Abstract This paper analyzes the tremendous impact and the immense contribution of the science of magnetism in the technological arena. It begins by introducing the concept of magnetism and then discusses how it applies to nuclear magnetic resonance. It then discusses performing in-vivo studies and magnetoencephalography (MEG). It finally discusses how the technology is used in magnetic storage and magnetic chips.
From the Paper "This era is characterized by the rapid advancements made in technology and the remarkable breakthroughs in every frontier of science have dramatically altered our lives. The phenomenon of magnetism in particular has made a great contribution in this technological revolution. The electron microscope, which is based on principle of magnetism, was one of the important and earliest scientific achievements (1930) which broke the barriers in the study of cell biology. Extensive research and development in the field has deepened our understanding of magnetic science and today we are better equipped than ever before to harness the power of magnetism. The application of magnetism is diverse and extends to almost all fields of science right from critical medical diagnosis to space engineering and information technology."
A highly technical paper that reviews literature on the operating procedure and magnetic properties of electrochemical deposited Co-based magnetic films.
2,057 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 13 sources, 2001, $ 64.95
Abstract This report reviews literature on the operating procedure and magnetic properties of electrochemical deposited Co-based magnetic films. The significance and limitations of electrochemical deposit Co-based magnetic films are analyzed.
From the Paper " Hard magnetic materials have been a focus of interest in electrical engineering for years because of their applications as media in recording and potential applications in fabricating magnetic MEMS devices due to the strong magnetic field produced by them in absence of applying magnetic field1.2. Besides the hard ferrites and Nd2Fe14 B1, Cobalt or Cobalt-RE based magnets are mostly used hard magnetic materials because of their good magnetic properties as well as their excellent mechanical properties1. Generally speaking, Cobalt based hard magnetic materials are fabricated by PVD methods such as RF sputtering or evaporation. However, it is likely to be time and money consuming to apply these procedures, especially for a relatively thick film, say, 20mm or more, is needed. Furthermore, the fabrication of the film-type magnets on silicon wafers with CMOS integrated circuits has been considered as one of the most extremely difficult tasks due to the fabrication processing incompatibility between them."
Abstract This paper explores animals' abilities to sense electricity and magnetism and their ability to use these qualities as part of their sensory machinery. The author examines the type of electrical energy that certain animals release and provides examples.
From the paper:
"Imagine what it would be like if you were able to sense electric and magnetic fields. You would be able predict when a bad lightning storm was coming and orient yourself in the right direction if you were lost in the woods. Although such abilities only exist in fantasy for humans, many animals? posses these abilities in real life. In this paper we will explore the fascinating ability of certain animals to use electricity and magnetism as part of their sensory machinery."
Abstract Magnet therapy is a non-invasive alternative treatment used for many disorders ranging from anti-aging to pain control. This paper highlights the history of magnet therapy, provides a discussion on the proposed biological mechanisms of action and provides scientific peer-reviewed evidence on the effective nature of magnet therapy. The paper concludes with a reflective section on what was learned and the writer's overall feelings on the subject.
From the Paper "Static, rather than pulsing magnetic therapy, where magnets are placed on an area and taped in place, is believed to be effective due to the increase in blood flow in the locally affected area (Ramsey, (n.d.)). Faraday's Law dictates that magnets exert a force on moving ionic currents (Ramsey, (n.d.)). Adding Hall's Law that tells us that a magnet will deflect and separate charged ions when placed perpendicular to the direction of the electrical current, one can assess the implications for circulation (Ramsey, (n.d.)). "
Abstract This paper discusses the magnetic hard disk drive and how it works, from its creation to the present day. It also discusses possible future technological advances. It then discusses the varied uses of hard drives and the impact the device has had on society over the past few decades.
From the Paper "Personal computer technology has grown exponentially over the past few decades, but at its core, construction remains focused on certain necessary components. The magnetic hard disk drive is one of those components. Despite its importance and widespread use, many casual computer users know little about the history of or workings of this device. The magnetic hard disk drive, or simply hard drive, as it is known by most computer users, has come a long way and evolved over fifty years to become the ubiquitous storage device the world knows today."
Abstract This paper explains that proponents of school choice, such as magnet schools, argue that allowing parents to choose their child's school will result in market-like competition and the decline of bureaucratic structures, thus compelling schools to compete and improve. The author points out that the admissions process is usually by lottery or "first-come, first-served" but about one-third of all magnet programs use a selective admissions policy, usually involving either a minimum test score requirement or, in a performing arts magnet, an audition. The paper states that a magnet schools are the best education choice because smaller class size allows teachers to provide their students with more attention, and these schools have more career oriented programs due to the generosity of contributions from business and well-organized Parent-Teacher-Student Associations.
From the Paper "If magnet schools fail to respond to parental dissatisfaction, parents may enroll their children elsewhere. Other researchers have found that magnet schools provide more opportunities for parental involvement and effective communication between parent and teacher. However, larger-scale studies using national studies and data contradict these findings, finding that magnet and non-magnet schools use similar curriculum and modes of instruction. Magnet schools afford teachers more involvement in decision making, as choice advocates predict."
