This paper reviews and analyzes Simon Winchester's biography, "The Map that Changed the World," which describes how William Smith indelibly changed the face of geological science.
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the life and accomplishments of William Smith, the English geologist credited for creating the first geological map. This paper examines how Smith's maps shifted public perception regarding the creation of the universe. This paper reviews Simon Winchester's biography, "The Map that Changed the World," which summarizes Smith's life, his achievements and the impacts made on the scientific community due to his research. Smith's early work with canal digging companies and within the mining industry enabled him to become more aware of what lie beneath the surface of the land. This paper focuses on Smith's fascination with the earth, rocks and fossils, which led to the creation of his first geological map of Bath. Influenced by other cartography and on extant atlases, Smith devised special colorization systems for his geological maps, which are discussed in this paper. This paper also examines Smith's longing for more recognition than he was afforded during his lifetime. While Smith's maps were published during his lifetime, what should have been the high point of his life marked the beginning of a downward spiral, when many of his personal and professional relationships fell apart. This paper examines why centuries after his death, geologists still pay homage to William Smith, the father of modern geology.
From the Paper "His early work with canal digging companies and within the mining industry enabled William Smith to become more aware of what lie beneath the surface of the land. There could be no better situation for a man who loved geology in the eighteenth century than being paid to dig deep under the ground. Thus, his professional work offered him a private pleasure and a convenient means by which to formulate, develop, and prove his theories. On his own, while he traveled as a surveyor for the Somerset Coal Canal Company, Smith observed how sedimentary layers of rock were arranged in patterns across the land. Somerset Coal Canal Company was not so much interested in the scientific implications for Smith's findings as in their financial implications. For instance, when he was first hired, Smith noticed how English villages rest on top of "a score of complex, broken, twisted, and contorted seams of coal." For Smith, his work meant unlocking some of the earth's deepest secrets."
Abstract This paper covers the first medical maps made and includes copies of each map described. The paper describes the disease of malaria and how modern medical mapping is applied to the study of malaria.
Introduction
Medical Maps Diseases around the World Being Mapped Conclusion
From the Paper "Malaria kills a child every 30 seconds in developing nations. Despite numerous attempts to exterminate it, malaria is one of the few diseases that have been able to continue to spread. During the 1950's, the world health organization stated that Malaria would be eradicated by the use of DDT by the end of the decade. DDT, a miracle insecticide was found in the 1960's to continually decrease in effectiveness. DDT was able to stop large populations of mosquitoes from developing to adulthood. The extermination of mosquitoes, in theory, would destroy the carrier of Malaria, and the disease would die out. DDT was found to have adverse effects in the several environmental areas. The insecticide is soluble in fat. If fish take in the insecticide by consumption of food in an area that has been applied with DDT, then the DDT is concentrated in the fatty tissues of the fish. The fish then can be consumed by a bird, but the bird will most likely consume many fish in one day. This growth in concentration of DDT creates abnormal effects in animals that are high on the food chain. DDT was found to cause the calcium in bird eggs to leech out, making the egg walls very thin, and easily cracked. The cracking of eggs caused the decrease of many bird populations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned its use n December of 1972 because of the adverse effects the DDT caused. The banning of the DDT chemical for broad use in many highly developed countries spurred the development of other ways to stop the spread of malaria. The extermination of mosquitoes became an unviable avenue. After the banning of DDT in the United State, the focus became clear that Malaria must be contained by the use of drugs that would be distributed to people."
Tags: drug, manufacturers, infections, evolving, resistant, doctors, geographers, world
Abstract In this paper, the writer examines how Crane's "Mercator" details how Mercator as an individual was inspired to take on the prodigious task of the formation of the cosmography that yielded the birth of the Atlas as well as the birth of the globe. The writer discusses Crane's treatment of the environment in which Mercator grew up, and how he was inspired to take on such a prodigious task. The writer also touches upon Mercator's 36,000 word treatise called "On The Creation and Fabric of the World' and asserts that it is perhaps the farthest reaching global vision that mankind has ever seen. The writer concludes that Mercator was a global thinker who personified the means by which the human rational mind was capable of seeing the globe.
