Abstract This paper gives an historical analysis of James Madison and his Presidency, focusing on his commitment to the separation of church and state. This commitment influenced the decisions he made and the political ideology that he upheld. The paper traces Madison's political career and its interconnection with the birth of the US. Madison's famous treatise on separation of church and state entitled "The Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments," is analyzed. The paper concludes by reinforcing James Madison's commitment to the separation of church and state and the protection of individual liberty.
From the Paper " From the early days of the development of the British colonies into an independent nation, Madison was involved. As a student of history, government, and law, he took part in framing the Virginia Constitution in 1776 and held membership in the Virginia Assembly ("James Madison"). Madison served in the Continental Congress and engaged in frequent debates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia ("James Madison"). Together with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, Madison made a major contribution to ratifying the Constitution by writing the Federalist essays, which were in favor of the creation of a more powerful federal government to replace the ailing Confederation. The essays earned him the title of "Father of the Constitution," although he claimed the document was "the work of many heads and many hands" ("James Madison"). He also shared in framing the Bill of Rights and passing the first revenue legislation."
Abstract This paper explores the character of Esther Greenwood in Sylvia Plath's "Bell Jar". The paper focuses on Esther as a woman and discusses gender roles, their causes and their repercussions. The paper argues that Sylvia Plath speaks out in "Bell Jar"; publicizing the effects of society's maddening restrictions placed on women.
From the Paper "Through her narrative, Esther was continually at battle with the social definitions of women. However, she ultimately does not want to transgress the boundaries by being overtly sexual like Doreen nor does she desire to be the overly masculinized, independent career woman Jay Cee is."
Abstract This essay is about the life and times of Alexander Graham Bell. The author discusses his innovations and contributions to the progress of communication and global revolution.
From the Paper "Alexander Graham Bell lived in an era of rapid change. Change was occurring in every aspect of life including the economy, population, transportation, and communication. Even the people's needs and wants were changing. The era that he lived in was called the transportation and communication revolution. Bell is responsible for half of this revolution. His innovations in communication were of a global magnitude."
Abstract This essay discusses Ernest Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls" in terms of analyzing Robert Jordan's reasons for fighting in the Spanish Civil war. Several quotes are taken from the book to illustrate Jordan's motives.
Abstract This paper argues that James Madison's role in the creation of the U.S. federal government from the early Continental Congress to the Bill of Rights, including the Annapolis Convention, the Constitutional Convention, the Federalist papers and other contributions, was the most important among the Founding Fathers. The author contends that had it not been for the genius and foresight of James Madison, citizens would not enjoy the protection of several important civil liberties; indeed, without Madison's contributions, the country might not even exist as a sovereign republic today. The paper relates that Madison's constitutional vision of limited government set the base for the American liberty.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Madison's Role at the Annapolis Convention and Continental Congress
Madison's Contributions to the Bill of Rights
Madison and "The Federalist"
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to one biographer, James Madison was "A giant in intellect, who convinced the squabbling states to send representatives to Philadelphia over 200 years ago to 'form a more perfect union.' For the Constitutional Convention, he prepared a scheme of national government untried in the world." This "untried scheme" was necessary because, on the national level, the Articles of Confederation had made the single-branched Continental Congress responsible for conducting the war, for administering foreign relations, and for handling other matters of national concern; however, they had not entrusted the Congress with the power to tax and provided no power to enforce its decisions. "In other words," McDonald notes, "compliance with its decisions was to be voluntary.""
Abstract This paper explains that Jack Rakove's "James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic" covers all stages of Madison's life including his early life and career, his efforts in the constitutional convention, his contributions to shape the new nation and his performance as Secretary of State and as President of the United States. The author points out that Rakove described young Madison as always interested in gaining knowledge despite being sickly as a child and as a young man. The paper relates that the chief set of ideas that Madison brought to the framing of the Constitution was the Virginia Plan, which replaced the existing unicameral congress with a national government of three independent branches. The author comments that Rakove shows how Madison and Thomas Jefferson worked closely together to smoothly run the progression of the new country
From the Paper "James Madison was born on March 16, 1751 in Virginia to James and Nelly Madison. His father was a wealthy slave owner that ran a tobacco plantation. He was the oldest of 11 children but only six of his siblings lived to adulthood. "By early teens, Madison was acquiring the intellectual earnestness that marked him ever after" When he was eleven years old he began attending a local school run by Donald Robertson, which was rare because schools in the area where he grew up were scarce.... Because of his intense desire to learn and his eagerness to study, his teachers and parents decided in 1769 to send him to the College of New Jersey, which later became Princeton University."
