Abstract This paper examines how malnutrition is a result of improper food diet and unhealthy eating habits and how malnutrition is a health disorder not only associated with hunger, but also with overeating. It looks at how malnutrition is a prevalent health disorder that can result to death if it goes undetected or if no immediate and proper medical intervention is used. It analyzes how among the solutions offered to prevent malnutrition, subsisting to a proper food diet remains to be the most effective and feasible solution.
From the Paper "Malnutrition, as classified earlier, can be identified into two types or conditions: undernutrition or overnutrition. Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition wherein there is an undersupply of essential vitamins and minerals needed by the body, while overnutrition stems from an oversupply of certain nutrients and minerals in the body. Malnutrition is caused by various factors, which includes an individual's vulnerability to health disorders due to fragile physical health conditions and different lifestyles. The first category, wherein physical health conditions determine an individual's vulnerability to malnutrition, is aptly related to infants, children, pregnant women, and the elderly."
This paper discusses the relation between malnutrition and heart disease, stressing that malnutrition is a global problem, which affects industrialized and developing countries.
Abstract This paper explains that, although some experts contend that heart disease and malnutrition is mainly a problem of industrialized nations, populations held back by economic and other factors often lack public education about health, wellness and the nutritional behaviors that could prevent heart disease. The author stresses the importance of proper infant-stage nutrition, which is needed to avoid developing heart diseases as an adult. The paper recommends that patients with malnutrition be normalized nutritionally through an adequate delivery system to decrease heart disease risks determined through a professional assessment program.
From the Paper "Williams' article takes up the abovementioned argument about whether heart disease is more common in industrialized or developing nations, and concludes that the industrialization process does lead to changes in dietary habits that may lead to this state of being. "Heart disease, cancer, and other degenerative disorders are most frequent among populations of the industrialized nations. These diseases have been increasing rapidly over the past few generations, making it easy for the petro-chemical-medical-pharmaceutical-complex to assign blame to bad genes, while ignoring the issues of increased environmental degradation and deteriorating nutrition over the same time frame." This is an opinionated article within the literature but it nonetheless supports albeit subjectively the conclusion that heart disease can be linked to malnutrition.
Abstract This paper explores the causes and contributing factors linked with malnutrition in the elderly. It also addresses ways to assess malnutrition in the aging population. The paper then focuses on interventions for malnutrition in the elderly in terms of health promotion principles and strategies. Additionally, the paper looks at primary, secondary and tertiary interventions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Significance for Elderly Population
Assessment
Health Teaching and Learning Strategies
Conclusion
From the Paper "One strategy for teaching and health promotion is to make use of mentors who also are peers of the elderly person. It is essential that, whatever the specific type of health promotion program, the elderly person participate fully. The strategy of using volunteer peer educators is based in social learning theory as defined by the World Health organization, and can be very effective for providing nutrition education for the elderly (Panayota & Amanatidou 2003). Peer mentors mainly act as a support system for providing reliable nutrition information as well as educational materials. These mentors need to understand and practice healthy nutrition and preferably also be somewhat experienced with teaching. It is preferable that these mentors be experts on nutrition because research indicates that older people prefer that all their information related to health should come from expert sources (Panayota & Amanatidou 2003)."
Tags: vitamin, mineral, supplementation, diet, health, energy
Abstract This paper provides facts and figures about malnutrition statistics amongst babies and toddlers. It explains that a high percentage of children are malnutritioned simply because of their fussy eating habits and not because of neglect. Following an introduction of the data, the paper examines 21 literary sources and summarizes the opinions of each one for the causes and consequences of toddler malnutrition and what can be do to reverse this trend.
From the Paper "According to the United States Department of Agriculture, barely ? of all toddlers and preschoolers today eat a balanced diet (Schaaf 2002), a serious health concern to all, especially to parents. Undersecretary of Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services Shirley Watkins ascribes the situation to the fact that, when these young children stop being breastfed and receiving baby foods in jars, their regular servings of milk, fruits and vegetables do not replace the nutrients they used to get from breast milk and jarred baby foods."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of the disorders Bulimia nervosa and Hypothyroidism, including a description of both syndromes and their effects (diagnoses/onset of Bulimia and role of thyroid gland), as well as a review of various research findings interconnecting the two. In particular, long term damaging effects of Bulimia such as low blood sugar and hyperglycemia, lower resting metabolic rates, and malnutrition are examined in order to correlate it with the possible onset of hypothyroidism.