Abstract This extensive paper looks at all aspects of magnets and their unique attraction. It explains the scientific logic behind this attraction, defines what is metals and why some metals can be metallic and some not; and also looks into "false magnets". The paper covers the history of this discovery and examines the North and South Pole's role. It finally looks at the use magnets serve in industry and technology today.
From the Paper "Law of the nature is that positive attracts negative. God has created everything in pairs and examples of this pairing are found everywhere in nature. A lot of the human study and knowledge in different fields of science be it biology, chemistry, physics or mathematics revolves around the study of reciprocal pairs and their interactions. Some examples may be the masculine and feminine sex, acids and bases, positive and negative particles (i.e. electrons and protons at the atomic level), positive and negative charges (i.e. electrical charges running in wires transporting electric power) and some modern physics phenomenon such as gravitational and anti gravitational fields and matter and the theoretical anti matter. It seems that a lot of nature follows some very well cut out disciplines in orienting itself. There always seems to be some mysterious connections joining two forces that may seem to be independent of each other, but their behaviors charter similar formulae. "
Abstract This paper provides an overview of magnet schooling, their funding methods, and history. The author explores ideas concerning different barriers that urban minorities face with magnet schools.
From the Paper "This distinctive school curriculum or method of instruction creates the attraction of magnet schooling. Magnet school programs are associated primarily with formal desegregation plans, and a substantial proportion of desegregation plans involve magnet schools (1994). What accounts for the higher achievement of students in magnet schools? The magnet school is designed to attract students away from their neighborhood schools, generally into minority neighborhoods."
From the Paper "The synthesis of a magnetic susceptibility standard proved to be Hg[Co(NCS)4] through mercury analysis and magnetic measurements. Magnetic susceptibility characterization of four nickel(II) complexes, Ni(Et2en)2Cl2-2H20, Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2, Ni(Et2en)2(NO3)2, and Ni(Et2en)2I2, is reported. Et2en is a bidentate ligand, which is bonded strongly to the Ni(II) metal center.
Ni(Et2en)2Cl2-2H2O and Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2 were both paramagnetic with two unpaired electrons and had Ueff values of 3.17 B.M. and 3.20 B.M., respectively. Ni(Et2en)2(NO3)2 and Ni(Et2en)2I2 were both diamagnetic with no unpaired electrons and had Ueff values of 1.80 B.M. and 1.71 B.M., respectively. The color of the compounds correlates with their magnetic properties, where blue to violet compounds are paramagnetic and yellow to red complexes are diamagnetic."
Abstract In this article, the writer maintains that developers of research designs need to take all relevant processes into account if their results are to have validity. The writer notes that many researchers conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests fail to take the time of day into consideration. The writer points out that this can lead to error given that cortisol levels are different throughout the course of a day. This is important because cortisol can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to receptors in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. The writer explains that this can then have an impact on the neural activation/deactivation process, meaning the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) in the MRI study and produce results that will not be properly interpreted unless the time of day is included as a variable.
From the Paper "Higher levels of cortisol are associated with stress, and cortisol levels vary throughout the day just as levels of stress will vary throughout the day. Because cortisol can cross the blood-brfain barrier and bind to the hippocampus, levles of cortisol can have an effect on the neural activation and deactivation of the BOLD levels and so alter the results of the MRI. Time of day thus becomes an element in the process so that the clinician knows what time of day the examination was made and how high the levels of cortisol might be at different tiemns of the day."
Abstract The paper shows that according to recent research, the earth's magnetic field has shown signs that it is ready to shift. If this occurs, the magnetic north will point south and the magnetic south will point north and have disasterous effects on Earth. The paper discusses how scientists measure the magnetic field by tracking its history from a gigantic crack in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that oozes lava. As the lava solidifies into rock, it records the Earth's magnetic polarity at various times. According to these records, the Earth is overdue for another reversal. The paper shows that prior to a magnetic field reversal, the magnetic field typically grows weaker and weaker until it almost disappears. As a result, the poles flip and strong magnetism starts up again. The paper explains how magnetism levels in ancient pottery indicate that over the past 4,000 years, the magnetic field has weakened by about half. In this century alone, it has decreased by five percent. The paper explores theories put forth by scientists that the Earth's magnetic field could disappear in the next few hundred or thousand years.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field
Paleomagnetism
Field Reversals
Theories of Magnetic Pole Reversals
Earth's Magnetic Field
The Main Field
Secondary Field
Remanent Magnetization Electromagnetic Dynamo Effect
Magnetization of Rocks
Curie Point
Processes of Magnetization in Rocks
Magnetic Anomalies
Paleomagnetic Data
Morphology of Reversals
Field Direction and Field Intensity
Field Reversals
What Drives Reversals?
