Abstract This paper begins with a definition of melanoma/amelanotic and describes who is most likely to be affected by this form of malignant skin growth. The paper describes early signs of the disease and its prognosis. It also looks at available treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
From the Paper "One study, examined by a panel of experienced dermatopathologists, found there was discordance on the diagnosis of melanoma versus benign lesions in 37 of 140 cases (General pg). Another study, examined by a panel of expert pathologists, revealed that 38 percent of cases had two or more discordant interpretations (General pg). Such studies prove how difficult it is to distinguish between benign pigmented lesions and early melanoma (General pg)."
Abstract This paper investigates the environmental cause of melanoma in Australia and the disease itself. It describes the skin cancer moles, the progression of the disease and its effects on the human body. The paper examines the reasons for the high rate of melanoma in Australia, such as the depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and the fair skinned people of Australia.
From the Paper "The "land down under" is under siege. The enemy ravishing Australia's inhabitants is not an invader from a foreign country, but rather it is a voracious skin disease called Melanoma. In fact, the highest instances of Melanoma in the world can be found in Australia. The factors leading up to this outbreak can easily be attributed to geography, the environment, and genetics but perhaps the most distressing dynamic can be assigned to the sun worshipping victims themselves."
Abstract This paper illustrates the current developments in the diagnostic imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma, an aggressive form of malignancy in the pleura that often leads to death. Because of its gravity, there is a need for an effective imaging tool to help determine the tumor stage and extent, and to predict the prognostic outcomes of a chosen treatment . The author describes the disease and its histologic traits and also discusses past and current practices on diagnostic imaging such as the chest x-ray, computed tomographic scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography scan. The potential and limitations of these technologies are also analyzed. This paper includes an annotated bibliography.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
A Look into Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Recent Advances in Medical Imaging in the Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Computed Tomography Scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography
Molecular Imaging
Conclusion
From the Paper "The search for the most efficient, cost-effective imaging modality is still ongoing. Current modalities, CT Scan, MRI, and FDG-PET, have their own limitations as well as their advantages. It is only through research that the medical field may be able to utilize these existing technologies. The importance of early diagnosis through non-invasive means can not be emphasized enough. Because of the aggressive nature of malignant pleural mesothelioma, the use of these current modalities must be utilized as early as possible especially by people who are high risk."
Abstract The following paper explores several facets of malignant brain tumors including symptoms, treatment options and the financial impact. The writer uses several sources to explain the effects that a malignant brain tumor has on a person not just financially but physically and mentally as well.
From the Paper "Everybody gets an occasional headache. They usually take an over the counter painkiller and the headache disappears. Now and again people get headaches that over the counter medication doesn"t touch. They go to the doctor and find out they have migraines. While migraines can be difficult to manage they are not life threatening which is usually a great relief to the patient and their family. However, those who get frequent headaches still need to be evaluated by a medical professional. It is a mistake to assume it is migraine or stress related.?
Abstract The paper describes the three main types of skin cancer. These are basal cell, squamous cell and melanoma. The paper presents strategies to identify skin cancer and describes what skin conditions are of concern and should be checked out. The paper discusses the four kinds of treatment; surgery, micrographic surgery, low-power laser and liquid nitrogen. The paper discusses ways of prevention and the importance of blocking UV rays even on cloudy days. The paper explains that melanoma is a very serious kind of cancer. The paper relates that melanoma needs to be detected early and treated early, because it can spread quickly into the rest of the body, leading to death. The paper lists the eight risk factors associated with melanoma.
Outline:
What Is Basal Cell Skin Cancer?
How Does Squamous Cell Compare With Basal Cell?
The Latest Information on Skin Cancer
Identifying Skin Cancer
Treating Skin Cancer
Preventing Skin Cancer
Rates of Skin Cancer in Americans
Melanoma and Cancer
From the Paper "According to the journal Nursing2006 (www.nursing2006.com), basal cell is "the most common type of skin cancer... [and] typically appears on skin that's had a lot of sun exposure over the years, such as face and neck" (Holcomb, 2006). Basal cell is "rarely fatal," according to Holcomb's article, but if not treated promptly, "it can eat away at surrounding skin and bone." It develops in the lowest layer of the skin, "and grows slowly," Holcomb continues. And at first, it appears as a "flat, shiny, yellowish or gray spot of skin," or a "waxy-looking bump with rolled, pearly edges," according to Holcomb, who is an RN and a PhD. It usually doesn't cause pain, and it may bleed occasionally, she writes."