Tags: intellectual, convention, virginia, representation, jefferson
Abstract This paper looks at the views of Marx and Madison on class struggle. The ideologies of both Marx and Madison are compared. It is shown that while Marx looked to socialism as a result and solution to the class struggle, Madison looked to establish a structure to minimize the effect of the differences, and in which capitalism could co-exist with representative government.
From the Paper "Marx wrote that the history of all existing societies is the history of class struggle. Using this statement as a basis for his theoretical model, he argued that historical change was in large measure due to the forces of people acting to gain, protect or protest their relative social and material status. If everything is material and humans create social life in response to economic need, then aspects of human society are primarily based on economic structure, classes are determined by their relationship to that structure, and events can be seen as the outcome of the interaction of those classes. From the moment humans were able to produce more than was needed for mere subsistence, there was a struggle over who was to control the surplus and the means of production."
This paper discusses James Madison's beliefs as expressed in "The Federalist Paper Number 10", which helped persuade people into ratifying the proposed U.S. Constitution.
Abstract This paper discusses that, in "The Federalist Paper Number 10", Madison responded to critics who had argued that the United States had too many "factions," to be ruled democratically by a single government. The author states that Madison believed that factions posed a problem to a democratic form of government but had a positive role to play. The paper concludes that James Madison's ideas and arguments in "The Federalist Paper Number 10" remain the foundations of pluralistic democracy.
From the Paper "Madison acknowledged the importance of factions in the opening paragraph, stating that, "Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction" . In prescribing how to rule and control the effects of factions, Madison detailed their relationships with other important concepts, such as liberty and property, and asserted his belief that factions were both the underlying basis of, and the fundamental problem in, politics."
Abstract The paper discusses the differing philosophies of John Locke and James Madison. The paper details how Locke suggests a "social contract" which would bind people together in order to secure their individual rights and the protection of their property. The paper further examines how Madison, in his argument for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, argued that a democracy where all people had a say in government could actually lead to the denial of rights to part of the group - the minority. The paper concludes that if all men were moral, then Locke's system would be the perfect form of government. Unfortunately this is not the case, and so Madison's argument for divided government is preferable, because it protects minorities from ambitious factions.
From the Paper "In his famous Second Treatise of Government, John Locke delineates why government is necessary, why people should consent to it, and what they can expect from it. The natural state of freedom into which all men are born is paradoxical because, in that state, all other men are free as well. The attainments of property are useless if a person cannot protect himself and his wealth. For economic and political reasons, Locke suggests people give up some freedom in order to gain freedom from being abused by other free people."
Abstract The paper reviews a series of letters written by James Madison to other delegates at the Constitutional Convention, in order to determine who the major players were in the debate about the amendments and what their respective interests were. The paper discusses the discernible relative power and wealth of these individuals and the intended audience for these primary sources and analyzes how these sources could be used by a modern historian to write a historical essay. The paper shows how James Madison was indeed responsible for crafting the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, although he did so somewhat reluctantly. The paper discusses how Madison realized that the support of the people was an absolutely essential ingredient in ensuring the survival of the new country and its form of government.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Founding Fathers were faced with a number of important issues as they debated the form and content of the Constitution then under consideration, not the least of which was ensuring that their own individual interests would be addressed in the new country. The Constitution that emerged from this debate was not entirely satisfactory to all of the convention delegates as it related to individual liberties, though, and a series of amendments was proposed for this purpose that has become known as the Bill of Rights today. The author of the first ten Amendments to the Constitution was James Madison, but his reasons for advocating these civil liberties were substantially different than many modern observers might believe."
Tags: Founding, Fathers, liberties, freedom, Washington
Abstract This paper takes a look at the life and career of James Madison, the 4th President of the USA. According to the paper, Madison is known as the 'Father of the Constitution'. The paper further discusses how Madison was one of the first thinkers in colonial America who understood why church and state must be separated.