Core-Mantle Boundary Processes
Bibliography
From the Paper "Over the past three-and-a-half million years, the Earth's magnetic poles have shifted approximately nine times. This estimate has been found through sampling of the magnetic records formed by rocks in the ocean beds and in ancient lava formations.
Scientists do not know how or why the magnetic poles reverse for sure, nor do they know exactly what effect this will have on life, as we know it. Many believe that the magnetic poles of the Earth reverse an average of every 200,000 years, but the time between reversals has varied widely. The Sun reverses its magnetic poles fairly routinely: essentially every 11 years."
Abstract This report reviews literature on magnetic properties of electroplated Co-based magnetic films. The significance and limitations of electroplating Co-based magnetic films are analyzed. Complete with diagrams and charts.
From the Paper "Hard magnetic materials (permanent magnets) are suitable for use as media in recording and to fabricate magnetic MEMS devices because they can produce strong fields without having to apply a current to a coil; hence, they attracted more attentions in the electrical engineering recently [1-2]. Besides the hard ferrites and Nd2Fe14 B1, Cobalt or Cobalt-RE based magnets are mostly used hard magnetic materials. [1] Because of their good magnetic properties as well as their excellent mechanical properties. General speaking, Cobalt based hard magnetic materials can be fabricate by CVD or PVD such as RF sputtering, which will take pretty long time and cost much if one want to make relatively thick film that is around 20 mm or even thicker. Also, the fabrication of the film-type magnets on silicon wafers with CMOS integrated circuits has been considered as one of the most extremely difficult tasks due to the fabrication processing incompatibility between them [3]."
The development and use of magnetic levitation (maglev) propulsion systems in North America and around the world as an alternative mode of transportation.
Abstract With air travel and the highways becoming increasingly congested, the need for an efficient, fast and comfortable mode of alternative travel has been felt in many countries of the world. One of the possible solutions is the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System or high-speed trains called the Maglev train (short for magnetic levitation). The recent question mark over the safety of air travel and the fear of flying created among the general public by the events of 9/11 has renewed interest in the Maglev technology. This paper discusses how the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System works and briefly overviews its history of development. The different types of designs developed so far, the cost of developing such systems, and the potential for its expansion and use in transportation systems in the United States and all over the world is also discussed. The author uses photographs and plan drawings to illustrate points.
From the Paper "We all know that the opposite poles of a magnet attract while the like poles repel each other. This is the basic principle on which the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System works. In magnetic propulsion systems, powerful electromagnets are used. The three basic components of a maglev train system are: A large electrical power source, metal coils that line the track or guide-way, and large magnets attached to the underside of the train. There is no conventional engine in maglev trains. Instead, the force for propulsion is achieved by a combination of the magnetic fields created by the electrified coils in the tracks (called the guideways) and the guideway walls."
Tags: James, R., Powell, Gordon, T., Danby, Transrapid, Amtrak
Abstract This paper details the history, as well as the curriculum, of the McFadden Elementary School, near Nashville, TN. This particular school also provides a magnet program which is geared towards academic excellence, in addition to its standard curriculum program. The writer of this paper discusses the school's accelerated academic programs in the areas of reading, art, guidance, music and physical education. This paper also focuses on the academic benefits of this and other magnet programs. The benefit of this particular program is that it permits the students to go through the regular courses of study, while at the same time they obtain special experiences in the skills of written, oral and visual communications. This paper examines the school's goal of maintaining a high ratio of teachers to students. The writer delves into the various resources made available to this particular school. Each teacher at the McFadden school has an advanced multimedia center, as well as numerous computers stations available for the students. This paper also cites the results of an interview with an elementary school principal in California. This paper explores the difficulties in communication between parents and faculty, as detailed by the principal. This paper discusses the various problems facing the education system today, including the fact that schools are becoming more like businesses, where increasing efficiency is the top priority, above academic achievement.
From the Paper "The matters which parents have to find out from the students are regarding their friends, and the reason why these other children have developed into friends, and at the same time whether the child considers that he is also a good friend in turn. The next question to be considered is the values that are being taught by the family. This is difficult for many parents to talk to children as their parents keep changing their priorities every day. That is for the comparatively poor students whereas the rich students really do not know what is important for the family. This has to be known to the child. The third serious matter today is regarding the use of drugs, and they have to be restricted to only prescription drugs. Along with this is the use of tobacco as children often see adults smoking outside, but they have to be told that this is not good for them. This has to be clearly told to them. The other problem that the parents have to inform the children is regarding the development from a child to an adult, and this does not happen overnight."
Tags:magnet, education, accelerated, academics, politics, faculty, communication
Abstract This paper discusses the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Petrographic analysis, microscopy and radiography, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) in examining archeological remains. The author includes an application of these methods. Pictures and graphs are included.
From the Paper "There are many ways one can study archaeological materials. This paper will focus on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Petrographic analysis, microscopy and radiography, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). All are part of a process that helps to identify many materials, which in turn provide answers to parts of the past. They are all very useful tools for the examination of archaeological artifacts and many other things."