From the Paper "In a time of exploration and new scientific frontiers that were to shape the modern world, Mercator (1512-94) had the ultimate global vision. He thought of all things at a global level, and his global vision was to spur the massive project that we has to undertake, the cosmography, that yielded the birth of the Atlas, as well as the birth of the globe. His intrinsic ability to see things at a global, collective level, viewing and organizing the aspects of existence as interrelated and conforming to an order, was the earliest manifestation of perhaps the most fundamental aspect of the global mentality which has become increasingly relevant to society."
Abstract This paper discusses the methodology described in an article by Christopher J. Moran and Elisabeth N. Bui entitled "Spatial Data Mining for Enhanced Soil Map Modeling". This paper notes the terrain attributes the researchers saw as better-suited to landscape description as predictors of soil type, using a map sampling strategy and testing it on a region in eastern Australia.
From the Paper "Christopher J. Moran and Elisabeth N. Bui test a new methodology for improving the quality of the soil map models generated by rule induction. In their method, the researchers considered terrain attributes they saw as better-suited to landscape description as predictors of soil type, using a map sampling strategy. The authors use the Murray-Darling Basin (MBD) in eastern Australia as an example of an area not now covered by any detailed form of land-resource inventory, and the authors use their method of spatial modeling to develop soil-landscape models in areas that have been surveyed and then to extend these across the unmapped areas. While this is a logical approach, it raises the question of how certain the authors can be that the model for mapped areas can be extended across unmapped areas. "
Abstract A discussion about the controversies surrounding the IMF and World Bank. The debt trap, the (Structural Adjustment Plans) SAPs and the unequal distribution of the votes are the main criticisms among IMF and World Bank opponents. The paper shows that there is need for reforms and change, and it also explains that both institutions are necessary in today's globalized world as they did help and improve living standards in many cases. The writer points out, however, that both institutions, especially the World Bank have already started to reform its organization as a response to the protester's demands. This means that the World Bank realized that some arguments of the opponents actually do concern. It concludes to explain that the World Bank now is among the world's largest external funder of education, health (HIV/AIDS) and environment projects.
1. Introduction
1.1. The Rise of the IMF and World Bank
1.2. The International Monetary Fund
1.3. The World Bank
2. Why are the Activities of IMF and World Bank so Controversial?
2.1. Poverty
2.2. The Debt Trap
2.3. The Structural Adjustment Plans (Saps)
2.3.1. Austerity Programs
2.3.2. Privatisation
2.3.3. Environment
2.4. Voting Rights
2.5. The Human Rights Issue
3. Conclusion
4. Reference List
From the Paper "In July 1944 the so-called Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire, USA established the IMF together with the World Bank, originally called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). These two organisations were the outcome of long negotiations between 44 nations during World War II in order to ensure post-war global economic growth and to eliminate the aggressive exchange rates politics of the 30s. "The task of the IMF would be to maintain order in the international monetary system and that of the World Bank would be to promote general economic growth" (Hill, 2003:340). Furthermore, with the establishment of both organisations the member states aspired for reforms of international economic relations and an expansion of world trade."
Tags: adjustment, bank, debt, economy, fund, global, globalisation, globalization, imf, international, monetary, plans, poverty, structural, trap, world
This paper analyzes the impact of 'globalization' on labor conditions in third world countries in reference to the work of the World Bank, the International Labor Organization and 'anti-sweatshop' campaigners.
Abstract This paper examines how global economic forces enable sections of third world society to be more easily exploited. It investigates how the first world does not play on a level playing field by using the Multi-Fibre Agreement. The views of protesters, the World Bank, and others are reviewed. The paper ends by touching upon future developments, such as the impact of China becoming a full member of the World Trade Organization.
From the Paper "During the past three decades, remarkable internationalisation of the world economy has taken place. This process has become known as globalisation. Globalisation can be defined as "The increasing integration of national economies into expanding international markets" (Todaro: 1997). Neo-liberal authors and institutions, such as the IMF, state that globalisation is driven by four main factors; free market ideology; technological breakthroughs in communication; the shifting of economic activity to the developing world; and the opening up of previously closed borders. These factors of globalisation have inevitably led to changes in conditions of labour in third world employment. Here we will look at what the changes have been. We will then examine the views taken on these conditions by 'anti-sweatshop' campaigners, and the response of the International Labour Organisation and the World Bank."