From the Paper "During August 1789, Congress deliberated on what would become the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Madison's first draft read, "The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be established, nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner, or on any pretext, infringed" (Boston). His proposal was sent for consideration to a committee, which eventually settled on language reading, "Congress shall make no law establishing articles of faith or a mode of worship, or prohibiting the free exercise of religion" (Boston). However, the House of Representatives rejected this version, and so a joint Senate-House committee, which included Madison, met and agreed to the language we know today, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" (Boston). "
Tags: congress, First, Amendment, washington, jefferson, bill, freedom, religious, rights
Abstract This paper discusses the work of the physicist John Bell, who's great recognized achievement occurred during the 1960s when he brought new life into the foundations of quantum theory. It examines how Bell demonstrated that discussion of such concepts as 'realism', 'determinism' and 'locality' could be formed into a rigorous mathematical statement, 'Bell's Theorem?, which is capable of experimental test. It looks at how his work has become a point of interest for scientists throughout the world who have found applications not only in quantum theory, but in investigations of the physical universe as well and how current applications of Bell's Inequality have been found in the development of quantum computing and quantum cryptography.
From the Paper "Quantum mechanics, however, fails to satisfy Bell's Inequality. He predicts correlations that cross over boundaries that are delineated by the structure of that inequality. Quantum mechanics predicts "odd" correlations that seem to defy a common, classical conception of reality, and in fact it is for basically this type of reason that Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen argued in 1935 that it was incomplete. The formulation of Bell's Inequality, however, allowed the possibility for determining, through experiment, which was right: quantum mechanics or a local reality theory of the sort Einstein postulated, because it stated what must be the case in our experiments if a locally real theory is correct."
Abstract This paper explains that, in Poe's poem, ?The Bells?, each stanza represents a phase of life, moving from the happy moments at birth and ending with the melancholy moments of death. The author points out that, in the first stanza of the poem, the bells the poet describes are silver bells that deliver a merry melody; in the second stanza, the mellow wedding bells ring in delight, foretelling a "world of happiness". The paper relates that, in the third stanza, the images become darker and less pleasant, sounding like a "tale of terror"; in the fourth stanza, the poet reveals that the bells, transformed from silver and gold to a rusty iron, are tolling.
From the Paper "This image is one of peace and calm. We can almost see the golden notes floating through the night air with the turtle-dove listening peacefully under the bright moon. The images of the bells swinging, ringing, rhyming, and chiming are positive and filled with energy. Because the poet makes a point of mentioning wedding bells, we can assume that this segment of the poem represents the next stage in life, which is marriage. Because the ringing bells swell and dwell "on the future" (29), we are left with a feeling of hope for the future."
Abstract This paper discusses James Madison's "Federalist 10 Paper" and its effects on American government. Distinctions are made between the concepts of "republicanism" and "democracy," and what they implied for the creation of an American legislative system. The author finds discrepancies between what is implied and what is stated in this Madison work.
From the Paper "In James Madison's essay, the Federalist 10 paper, Madison articulates his hesitations about popular rule, or more accurately, ?pure democracy,? and the pernicious "faction" that might result from it. To obviate the destructive forces of faction that are implicit in ?pure democracy,? he offers instead a "republican" form of government. In this arguably elitist document, Madison cites the two methods of ?curing the mischiefs of faction,? by either "removing its causes" or ?controlling its effects.
Abstract This paper is a review of the book "The Bridges of Madison County" by Robert James Waller. The writer points out that "The Bridges of Madison County" is this author's first novel and is a love story of a photographer and a farmer's wife. The paper begins with an overview of the main characters and the basic storyline of the book.
From the Paper "Bridges of Madison County is a romantic classic of the 1990s? based on a romance between a photographer and a farmer's wife who happen to come into each other's life and experience a passion and love which lasts with them forever. 52 year old divorcee Robert Kincaid travels to Iowa's Madison County to photograph the seven covered bridges for National Geographic. Once there, he asks directions to the home of Francesca Johnson, who at that time is alone at home while her husband and two children are visiting the Illinois State Fair. Thus begins a narrative of a profound love story between Francesa and Robert, an experience which would haunt them forever."
