From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the life and career of Francisco I. Madero (1873-1913), a liberal politician who is credited with beginning the Mexican Revolution. He served briefly as President of the Republic of Mexico, until he himself was overthrown and executed by revolutionaries.

Prior to the Mexican Revolution, Mexico was under the rule of Porfirio Diaz, a dictator who controlled the country from 1876 to 1880, and again from 1884 to 1911. Diaz severely limited the freedoms of the Mexican people by such tactics as suppressing free speech and appointing his own men to all important positions in the government, which made any elections by the public essentially meaningless. Although he was born a mestizo, Diaz had no loyalty to the masses, and in fact:

. . . he formed an alliance with the landlords and clergy, ... "

Abstract
The paper discusses how the San Francisco Bay began forming 3-4 million years ago with the creation of the North American and Pacific tectonic plates (Elder, 2001, sec. 2). The paper explains that these plates, known as "transform plates" resulted in the San Andreas Fault, which consistently shifts, leading to earthquakes in the area Elder, 2001, sec. 2) and the mountains surrounding the bay were formed through the "build up of pressure" caused by the motion of the plates. The paper also explains that in contrast to the mountain formation, the shifting of the plates then led to a downward sloping of the land, which resulted in valleys and the bay itself (Elder, 2001, sec. 2), however, water in the bay did not begin to occur until much later in time.

From the Paper
"The San Francisco Bay began forming 3-4 million years ago with the creation of the North American and Pacific tectonic plates (Elder, 2001, sec. 2). These plates, known as "transform plates" resulted in the San Andreas Fault, which consistently shifts, leading to earthquakes in the area Elder, 2001, sec. 2). The mountains surrounding the bay were formed through the "build up of pressure" caused by the motion of the plates. In contrast to the mountain formation, the shifting of the plates then led to a downward sloping of the land, which resulted in valleys and the bay itself (Elder, 2001, sec. 2). However, water in the bay did not begin to..."

Tags:geology, san, francisco

Abstract
This paper examines the history of San Francisco as presented in "Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin" by Gran Brechin. It reviews how Brechin discusses the impact the California Gold Rush, San Francisco's elite and powerful, the control of water sources and the shipbuilding industry had on the development of San Francisco.

From the Paper
"Brechin's book, "Imperial San Francisco" is a compelling history of the "City by the Bay," which pulls no punches in San Francisco's rise from sleepy bayside community to one of the most powerful cities in the world. From the preface, where he compares the imperial cities of old and their contados, areas surrounding the city that the city dominates and contribute to the city's well-being and growth, to the last chapter, where he illustrates modern power development in the Bay Area through her educational facilities, Brechin paints a complete and convincing picture of San Francisco's roots and development."

Tags:city, bay, bayside, community, william, randolph, hearst, john, hays, hammond, william, ralston

Abstract
The paper explains Brechin's ideas in "Imperial San Francisco" on how the San Francisco elite justify their dominance of the locality. The paper provides an analysis of each chapter of the book, and offers a personal reaction to it as well. The writer of this paper agrees that wealthy elites still wield all kinds of power and large cities like San Francisco are "imperial" entities, with the elites in charge.

Outline:
Preface and Introduction
Chapter One: The Pyramid of Mining
Chapter Two: Water Mains and Bloodlines
Chapter Three: The Scott Brothers: Arms and the Overland Monthly
Chapter Four: The De Young's: Society Invents Itself
Chapter Five: The Hearst's: Racial Supremacy
Chapter Six: Towards Limitless Energy
Chapter Seven: The University, the Gate, and "the Gadget."

From the Paper
"Brechin's thesis regarding urban development is that it is like a Maelstrom that destroys everything around it as it grows, and that it has extreme negative environmental impact on the world. The "contado" is an Italian term referring to the "territory that the city could militarily dominate and thus draw upon" (Brechin xxiii). This is the surrounding area that feeds into the city, and gives it people, food, taxes, and other resources, literally, what gives the city life. The "contadini" live in the "contado" and help support the foundations of the city. The author notes that "contado" has no literal translation, but that it does give rise to other words such as country and countryside (Brechin xxv)."