Abstract This paper studies the conditions in Europe after World War I, which ultimately led to Second World War. The paper focuses on England and Germany as countries representative of the Allied and Axis powers. The paper begins by examining the Weimar Republic of Germany, which had inherent weaknesses that, when combined with economic strife and early political challenges, created a high level of instability. The paper shows how the Nazi Party exploited the Republic's weaknesses. The paper examines in detail Hitler's rise to power, and the culminating impact of world events. Next, the paper turns to Britain, which like Germany was showing signs of great economic stress after World War I. The paper discusses high unemployment coupled with a shrinking export market, which contributed to the downward spiral. The paper also studies the psyche of the British public, which believed that that World War I was the last war -- a belief that was reflected in the government's decision to cut military spending. The paper concludes with an assessment of the U.S.'s Land-Lease program and its positive impact on the economic and military recovery of England.
From the Paper "The conditions in countries where many of the Allied forces resided were similar to those of the Axis forces. One country for each of the allied and axis forces whose history following World War II are similar to the other members of each group will be examined. The British are a good representation of the Allied forces and Germany for the Axis, especially in the European theater. What occurred in each of these countries following World War I laid the foundation for what were to follow in World War II. Each holds some very interesting events, which set into motion what would occur in the future. Mussolini first coined the term "Axis" in a speech he gave in Milan, Italy on November 1, 1936. In this speech, he referred to the Rome/Berlin alliance as an Axis in which all European countries would revolve around. This alliance, however, was a result of forced isolation from the rest of Europe, rather than a sincere Italo-German partnership of mutual respect."
Abstract This eight page undergraduate paper compares and contrasts the novel,"Brave New World", with our own world. The paper describes how there are many disturbing parallels between life in Aldous Huxley classic novel, "Brave New World", and life in our contemporary world. The paper further examines how Huxley's fictional world and our modern world share many social, political, economic, psychological, and totalitarian characteristics.
From the Paper "There are many disturbing parallels between life in Aldous Huxley's classic novel, Brave New World, and life in our contemporary world, for Huxley's fictional world and our modern world share many social, political, economic, psychological, and totalitarian characteristics. These parallels have become more obvious and frightening in recent years as conservative politicians at every level of the federal government have allied themselves with powerful corporations, and as the news we rely upon to understand our world and make decisions is being increasingly controlled by corporate entertainment conglomerates."
A review of the book "The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century" by Pulitzer Prize-winning author and columnist Thomas L. Friedman.
Abstract This paper discusses the book "The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century" by Thomas Friedman, which analyzes the progress of globalization, especially in the early 21st century. The paper explains how Friedman breaks down his argument for this "flat world" scenario by listing the ten forces that have "flattened" the world within the last decade. The writer explores these ten forces in depth in order to fully understand the immense impact of globalization and how it has "flattened" our world as compared to the past when the United States and Europe dominated global trade and economic development. According to the writer, what the future holds as a result of the emergence of these "flatteners" is unknown, yet it is abundantly clear if not undeniable that other "flatteners" will also emerge and thus drastically change once again the world and the people that live in it.
From the Paper "This scenario serves as the foundation for The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century by Pulitzer Prize-winning author and columnist Thomas L. Friedman, the former chief economic correspondent in the Washington D.C. bureau for the New York Times and chief White House correspondent. The editors of Friedman's excellent and intelligently-written book ask the question, "When scholars write the history of the world twenty years from now, what will they say was the most crucial development?" Will it be the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Iraq war, or will it be "the convergence of technology and events that allowed India (and) China to become part of the global supply chain for services and manufacturing?" (1). "
Tags: globalization, economics, World, Trade, Center, Iraq, war, technology
Abstract This paper describes the battles between nature and the modern world in William Wordsworth's romantic poem, "The World Is Too Much With Us". It illustrates how Wordsworth's poem effectively shows to the readers how advancement in science and technology has taken its toll on the environment. The paper provides a short biography of the Wordsworth's life in a rustic society in England. It describes his use of the personification emotions in the natural world.
