Smith states in her article, "and restricts, or even overtakes, the freedom of its reader to create an image of his own." There are implications of "linguistics" within the creation of a map, Smith asserts, through the process of the cartographer's "consciously created and manipulated" images. But Smith, a professor of anthropology at UCLA, believes while ancient maps do communicate dimensions that are extremely useful to historians, "the understanding of maps as interpretive documents" has had little or no affect on portrayals of the "premodern past." That is due to the fact that scholarly illustrations of historic lands and cultures "tend to be of the absolutist variety." Smith believes the use of maps in textbooks too often communicate a narrow and shallow picture of early cultural groups. One map in a text "implies that a state or empire was always growing toward its eventual borders in a kind of long-term manifest destiny."
Abstract This paper describes the use and importance of concept mapping. Concept maps identify the way we think, the way we see relationships between knowledge. Concept maps can thus illustrate faulty views individuals may have and help us better understand how students may construe meanings from subject matter.
Abstract This paper explains that Elizabeth Bishop, who died in 1979 and was one of the most honored poets of her time, illustrates the cold and frozen North of her Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia heritage in her poem "The Map". The author points out that parsing a poem is like dissecting a butterfly to see what makes it flutter: "The Map" is the poet's guide for our imagination; no more; no less. The paper relates that Bishop's physical frail frame expanded in her mind and captured the essence of a land about which she could only dream, but "The Map" is no romantic fantasy rather a shrewd, sparse, straightforward account of the land of the North.
From the Paper "Poets are, it must be argued, different from novelists or scientists or philosophers, who tend to try to surpass one another. Poets stand alone. They write what they see and what they feel. They owe no allegiance to history. Only the history of their own lives, as it invests their memories, as the Newfoundland landscape must have stirred memories in Elizabeth Bishop. Her voyages are in her poetry. Her ticket stubs are images, torn apart and repaired."
Abstract This paper discusses the the model of concept mapping. It discusses the importance of this skill for students as it fosters creative thinking and brainstorming on the part of students. The paper suggests that through concept mapping, students can gain an understanding of how to cross-reference and link ideas and that the method also promotes inclusive learning experiences in that there can be many correct ways to map the same set of concepts.
From the Paper "Teacher's Applications University of Ontario - Institute of Tech Section C 1) Professor Kristen Mueller, currently at the University of Waterloo, is undeniably the finest teaching professional in my experience. The qualities that make her an exceptional teacher may be encapsulated in a few specific areas: her close attention to students' needs and their work; her capacity to listen and her time management skills despite the pressures of a full teaching and research load. While Professor Mueller teaches at the post-secondary level, I believe these qualities are directly relevant to teaching at any level and to any age group."
Abstract The paper explains that the teaching of language arts requires that teachers develop activities that will encourage their students to enjoy reading and writing. The paper explores the trend of using concept mapping to teach language arts to students. The paper examines examples and published literature about the use of concept mapping and concludes that it is a valid and useful tool for teaching language arts to students.
From the Paper "Getting students interested in reading has been something that challenged teachers since the first classroom was constructed. Some students love to read, and would do so whether or not they were assigned books and stories, while other students avoid reading at all costs(Kahn, 2000). The teaching of Language Arts requires that teachers develop activities that will encourage their students to enjoy reading and writing. For the past several decades various measures have been tried to get students involved in Language Arts, including whole language learning, Back to Basics programs and phonics. In recent years however, the idea of using concept mapping in the Language Arts curriculum has begun to gain popularity and is enjoying moderate success."
Abstract This seven-page undergraduate research paper examines the novel Maps by Somali author Nuruddin Farah. The focus of the argument in Maps is on the symbolism Farah uses to explain Somalia and the Ogaden through the attitudes, beliefs, and actions of his fictional characters.
Abstract This paper provides a summary of a simulation for using perceptual maps in marketing. For each major phase of the simulation, the paper details the situation and recommends a solution. It also provides justification for the recommendation and its results. The paper presents the relationship between differentiation and positioning of products and service in relation to the expected results. It discusses the impact of the life cycle of the product on marketing initiatives along with what impact the product life cycle had on the product in the simulation.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing
Phase One
Phase Two
Phase Three
Differentiation and Positioning
Product Life Cycle
Conclusion
From the Paper "A consumer's perception to a product, service or company is detrimental to the success of an organization. Because of this, organizations use perceptual maps to gauge consumer perception and develop strategic marketing initiatives. "Perceptual maps are visual representations of what the customer thinks of the brand, service or product" (UOP, 2006 1). This paper provides a summary of simulation for using perceptual maps in marketing. For each major phase of the simulation, the situation is detailed along with the recommended solution, justification for the recommendation and the results for the recommendation. Presented is the relationship between differentiation and positioning of products and service in relation to the expected results. The impact of the life cycle of the product on marketing initiatives along with what impact the product life cycle had on the product in the simulation is also detailed."
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of using a geographical information systems (GIS) / ArcView map within problem-based learning (PBL) in education. The paper also looks at the challenges and potential negative considerations related to using GIS and PBL in education. The paper concludes that this type of learning is powerful and the challenges can be countered. Several graphs and figures are included.
Table of Contents:
Abbreviations
Introduction
A New Way of...
Problem-based Learning
Considerations
GIS
A New Way to Learn
The Database View
The Map View
The Model View
The Eighteen National Geography Standards
GIS Progress
2007 GIS Project
PBL
Conclusion
Key Powers
Depends On...
From the Paper "Despite challenges and potential negative considerations relating to using GIS and PBL in education, solutions are available to counter them. Despite the fact that some students may not favor the messiness of the real-world, as Pawson notes in regard to PBL or complications and glitches that may evolve from the use of GIS, students today and tomorrow will have to contend with the real world. And, no - neither GIS nor PLB will provide all the answer as they, as all maps will omit some details. Ultimately, albeit, as this researcher notes at the start of this paper, both kinds of learning explored in this study, a GIS/Arcview Map and Problem Based Learning prove useful. Just how, when and where they are best used, however - "depending on the needs of the user [student]"."
A look at earthquakes from the beginning of man's first writings to the present, including how scientists over history have measured, predicted and mapped earthquakes.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 10 sources, 2001, $ 54.95
Abstract This paper analyses earthquakes from the beginning of man's first writings on the topic to today's time. The paper starts with Greek philosopher's notes on them and continues all the way to today's scientists, who have broken down earthquakes to seismic waves. The paper also discusses the history of scientists tracking ability of the earthquake, detailing the birth of the Richter scale. The paper goes into great scientific detail about how earthquakes are measured, predicted and mapped.
