Abstract
This paper addresses the history of mammography, new developments and technological improvement, and a discussion of the benefits and supporting statistics of increased mammogram use to increase women's quality of life.

From the Paper
" Mammograms have saved the lives of tens of thousands of women over the past 20 years. While not perfect, their ability to detect small tumors gives doctors and their patients the option of treating the cancer while it is in an early, more curable stage. Carcinoma of the breast remains a serious threat to women's health as we enter the 21st century. Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy excluding skin cancers, the number one cause of premature death in women, and the send most common cause of death from cancer. Approximately 1 of 8 women will have breast cancer during her lifetime, and one of 30 will die of the disease (American Cancer Society, 1995)."

Tags:women, tumor, cancer, health, sick, ill, technology, doctor, test, breast, cancer

Abstract
This is a large and in-depth research paper on breast cancer in African-American women in the San Francisco area. Divided into various chapters, the paper offers a look at the psychological factors, sociological factors and the medical factors helping to screen for cancer and cure it. The paper relates that the purpose of the study is to look at these three factors and how they affect women getting mammograms and then provide recommendations for outreach and education. It includes an appendix with letters, questionnaire examples and more. Several tables are also included in the paper.

Outline:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Research Methods
Chapter 4: Findings
Chapter 5: Conclusion

From the Paper
"The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of psycho-cultural, socioeconomic and medical barriers on the mammography screening rates among African-American women age 40 and older in the San Francisco Bay Area. Moreover, the study focused on mammography within African-American women in order to identify particular cultural, social, and psycho-cultural beliefs and attitudes affecting compliance with yearly mammograms. The goal of the research is to develop recommendations for improved future outreach and education programs that can increase African-American women's uptake with regards to mammography screening. This outcome was regarded as a public health priority for African American women and any significant improvement in their uptake rates would be of substantial social benefit to this population (Ward et al., 2004)."

Tags:breast cancer, women, public health, medicine, cancer outreach

Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews a condition pathway through breast care services, engaging in critical analysis and evaluation of the services, treatment and interactions, and using clients' experience in the published literature. The writer also deals with the condition of breast cancer and the role of screening for breast cancer, including mammography screening for diagnosis. The writer notes that there is a large and diverse body of extant literature on the subject of breast cancer, and this literature approaches the cancer from many different perspectives. The interest of this paper lies in examining, screening and detection, treatment options, and factors related to pathology of the cancer.

Outline:
Introduction
Breast Screening
Breast Assessment Clinics
Pathology
Treatment
Role of Nursing Professional
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Breast screening can be accomplished in a number of different ways and in different locations, including static units like hospitals and mobile units. Generally, effectiveness and time for each client differs according to the standard of care, and client communication and empathy skills remain very important to establish the link and helping relationship. In terms of screening and detection, it is important that breast cancer is detected early if the most effective treatments are to be given to the condition. Studies show that women tend to develop the cancer in the middle and late-middle ages, showing that detection and prevention efforts in terms of screening should start before this life stage. Moore pointed out further that the incidence of breast cancer doubles between the ages of 40 to 44 and 45 to 49, "at the same time mammography finds earlier and slower growing cancers with generally better prognoses. Optimal frequency of mammographic screening for women in their forties has not been determined ... "

Tags:mammography, diagnosis, care, detection

Abstract
The paper provides an overview of breast cancer and explains the importance of breast cancer screening. The paper reveals the high mortality rates of breast cancer among ethnic minority groups and proposes an implementation plan to ensure that women of minority ethnic groups are encouraged to go through breast cancer screening. The paper explains the plan's focus on the need for awareness regarding early breast cancer screening, the need for the screening modalities and services to be available and the need for interventions to improve the health care system delivery.

Outline:
Breast Cancer
The Importance of Breast Cancer Screening
Breast Cancer among Minority Ethnic Groups
Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography
Implementation Plan of the Guidelines for Minority Ethnic Groups
Education of Ethnic Minority Groups regarding Breast Cancer and Screening
Making Screening Modalities Available
Making a Difference through a Change in Health Care Delivery

From the Paper
"Cancer is a disease that often has a long preclinical period (Warwick and Duffy, 2005). From the moment a genetic aberration in a single cell occurred, up to the time where cells aggregate and migrate to other distance far from their organ of origin, and the patient becomes symptomatic, the natural development of cancer allows health care providers to detect and treat this malignancy. Breast cancer is no exception. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women. It accounts for 23% of cancer cases worldwide (Wood and Della-Monica, 2006). Among American women, 1 out of 3 cancer patients are said to have cancers of the breast. The mean age of diagnosis is 61 years old. Mostly, 23.3% of women with breast cancer were between 55 to 64 years old (National Cancer Institute, 2008)."

Tags:mammography, detection, mortality, awareness, language, literacy, quality, of, care

Abstract
The paper examines the study "Screening Behaviors: What Nurses Need to Know" and relates that older women are less likely to participate in breast screening activities, including breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography. The paper discusses how this study was designed to examine such participation in three age groups of older women, ranging from ages 65 to 95. the paper explains that although little difference was found in participation between the three age groups, some differences were noted in the proficiency of BSE between them.

From the Paper
'Older women are less likely to participate in breast screening activities, including breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography. This study was designed to examine such participation in three age groups of older women, ranging from ages 65 to 95. Although little difference was found in participation between the three age groups, some differences were noted in the proficiency of BSE between them."

Tags:nursing, gerontology, bse

Abstract
This paper outlines a plan for setting up a breast cancer screening program for low-income and minority women. It outlines the problem, and puts forward a proposal for addressing the situation, including a budget and staffing proposal. It suggests setting up a mammography unit in a local clinic situated in a low-income district and obtaining funding to offer free mammograms to those with no insurance.

From the Paper
"There is a need to increase the breast cancer screening among low-income and minority groups of women and to improve the followup of these screening procedures with appropriate treatment ..."

Tags:breast, cancer, screening