Abstract
The paper discusses how the novel "Manchild in the Promised Land" by the African-American writer Claude Brown, tells the story of Claude and his family after their move from the South to the Northern "Promised Land" of New York City. The paper depicts how the novel reflects American culture in the struggles of a young black man in a drug, alcohol and crime-infested urban environment. The paper demonstrates how Claude was the exception to most black youths like him who remained in Harlem and therefore would be destined to adult lives of crime. The paper portrays how the author managed to rise above his early poor circumstances and succeed in life, despite the inequality of opportunities for all in urban America.

From the Paper
"The autobiographical story that Claude Brown tells within his Manchild in the Promised Land reflects realities of American culture in many key ways, e.g., in terms of the hopefulness that Americans typically bring, historically speaking, to new places and new beginnings (e.g., the Massachusetts Bay Colony; westward expansion; the northward migration of blacks after Abolition and the passage of the 13th Amendment). Claude's own family's migration takes place during a mid-20th century wave of migration of Southern blacks, from places like Georgia (where Claude's family comes from); Alabama, and Mississippi, to the big cities in search of better jobs; less racial prejudice, and a better way of life."

Tags:racism, prejudice, urban, Harlem, crime

Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes various aspects of Claude Brown's autobiographical novel, "Manchild in the Promised Land". The paper explains the significance and meaning of the title, analyzes the main character of the book, and describes the structure, style, and tone of the book, as well as Brown's use of poetic devices.

From the Paper
"Claude's family has moved from the South to New York City. They, like many Southern blacks then, hope for more opportunity. Claude's Harlem childhood, though, is filled with violence, arrests, guns, knives, drugs, and alcohol. He turns into a juvenile delinquent. Claude wants to better himself, but feels conflicted between being the "coolest cat" in Harlem (or reform school) and escaping Harlem. From11, Claude attends Wiltwyck and Warwick. He receives encouragement from Wiltwick's director Mr. Papanek, and imagines life outside Harlem. He keeps getting pulled back in, though, by Harlem's exciting lure. Finally, after seeing friends killed and other friends' lives ruined, Claude finds strength to leave Harlem."

Tags:african, american, boy, papanek, simms, wiltwick, clever, life, style, fictionalized, account

Abstract
An analysis of Brown's writings and conclusions following an in-depth study on the life and emotions of children growing up in Harlem and as compared to other urban slums. This paper shows that Brown's book is a semi- autobiography but not about drugs and crime. Rather it is about the frustrations the youth of Harlem face as they grow up in an environment that makes them fend for themselves.

From the Paper
"The infamous area of Harlem is still remembered as being one where poverty reigned supreme, the controlling powers were the drug Mafia and the people at large were uneducated. With all that in common one more thing controlled the lives of the residents---race. They were all African Americans marginalized in this ghetto of hell. Claude Brown in his autobiography "Manchild in the Promised Land," (1965) gave voice to the inner frustration and sense of despair that the youth of Harlem felt. He wrote what he went through and made the world realize that the brutality that he, as one young man, in a region of hundreds, faced, was the legacy of countless others who were born and died without being seen or heard. Their life was invisible to all others outside Harlem and the pain they felt was thus largely unrecognized."

Tags:youth, urban, slum, harlem

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the book "Naked in the Promised Land," written by Lillian Faderman. Specifically, it discusses the author's relationship to men, heterosexual and homosexual. It then describes the influence of various men in her life. The paper shows how Faderman describes these relationships throughout her book.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, this memoir shows that women can rise to greatness from great adversity. Feminist Wittig writes, "We were at the same time accused of wanting to be men" (Wittig 555), but Faderman makes it quite clear she never wanted to be a man. She knew she was a beautiful woman, and she used that to her advantage. However, she always knew what was inside her, and that was feelings for other women. Wittig continues, "To refuse to be a woman, however, does not mean that one has to become a man" (Wittig 556). Faderman's life is a great example of that statement. She is in a committed loving relationship, has a son, and a fine career. She has not become a man, rather, she has become herself, and that is an important journey for anyone in life."

Tags:lesbian, homosexual, counselor

Abstract
This paper examines the thesis about migration and its effects in Nicholas Lemann's book "The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America". It looks at how Lemann shores up his thesis, through the use of intertwined personal stories. It also evaluates the strength of Lemann's positions, especially those related to the ghetto's continuity and how the federal government could institute policies geared towards ending the problems associated with a permanent, ghetto-based black underclass. Additionally, the paper evaluates the implications of Lemann's findings in light of critical race theory and the sociology of minority group relations. Finally, the paper argues that, 15 years after its initial publication, Lemann's book and propositions remain relevant.

From the Paper
"The regrouping of this culture in the inner city therefore meant that many of the old problems were resurrected, and often intensified. As Uless Carter's later experiences show, black unemployment continued to be a problem in urban areas as well. The black migrant's dream of the promised land of economic opportunity therefore collided with the ugly reality of Chicago's south side. By the 1960s, the problem of joblessness had loomed large. Residents had to contend with slum housing conditions that had skyrocketing crime rates. Ruby Lee Haynes shows how black families struggled with dysfunction and welfare dependency. The racial crisis that loomed in the south had moved northward, and policymakers in Washington did not know how to handle or avert the crisis."

