Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the life and accomplishments of William Smith, the English geologist credited for creating the first geological map. This paper examines how Smith's maps shifted public perception regarding the creation of the universe. This paper reviews Simon Winchester's biography, "The Map that Changed the World," which summarizes Smith's life, his achievements and the impacts made on the scientific community due to his research. Smith's early work with canal digging companies and within the mining industry enabled him to become more aware of what lie beneath the surface of the land. This paper focuses on Smith's fascination with the earth, rocks and fossils, which led to the creation of his first geological map of Bath. Influenced by other cartography and on extant atlases, Smith devised special colorization systems for his geological maps, which are discussed in this paper. This paper also examines Smith's longing for more recognition than he was afforded during his lifetime. While Smith's maps were published during his lifetime, what should have been the high point of his life marked the beginning of a downward spiral, when many of his personal and professional relationships fell apart. This paper examines why centuries after his death, geologists still pay homage to William Smith, the father of modern geology.

From the Paper
"His early work with canal digging companies and within the mining industry enabled William Smith to become more aware of what lie beneath the surface of the land. There could be no better situation for a man who loved geology in the eighteenth century than being paid to dig deep under the ground. Thus, his professional work offered him a private pleasure and a convenient means by which to formulate, develop, and prove his theories. On his own, while he traveled as a surveyor for the Somerset Coal Canal Company, Smith observed how sedimentary layers of rock were arranged in patterns across the land. Somerset Coal Canal Company was not so much interested in the scientific implications for Smith's findings as in their financial implications. For instance, when he was first hired, Smith noticed how English villages rest on top of "a score of complex, broken, twisted, and contorted seams of coal." For Smith, his work meant unlocking some of the earth's deepest secrets."

Tags:geology, maps, fossil, earth, atlas, cartography

Abstract
This paper examines how the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492 changed the the geography of the world with an entire new continent appearing on maps of what would soon be seen as a globe instead of a flat surface. In particular it looks at how the geography of known disease also changed as Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza found a new population with no immunity because it had had no exposure to these diseases before. It examines how this effect became known as the Columbian Exchange and evaluates the result of this exchange of diseases between the Native Americans and the Europeans.

From the Paper
"To this day there are arguments among researchers about the presence or absence of some diseases in the population of the New world, such as tuberculosis and syphilis. These may or may not have been found among the population before Columbus. Recent research suggests that there was some sort of "tuberculosis-like pathology" in the population before 1492, though it was of a type not associated with pulmonary disease. There was also a relatively benign nonvenereal (meaning not sexually transmitted) treponemal infection that was related to syphilis. There is no evidence, however, that either disease was at all widespread in either North or South America. Recent studies conducted in great detail show that large-scale sedentary societies in the Americas, where such diseases could have taken hold, did not."

Tags:columbian, exchange, smallpox, death

Abstract
The paper looks at Alice Major's "Maps" and how this brief poem captures some fascinating items about Canada and about Canadian society as it presently stands. Specifically, the poem's focus upon the evolution of cartography in this country over time and its use of vivid imagery focusing upon the evolution of an embryonic child touches upon two things: the controversial phenomenon of Canada being "discovered" by Caucasian usurpers arriving from abroad, and the fact that Canada is a nation wherein the social compass has shifted dramatically in recent decades, with the contemporary Canadian public - now more so than ever before - changing its stance relative to previous generations vis-a-vis provocative (if not seismic) social issues such as abortion. Finally, the paper discusses how the image of a child is meaningful because Canada is still, in too many ways, a child on the world stage - and still acutely vulnerable to the caprices of others. The paper shows how the afore-cited poem is replete with social commentary that percolates just beneath the surface.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at Alice Major's "Maps" and at how this brief poem captures some fascinating items about Canada and about Canadian society as it presently stands. Specifically, the poem's focus upon the evolution of cartography in this country over time and its use of vivid imagery focusing upon the evolution of an embryonic child touches upon two things: the controversial phenomenon of Canada being "discovered" by Caucasian usurpers arriving from abroad, and the fact that Canada is a nation wherein the social compass has shifted dramatically in recent decades, with the contemporary Canadian public - now more so than ever..."

Tags:analysis, maps, poem

Abstract
The paper relates that the Congress of Vienna, when world leaders convened in Vienna in September of 1814, was an attempt to stabilize Europe after the chaos of revolutions, upheaval, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and continental war. The paper discusses how the Congress ignored the pervasive liberal and nationalistic fervor by attempting to reinstate the aristocracy and royal houses, and this would prove to be an egregious error on their part and lead to future upheaval. The paper focuses on the representatives of Britain, France, Austria and Russia and how they negotiated to divide up empires and gain territories.