From the Paper "William Wordsworth (1770-1850) was an English poet and writer widely-acclaimed for his literary works during the English Romantic era. Born on April 7, 1770, in Cumberland, England, Wordsworth was born to an affluent family, and grew up in a town that is abundantly rich in natural resources. Cumbersome is an area that is often termed as a ?rustic society,? and having spent his growing up years within its confines, Wordsworth developed a great appreciation of his environment, particularly the natural world that surrounds him."
Abstract A paper that answers specific textual questions from the stories within the 'The Harper Collins World Reader -- The Modern World' written by Mary Ann Caws and Christopher Rendergast in a concise and clear manner.
Abstract This paper discusses the nature of the World Bank relative to its critics: both liberal and conservative. It offers cases for both supporters and detractors and concludes with benefits of the World Bank as an institution and the premise that the World Bank is still relevant. The essay concludes with comments by the World Bank President and his faith in the Bank's continued viability.
From the Paper "The World Bank is variously described as predator or prey, puppet or puppet master, depending on who is doing the describing. Many developing countries anxious for its aid might say it is a benevolent donor, whereas many others might describe it as a harsh task master. Yet, no one would argue that the World Bank has had an indelible influence on the global economy and that its mandate has grown considerably since its inception. However, given the direction of the world's economy and the growing divide between developed and under-developed countries, there is a growing call to reexamine the bank's mission within the new millennium's fully integrated and networked economy. As a recent article in the Lancet asks: "...does its approach really work?" (The 731). That remains to be seen."
Abstract The paper concerns itself with the ways in which America is progressing into the 'World State' culture depicted in Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World". It explains that through our cultural ideology and values, our American civilization is becoming it's own dystopia.
From the Paper "It's quite hard to imagine the United States of America in the same context as World State of Brave New World. After all, America is the land of the free. America has morals. It's not America, land of free, uninhibited fornication or, America, land of free drug distribution. However, the truth is there are only enough dissimilarities to distinguish our American values and culture from that artful work of fictitious literature. In fact, World State may not be ruled-off as the possible futuristic fate of our nation. Our culture parallels that of World State in uncannily similar ways."
Tags: Brave, New, World, Aldous, Huxley, American, society, World, State
Abstract The following paper discusses the foods that Europeans discovered in the New World that helped them to survive in their voyages and explorations for gold. The fact that many of these foods could be packed so as to sustain them on their return journeys was equally important. In addition, in order to understand how Europeans saw the abundance of food available in the New World, it is necessary to consider some of the basic parameters of life in Europe during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries ? the time in which the New World was being settled by Europeans.
From the Paper "Many things lured Europeans to the New World ? gold, God and glory ? among others. Finding gold made the voyage worthwhile to many as did land beyond measure and the presence of natives that could be both enslaved and saved. But none of this would have been sufficient had the Europeans not found enough to eat here, for even the most gold-enfevered explorer knows that you cannot eat the precious metal."
Abstract This paper compares the trend of capitalism in the late 19th - early 20th century with the trend of globalization today. It explains that globalization of the world economy has the potential to bring both great benefit and great hardship to third world populations, but like capitalism, globalization without proper checks and balances could become a runaway force, knowing no moral or ethical boundaries. The potential harms and benefits are listed, showing that in moderation, all these factors need not be a threat to the third world.
From the Paper "But globalization is not a term that is merely descriptive. Worldwide, as many people are taking an active stance against the globalization process as there are working toward it. Coalescing from a variety of sources, pro- and anti-globalization forces are beginning to take on the same impassioned polarization that dominated the debate between capitalism and communism in the early 20th century. Interestingly, each side in this debate relies heavily on examples from the Third World to make its case. The proponents of globalization cite a myriad of benefits to be gained by underdeveloped countries though greater access to the goods and services that transnational companies can provide. Anti-globalization activists, on the other hand, point to many examples in the developing world where globalization has robbed indigenous populations of traditionally held land or water rights, disrupted cultural and social values, and disturbed lifestyles. "
Tags:world, power, multinational, dictator, poor, development, UN, WTO, IMF