From the Paper "A brief description of Bulimia Nervosa according to the latest DSM IV entails recurrent episodes of binge eating characterized of larger than normal portions in shorter than average time spans. These episodes are accompanied by a lack of control over feeding behavior and typically followed by a period of compensatory behavior such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications; fasting, or excessive exercise. Binges and purges occur in ongoing cycles for an average of at least twice a week for three months. An onset of bulimia usually occurs in later adolescence and more prevalent in females. People suffering this condition may or may not be overweight and may or may not have suffered previously or are concurrently suffering from Anorexia Nervosa."
Abstract This paper examines the illness and disease that accompanied the exploration of America. It investigates through the books "The Longest Voyage? by Silverberg, "Pastwatch the Redemption of Christopher Columbus" by Card and "The Conquest of New Spain" by Diaz, which provide insight into the profound human loss from diseases, such as malnutrition, scurvy and syphilis.
From the Paper "Sickness and disease existed as an every day reality during the time of travel and exploration to America and New Spain. Though the onset of illness would cause the death of many men and slow down the progress of the explorers, disease did not ultimately defeat the foreign visitors. If, during the time of exploration, no sickness and disease existed, it is likely that the explorers would have conquered much quicker and with greater force. In the readings of "The Longest Voyage", "Pastwatch the Redemption of Christopher Columbus" and "The Conquest of New Spain" the reader catches glimpses of the impact of disease on the progress of exploration. Not one person was necessarily immune to disease and sickness. Some were just lucky whereas others were not. As much as the native people suffered from diseases brought to their homeland by European explorers, so too were European explorers infected by diseases of malnutrition, scurvy and syphilis resulting from their voyages and conquests. Though many might argue that the Native peoples were most drastically affected by the plagues of European men, the Europeans were as equally affected by the plagues of the New World."
Abstract This paper discusses the implications of the high proportion of America's elderly who live in poverty, leading to a lack of affordable housing and inadequate nutrition that exacerbate existing medical problems causing new ones. The author points out that gaps in Medicare coverage does not cover health needs such as preventive healthcare, dental care and long-term care and that premiums, co-pays and deductibles are out of reach of the elderly poor. The paper relates that malnutrition results in longer hospital stays for patients and adds to the nation's growing healthcare costs; a solution must be found.
From the Paper "The elderly population is growing rapidly both in the United States and worldwide. The U. S. Census Bureau predicts that by one-fifth of Americans will be over the age of ... The most dramatic change is in the number of people over the age of ... years. Two thirds of ..."
A discussion of the types of illnesses and health disorders common to those in Bolivia and a look at the availability of healthcare and sources of funding.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, 2006, $ 26.95
Abstract This paper highlights issues in Bolivia relating to health, illness and disease such as malnutrition, malaria and assorted other illnesses and mortality rates. The paper also discusses the availability of healthcare in the country based on number of beds registered and problems registering practitioners and facilities in the country. Finally, the paper discusses the types of healthcare funding in the country.
From the Paper "With a total population of 8,808,000 people as cited by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 for the year ended 2002, by Western standards healthcare in Bolivia is a travesty. According to Maija Kagis the infant and child mortality rates and those for adult women are higher than any other Latin American country. Robles, Munoz and Chawla (1) tell us that 90% of the rural dwellers in Bolivia, which comprise 42% of the population, have poor access to drinking water or health services."
Abstract The paper discusses the rampant malnutrition, lack of proper sanitation, diseases and high infant mortality rates that are all affecting the children in Sudan. The paper explores how the crisis is being managed by humanitarian organizations and reveals the lack of political stability and the bureaucratic hurdles in implementation of emergency relief and rehabilitation programs. The paper contends that a concerted effort from the government, the international security force and humanitarian agencies is essential in order to reach out and provide life saving food supplies, nutritional supplements and basic healthcare services to the misfortunate children of Sudan.
Outline:
Introduction
War and Hunger (Effects on Children)
The Role of Humanitarian Organizations
Conclusion
From the Paper "Sudan is experiencing disaster on a catastrophic scale since the recent conflict that broke out in 2003 between the government and the rebel forces. Five years of internal conflict has driven millions of people out of their homes seeking shelter in refugee camps in Darfur and across the border in Chad. Estimates show that nearly 2.5 million people have sought shelter in the overcrowded refugee camps and around 4.5 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance. [Oxfam]. More than a million children are homeless and are currently living in refugee camps in Darfur and Chad. Severely traumatized and displaced from their homes, the children of Sudan are deprived of normal childhood. [Unicef]"
Abstract The following paper discusses the East Timor conflict where many towns in East Timor were burnt to the ground and East Timor residents showed signs of malnutrition. The writer looks at what America could and should be doing to help solve this conflict. It also looks at past U.S. strategies to help resolve conflict in Kosovo.