From the Paper
"The Congress of Vienna was an attempt to stabilize Europe after the chaos of revolutions, upheaval, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and continental war. Napoleon was at last defeated and there had to be an understanding by the great powers, without which there could be no lasting peace. The population of Europe had witnessed the fall of the House of Bourbon and the rise and fall of Bonaparte. They had seen revolutions succeed and revolutions betrayed. Those royal houses still secure on their thrones had to change the geopolitical structure and the face of the continent as well for their own security. They put in place a system doomed to failure in the face of the rising tide of realpolitik by totally ignoring the liberal and nationalistic fervor so pervasive in the land (Neumann 1996)."

Tags:Britain, France, Austria, Russia, power, territory, alliances

Abstract
The legendary annihilation in 1883 of the volcano-island of Krakatoa in 1883, was followed by an immense tsunami that killed nearly forty thousand people. Beyond the purely physical horrors of an event that has only very recently been properly understood, the eruption changed the world in more ways than could possibly be imagined. This paper discusses the events of that fateful August day and the experiences of some of the people who witnessed this natural disaster. The paper includes a map.

From the Paper
"The effects of the immense waves were felt as far away as France. Barometers in Bogota and Washington, D.C., went haywire. Bodies were washed up in Zanzibar. The sound of the island's destruction was heard in Australia and India and on islands thousands of miles away. Most significant of all---in view of today's new political climate---the eruption helped to trigger in Java a wave of murderous anti-Western militancy among fundamentalist Muslims: one of the first outbreaks of Islamic-inspired killings anywhere."

Tags:Sunda, Strait, Java, Merak

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the competitive environment of today's business world, organizations have come to focus on business process reengineering (BPR) as the means of maintaining a competitive advantage sustainable. The writer notes that business organizations are also focusing on total quality management (TQM) as another method of developing a competitive advantage. The writer first compares and contrasts the two methods. Then an organization is chosen in the context of which the four critical principles which emerged from Honeywell's TotalPlant program are applied. On the basis of these principles the execution plan is developed.

Outline:
Comparing and Contrasting TQM and BPR
Why Should Choose BPR
The Objectives of BPR
The Use of Process Mapping and Other Techniques
Training Issues
People Management

From the Paper
"Total quality management is a continuous improvement process that focuses on quality. In contrast Business process reengineering is a one-time process that transforms the entire organizational structure in order to improve process efficiency. Both methodologies share the similarity of being change management efforts. Therefore both methodologies require change agents. However the similarity ends there. In the case of total quality management, the change agent can be external or internal. In contrast the change agent in business process reengineering is usually an external consultant. This is because the process of total quality management may or may not involve a techno-structural intervention. The focus is on developing quality by minimizing incidents of defects, scrap or late deliveries. This objective can be met by forming autonomous teams that are responsible for maximizing quality in their assigned areas. "

Tags:managing, change, competitive, advantage, strategies

Abstract
The paper explores Marx's theories and is of the opinion that Marx is undoubtedly the most influential person in the last one and a half centuries. The paper maintains that this is because Marx vigorously espoused a cause that is close to the heart of billions of workers all over the globe. The paper discusses how Marx was influenced by Hegel in his dialectical method as well as Engels and his other contemporaries and fellow revolutionaries. The paper concludes that through his hard work and focus on his vision, Marx forged a distinct worldview that has greatly changed and is still changing the political map of the world.

From the Paper
"Marx had a scattered and incomplete account of his conception of a communist society. Much of the knowledge available is from his analysis and critique of capitalism from which he made projections as to the nature of communism that he contends is diametrically opposed. It is in this context that Marx suggests discovering new worlds through the criticism of the old. Thus, to better grasp Mark's conception of communist society, one must delve into his critique of capitalist bourgeois society together with his analytical framework and worldview that vastly differed with the prevailing dialectical materialism and historical materialism."

Tags:Communism, capitalist, Russia, vision

Abstract
The paper explains that in order to understand the economic problems in modern China, it is important to first have a fundamental understanding about this country, and a sense of its historical background. This background information is discussed in detail. The writer shows how the rise of the Cultural Revolution ultimately caused a rise in the Chinese economy. In conclusion, the writer states that today the Chinese economy stands on an even keel with European countries and America.