Tags:migration, urban, rural, ghetto, under, class

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the novel "Mona in the Promised Land" by Gish Jen, Mona, a second-generation Asian-American, confronts the reality that she is both different and yet integrated into her society because being born in the U.S. made her feel she was part of American society, but her physical appearance and Chinese parents makes her different and should be treated as such. The author points out that Jen's focus on utilizing religion as Mona's 'medium', through which she sought to establish her identity as an Asian-American, deviates from the usual depiction of teenage second-generation Asian-Americans interacting with other members of the American society; however, this paper posits that religion is but one of the primary instruments through which Mona tried to create and develop her identity. The paper relates that Jen does not attempt to reconcile people's difference in the novel; instead, she provides readers with the realization that, just like Mona, difference must not become an issue for the culturally-diverse individual because in difference also lies a similarity among people.

From the Paper
"The most pivotal moments of Mona's life as an Asian-American were reflected in her school years as an adolescent. As a teenager, Mona reveled at her being Chinese-American, and used this difference to catch the attention of other people. Jen provides a detailed description of the social environment where Mona's life takes place: during the year 1968, the civil rights movement was at its height of popularity and acceptance, wherein the women, youth, and various race sectors in the society fight for equal rights in the society. Mona, who lives in a neighborhood that was dominated by the Jewish community, felt awareness that she lives in a society where differences were inevitable and had to be accepted. As Jen narrates, "...lots of Jews could take them or leave them same as the Christians...Mona shouldn't generalize. So let her not generalize, except to say pretty soon she's been to so many bar and bas mtzvahs..." "

Tags:religion, second-generation, different, self-identity, similarity

From the Paper
"In The Promised Land Nicholas Lemann investigates the effects that the great black migration to the northern cities had on American Society. Lemann's purpose in the book is to identify the roots of current problems in urban ghettos, determine why earlier attempts to solve the problems failed, and suggest alternative approaches to America's largest social problem. He believes that any new policies need to be based on a strong grasp of historic social causes, knowledge of past policies' failures and successes, and an understanding of the experiences of the people who took part in the migration and whose lives were part of the development of both the black ghetto and the black middle class after World War II. Lemann's analysis of social policy and the nature of the problem of the black ghettos leads him to the conclusion that the federal government is the only institution..."

Tags:BOOK, REVIEWS, NON-FICTION

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of land degradation in the Arab region over the past 70 years. This paper reviews the various reasons and causes of this land degradation, focusing on the increase in population who require water for human consumption and agriculture, land for agriculture and land for their livestock.

From the Paper
"Land degradation in the Arab region is primarily the result of a surge in the population growth in the past several decades. As the population had increased within the Arab region the need for water for human consumption, grazing land, and agriculture has risen. In an area that was already dry and naturally scarce in water supplies this added requirement for water has led to severe issues concerning the natural water sources and their ability to sustain the Arab civilization over time. Furthermore, cultivation of marginal land, as well as deforestation has created a situation in which natural trees and foliage have been depleted from the land surface, adding to the landmasses that are dry. As these dry land masses, or deserts are increased in the Arab lands the water is absorbed into the ground and the loss of foliage eventually leads to a loss of water."

Tags:land, arab, region

Abstract
In this paper the author questions the right of the "white" Europeans to take over and destroy the good soil of Australia.He questions the actions of the white Australians and highlights the history and rights of the Aborigines to his land, quoting many sources. The paper concludes that the Aborigines know the land better and he justifies their right to look after the land and not let it be destroyed.

From the Paper
" The problem with those of us who consider ourselves "civilized" and "up to date" is that we specialize, first in genocide, then in the rape of nature, and then create new specialties to repair the damage. Before the Europeans came, the Aborigines had no worries about the Ozone layer, or mastering a driver's test. Cricket, to them, was the sound of Nature at work, not some distant test match."

Tags:outposts, outback, land, civilization, virging, soil, rape

Abstract
This paper examines the Aborigines of Australia who are said to have arrived on the continent over 50,000 years ago, blending into the already existent population and thus creating perhaps the most physically diverse population in the world. This paper details the differences in conceptions of land ownership between the Australian Aborigines and European colonists. The writer of this paper describes how the Aborigines had developed their own society, culture and rules for land ownership which were inexcusably overlooked by the European invaders. When Europe began to encroach upon the territories of the Aborigines, the latter group simply adapted resourcefully and made new claims. This paper explores the various countries and nations that laid claim to Australia, including the Dutch, British and Spain While the Aborigines claimed Australia through ancestral travels, the Dutch and British justified their possession by initial landing rights and the Spanish laid their claim based on religious doctrine. The British extended their claim to the entire continent by 1826 with the stroke of a legislative pen. This writer of this paper describes how the conflict was furthermore exacerbated by the fact that Aborigines and Europeans had differing conceptions of private property.

From the Paper
"Although the Aborigines lived according to such ancient beliefs for thousands of years, their fate would soon be doomed according to a very different system of territorial claims formulated 10000 miles away, in Europe. While the Aborigines justifiably had divided Australian lands into their own territories, the newly 'discovered' continent would soon come into a three-way struggle for possession as Britain, Holland, and Spain each claimed Australia separately, none of these claims based on right of ancestors, but on religious, economic, and political rationales. The Spanish and Portuguese, in search of southern trade routes and the legendary Terra Australis, had touched on the continent of Australia."

Tags:land, europe, britain, dutch, spain, religion, culture, conflict