From the Paper "The sun rose on America. The quaint towns and big cities of the United States reminded one Kosovar refugee of his hometown in their own little way. He relished his hometown as he was growing up, but it had been torn apart in the Kosovo tragedy. He stayed in America, and the reason was that he had nothing to go home to. He went to his apartment in New York and watched the news."
Abstract A definition of nutrition is provided and an examination of the factors which influence healthy eating and good nutrition. The paper also looks at the different food elements and their nutritional values. The health benefits of good nutrition is also examined - physical and mental health. Long term health effects are also mentioned relating to one's diet and physical exercise routine.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. What is Nutrition?
B. Good Nutrition
C. Important Food Elements
II. NUTRITION FOR A HEALTHY MIND AND BODY
A. Benefits of Good Nutrition
B. Nutrition for a Healthy Body
C. Nutrition for a Healthy Mind
D. Nutrition for the Future
III. CONCLUSION
From the Paper "The most basic definition of nutrition is ?the science of how food nourishes the body". (Null) Still, nutrition is a very broad and complex subject. The food we eat must go through many changes before our bodies can use it for nutrition. Nutrition includes the physical act of eating, digesting and absorbing nutrients.
"Nutrition is the process that living things take in food and use it. Plants can be nourished by air, water and sunshine. But human beings have much more complicated needs. Our nutrition may be good or poor, depending on the food we eat."
Abstract The paper describes periodontal disease as an infection of the gums and tissues that stems from gingivitis and leads to the degradation of gingival tissues and alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss and potentially carcinogenic lesions. The paper shows that many people suffer from this disease due to genetic reasons and from bad habits that catalyze this inflammation. It shows how bad habits such as malnutrition, smoking, alcoholism, and brushing habits can all attribute to the formation of this disease.
From the Paper "At this point, the bad habits discussed this far have been minute because most people are not going to consciously think about how many vitamins, carbohydrates, or proteins they are consuming; and at the same time most people have already developed their brushing habits and are reluctant to change. The one bad habit that has its negative consequences that people are aware of is smoking. Smoking is bad for overall health, but its affect on oral health has been of significant interest to researchers within the last few years."
Abstract Racism is directly caused by the belief that some races or groups are superior to others. This paper discusses the causes of racism in South Africa which led to the infamous Apartheid laws. It examines how these laws affected the way people lived, worked and formed relationships. The paper also looks at the effects of apartheid, including poverty, malnutrition and violence.
From the Paper "According to research, there are four factors that contribute to the formation of racism (Van Dijk, 1995). The first is known as grouping, and occurs when certain groups perceive others as outsiders and exclude them. This creates feelings of superiority and inferiority. Scapegoating occurs when a particular group is blamed when something goes wrong. For example, ethnic minorities in a country are often used as a scapegoat during times of economic crisis. In Germany, the Nazis blamed the Jews for their problems. In South Africa, the blacks were seen as the problem. Another factor that causes racism is power. In many cases, one group's desire to become more powerful than another creates a sense of racism and discrimination. In addition, fear and ignorance are contributing factors to racism. People create stigmas and assign scapegoats because they are afraid. This fear often stems from ignorance, as people fear what they do not understand."
Abstract Sociologists have from time to time attempted to define famine by highlighting one or more aspects of this multi-sided phenomenon. Most definitions usually emphasize only some of the attributes of famine, such as scarcity of food, or persistent starvation, while others tend to concentrate on the social, political or economic reasons that have led to widespread famine in particular regions at a given time. The paper argues that definitions which attempt to describe famine as "severe shortage of food" or "food shortage leading to widespread death from starvation" or "regional failure of food production and/or distribution" overlook the fact that famine may be chronic undernourishment leading to malnutrition that is sometimes exacerbated by a particularly poor crop yield or by other social conditions or political reasons that render foodstuffs inaccessible to a portion of a country's population. The paper shows, furthermore, that these definitions totally ignore the fact that famine may even occur within a region which has a sufficient food supply that is unevenly distributed, or a particular region where international aid is regularly sent and misappropriated by a small coterie which is usually appointed by local government.
From the Paper "It is also necessary that western aid should intensify not simply in the form of food provision when death decimates the population of countries due to sudden drops in the availability of food, but also by providing the technical knowledge and frameworks for the building of factories that will produce a steady tonnage of nitrogen fertilizers that will increase the local crop yields. Distribution and accessibility of staple foodstuffs is at present inadequate and in some cases steadily in decline."
Abstract This paper examines a hypothetical nursing case and suggests a course of treatment for a family in crisis -- affected by substance abuse, poverty and malnutrition.