Table of Contents:
China - The Country and its Location in the World Map
China - Its Administrative Set up
China- Its Climatic and Animal and Natural Habitation
What is the Cultural Revolution?
An Analysis of the Cultural Revolution
After the Cultural Revolution
Economic Policies and Changes After the Cultural Movement
Bibliography

From the Paper
"It was at this juncture that Mao called the Army led by Lin Biao to step in on behalf of the Red Guard. When the Army came in it resulted in a division between the military and tensions come to the forefront when Chen Zaido a Military Commander arrested two key radical party leaders. In 1968, after several cycles of radicalism Mao decided to rebuild the Communist Party to gain greater control. Military was sent in to take control of schools, factories and government agencies and this act forced many millions of Red Guard to move to rural lands to pursue their activity. This also had an effect of scattering the Red Guard and also brought some order into the urban cities. In August of 1968, when the Soviet invaded Czechoslovakia, China began to feel greatly unsecured which added to Mao's confused thinking and disillusionment.
"In the 12th Plenum of the Eight Central Committee where the point of who would inherit political power became a central issue in Chinese politics the question of who will be a successor to Mao came up. At the Ninth Party Congress meeting convened in April 1969 Defense Minister Lin Biao was officially designated Mao's successor. With this the military tightened its grip over the Chinese society. This made the entire committee and Party to be completed dominated by Military men in uniform.
"Sino Soviet Border clashes in 1969 paved the way for a martial law in China when Lin took full advantage of the situation. It was during this time several communist leaders died and many suffered moral turpitude during this upheaval. Lin was an aggressive personality and wanted power and slowly Mao began to feel his pulse the wrong way and began to work against Lin. Premier Zhou Enlai joined Mao in this venture and endeavor and Mao's wife Jiang Qing also joined in the fray. But Mao's trusted assistant Deng decided to support Lin. This break up caused many a problem within the party set up and even though many measures were taken to bring back normalcy to China in 1979-71 it could not be accomplished."

Tags:mao, cultural, revolution

Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, reengineering, a system for analyzing the current status of a company or an organization, paying particular attention to the systems involved. If weaknesses are found, then the project manager or the executive in charge has a good "map" of where the company is at the present moment in time. It looks at how this is essential since change cannot occur, or, more importantly, be measured unless there is a benchmark against which to judge the improvement. It shows how the term "reengineering" has more intrinsic value than other terms such as "Six Sigma" or "TQM" since it suggests a mechanical structure and also confirms the fact that businesses do not spring full force upon the world, but were conceived originally as a method of selling a good or a service to customers and grew exponentially as sales grew.

From the Paper
"The idea of improving and innovating are part of the laws of nature, the only constant of which is that all things change. Change, however, is not an easy process for an organization, and the project manager who tries to institute change faces a number of problems, not connected directly with the systems he or she is attempting to change. Zhiwei and colleagues (1997) when discussing the resistance of some organizations to change suggest that infinite barriers increase the impact of project risk factors (Zhiwei, Cernich, Meredith & Lanier, 1997, 35). They cite as one of many examples, the possibility of middle management resisting a proposed solution of introducing self-directed work teams into the organization."

Tags:business, tqm, executive, project, manager

Abstract
This paper describes Chicago and New York City's revolutionary skyscraper architecture. It explains the history of each city and emphasizes their development and planning. The paper illustrates each city's history relating to its grid and individual events and explains how the skyscraper came into existence in each city and changed our urban world. The paper use historical illustrations and maps along with the written essay to describe the growth of skyscrapers in both cities

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
II. City Planning
III. Chicago's Early City Planning
IV. New York City's Early City Planning
V. How Skyscraper Height Evolved
VI. Skyscrapers in Chicago
VII. Skyscrapers in New York City
VIII. Skyscrapers Take Form
IX. Chicago's Interior Form
X. New York City's Interior Form
XI. A Final Thought
XII. Bibliography
XIII. Picture References

From the Paper
"Architecture is an interesting art form due to its strong ties with the construction industry, which in turn a product of the socioeconomic behavior of a society. One of the grandest architectural accomplishments is the design and completion of a superstructure, known as the skyscraper. Since the turn of the century, the city fabric of two American cities, Chicago and New York City, have been involved in a heated race towards the sky. These superstructures continue to grow in size and in number due to advances in materials, structural designs, and technology. The function of the skyscraper is to serve as a commercial purpose. As these buildings cast heavy shadows over the busy city landscape, people notice their dominance and power. To the general public, big is good; in terms of building, the taller the better. Many people agree, as well as deny, that the skylines of Chicago and New York City are similar. To expose which acquisition is true, one first needs to discover how the skylines of these two cities have developed."

Tags:building, chicago, cities, city, construction, design, elevator, evolution, frame, general, grid, height, history, layout, materials, modern, new, religion, skyline, skyscraper, steel, structure, superstructure, support, technology, york