From the Paper "Malignant melanomas are a group of malignant neoplasms, primarily on the skin, that are composed of melanocytes (melanin- producing cells) (8, 17). Most melanomas develop from a pigmented nevus over a period of several months or years and occur most commonly in fair-skinned people with light-colored eyes. A previous sunburn can increase the risk of a person developing a melanoma. Any black or brown spot having an irregular border, pigment appearing to radiate beyond the border, a red, black and blue coloration observable on closer examination, or a nodular surface is suggestive of melanoma and is usually excised for biopsy (17). This paper will look at the classification, epidemiology, diagnosis, genetics, treatment, and prognosis of malignant melanomas.
Melanomas occur in several different types: amelanotic.."
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss and analyze the topic of skin cancer. It looks at how skin cancer is a growing problem in society because so many people misunderstand it and how, since it is the most common form of cancer, so much more needs to be done to educate people about the dangers of skin cancer to help control the disease and its spread.
From the Paper "In 1993, it was estimated that 700,000 new cases of skin cancer would be diagnosed (Sherry 81), and every year the numbers get larger, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation, a worldwide group working to treat and prevent the disease. In addition, "About 41,600 Americans were diagnosed with malignant melanoma in 1998, and 7,300 died from the disease" (Goff 28). These numbers have increased dramatically since 1930, and it seems as more Americans have fun in the sun, they will pay later when skin cancer attacks. There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Each one has slightly different characteristics, but they are all dangerous, especially if left untreated."
Abstract This research concentrates on the use of color Doppler sonography when diagnosing endometrial malignancies. The writer looks at how color Doppler sonography is the most effective method of identifying malignancies within the reproductive organs including the uterus.
The writer explains that this is because color Doppler sonography allows physicians to distinguish benign masses from malignant masses more easily than do traditional ultrasound, endovaginal ultrasound and transvaginal sonography techniques. T
Outline:
Introduction
Endometrial Malignancy Overview
Causes of EM and Risk Factors
Symptoms and Manifestations of EM
From the Paper "As with many malignancies or cancers of the genital tract or reproductive system, manifestation or symptoms of endometrial malignancies often are mistaken for symptoms of other common problems. Women with endometrial malignancies often do not seek treatment immediately because they believe their symptoms to be the result of some other ailment, even common problems like yeast infections (Birnbaum, 1991). Unfortunately such assumptions on behalf of the patient or by doctors can be deadly. This is one reason all symptoms, regardless of their severity, should be reported to a professional as soon as possible for evaluation and treatment recommendations.
"Symptoms of endometrial malignancies may include changes in vaginal discharge, discharge accompanied by strong odors, pain in the abdomen or pelvis and other symptoms, symptoms that often mimic those of other diseases."
Abstract This paper discusses three basic classifications of skin cancer that exist - basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. It describes each type of skin cancer, its causes and its symptoms. The paper then discusses the similarities that the three types of skin cancer share and the ways that they vary in severity and characteristics.
From the Paper "Melanoma is dangerous because if undetected it can advance to other parts of the body including organs. Once the cancer spreads it becomes more difficult to treat and even fatal. Melanoma is believed to be somewhat hereditary because in more than half of cases an individual with melanoma had a relative with it as well. People who suffered from basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma are also put on a higher risk of getting melanoma. Once you have been diagnosed with melanoma the next step is to figure out what stage of the disease you have. The stages are in ascending order from the earliest stage (stage one) to the latest more serious stage (stage four). The stages are named due to the thickness of the tumor and how far the tumor has spread in the body (Skin Cancer foundation)."
Abstract This paper discusses pheochromocytoma, a rare cancer in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in special cells in the body called chromaffin cells. It discusses the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease. The paper then goes on to discuss treatment options for pheochromocytoma, including surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Table of Contents:
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Nursing and Collaborative Care
From the Paper "According to the Medical Surgical Nursing, sympathetic blocking agents are administered to reduce the blood pressure postoperatively and alleviate other symptoms of catecholamine excess. Since this management may result in orthostatic hypotension, the patient must be advised to make postural changes cautiously. Calcium channel blockers may be used to treat the hypertension and avoid the orthostatic hypotension in patients with cardiovascular disease. If surgery is not an option, Demser is used to diminish catecholamine production by the tumor and simplify chronic management."
Abstract The paper examines the text "Malign Neglect-Race, Crime, and Punishment in America" by Michael Tonry who argues with the perception that the United States is effectively or compassionately contending with its issues of violence and crime. The paper discusses how Tonry shows the racial divisions and associated distinctions between socio-economic classes that he contends are to blame for a racist criminal justice system. The paper asserts that this is an argument that resonates with the reader.
From the Paper "The text at the center of this discussion is concerned with the harsh imbalances in America's criminal justice system. Professor Michael Tonry's interest is in providing students with an even-handed and straightforward presentation on the subject of criminal proceedings, with a focus on the proclivity of America's system to increasingly pursue a rigid and codified system of penalties which both fails to deter crime and which appears to overwhelmingly target minority and African American demographics."
Abstract This paper investigates the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division (SPD), which is designed to reduce the emissions of ozone depleting substances (ODSs). The paper discusses the methods used for implementation of various ODS-reducing programs and touches on agency accountability, as well as industry compliance. The paper analyzes the effectiveness of the program.
Table of Contents:
Background
Function
Performance
External Observers
Financials
Program Assessment
From the Paper "According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the primary purposes of the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division (SPD) are to protect and restore the ozone layer and to reduce the rate of skin cancer (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]), 2007). The Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division has implemented a variety of programs designed to protect the ozone layer. The momentum for the development of these programs can primarily be sourced to the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act (CAA). The majority of these programs are designed to reduce or eliminate the emission of ozone depleting substances (ODS)."
Abstract The following defines and discusses the different types and causes of breast cancer. In addition it looks at how this cancer is treated, the different stages of this illness and the proposed treatment.
From the paper:
?A doctor should be seen if changes in the breasts are noticed. The doctor may suggest a mammogram. A mammogram is a special x-ray of the breast that may find tumors that are too small to feel. If a lump in the breast is found, the doctor may need to cut out a small piece of the lump and look at it under the microscope to see if there are any cancer cells. This procedure is called a biopsy. If the biopsy shows that there is cancer, it is important that certain tests (called estrogen and progesterone receptor tests) be done on the cancer cells. Estrogen and progesterone receptor tests may tell whether hormones affect the way the cancer grows.?
Tags: lobes, tissues, malignant, hereditary, inflammatory, women, health
Abstract This paper examines how certain genes, specifically BRCA1 and BRCA2 can be used in diagnosing and treating breast cancer. It outlines the possible causes of breast cancer, its symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses the issue of genetic screening, as an ethical issue and how it can help to treat breast cancer.
From the paper:
"Breast cancer is a disease characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the mammary glands and can actually can strike both men and women, although women are about 100 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Most cancers in female breasts form shortly before, during, or after menopause, with three-quarters of all cases being diagnosed after age 50. Generally, the older a woman is, the greater is her likelihood of developing breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and in North America and Western Europe, where life spans are longer, the incidence is highest."
Abstract This paper examines various attitudes towards criminal justice, as outlined by Michael Tonrey's 'Malign & Neglect: Race Crime and Punishment in America', Elliot Currie's 'Crime and Punishment in America', Gary S. Becker's 'Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach' and others. It discusses the ongoing argument in America between various factions over the issue of crime and the appropriate punishment for each crime. Despite some vastly dissimilar viewpoints, supporters on all sides of the issue of criminal justice draw upon the sociological and economical demand for change, as well as hard, cold statistical analysis, to support their conclusions.
From the Paper "Crime has always been a prominent problem in the United States, in large part, because the criminal justice system is unequipped to rise to the challenge of reducing crime and preventing crime at massive levels. Throughout much of America's history, an ongoing argument has persisted between various factions over the issue of crime and the appropriate punishment for each crime. "