Tags:mining, power, control, De, Youngs, Scotts, Hearsts

Abstract
This paper describes the Mission San Francisco de Asis or Mission Dolores, located at nearly the geographic center of what is now San Francisco. The paper relates that the Mission is one of 21 of the original Spanish Missions constructed to foster Spanish control over the region and it is the oldest intact nave structure in California and the oldest building in San Francisco, having survived the 1906 earthquake. The paper also points out that this location is said to be the original site of a Native0American village of the Ohlone Nation called Chutchui. Additionally, the paper describes the rich fusion of Spanish, Mexican and American history surrounding this mission. Two photographs are included with the paper.

From the Paper
"The cemetery has never been desecrated but has had regional periodical re-internment and moving of bodies for various city projects. The rich history of some of those interred is of course limited to the white, as this was what was of interest to the people in the 19th century, when many of the local interest stories about the cemetery became popular. Famous governors of California and renegades of the region are buried there in addition to the Native burials and the friars of the Franciscan order who toiled and died there."

Tags:franciscan ohlone mystery art, roman basilica

Abstract
This paper provides an account of the history of San Francisco, including the origins of the city, immigration, economy, the earthquake of 1906, changes in workforce and work-related laws, physical growth, beatniks, the Hippie movement, and more. The paper explains that, despite its rich history and diversity, San Francisco was not immune to racial tensions, which centered on Chinese immigrants. The paper continues that this constantly evolving society embraced the information age in the 1990's, and is now at the head of the pack, researching green living technology and developing stem cell research. The paper concludes that San Francisco, which stands out as an example of universal acceptance. has survived natural disasters, wars, and a variety of other issues, and in each situation, it managed to learn from the experience and continue to grow.

From the Paper
"The strike of 1934, which resulted in violence, sent the capitalists reeling because they were faced with giving into the demands of the working class, or risk losing control of everything. The capitalist responded to this by slowly working to intentional circumvent the labor unions. San Francisco regionalized the economy, which put the control back in their hands (Brooks, Carlsson, & Peters 1998). San Francisco stopped relying on heavy industries organized under labor unions. They transferred their economy to one that relied on tourism, restaurants, entertainment, art, etc., which needed only low-paid, non-union workers (Brooks, Carlsson, & Peters 1998). The model San Francisco created spread like wild fire across the country. Cities and region are now depending on region resources to create their local economy, while the industrial and manufactured business is done overseas where the Capitalist don't have to contend with unions."

Tags:immigration, Chinese, labor, law

Abstract
In this article the writer examines unemployment, one of the major problems in the United States. The writer notes that a growth in unemployment rates has been experienced in San Francisco. The writer also points out that citizens have been leaving San Francisco due to the reduction in employment availability. The writer explains that over the past several years there has been a growing concern within the San Francisco Bay Area that the city is unable to maintain jobs for all citizens, and that the only job growth that has been evident is within the upper classes of the city.

From the Paper
"One of the greatest national concerns within the United States today is the unemployment rates that plague society. Furthermore, many within politics and business have begun to notice a shift in the areas of employment that have previously been flourishing for American citizens. San Francisco has, within the last few years, begun to experience a slow growth rate in many industries, with a great migration out of the city because of employment availability. Researchers have studied this phenomenon with a variety of insights, and it is evident that San Francisco is experiencing a higher job loss rate than the national average."

Tags:sanfrancisco, vancouver, employment

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the life of Francisco de Vitoria. According to the paper, Francisco de Vitoria was extremely influential in the Catholic Church as a jurist and for his "just war theory," which questioned the inhumane treatment of natives in North and South America after Columbus' discovery of the New World. The paper reports that as an educator, philosopher, and theologian, Francisco de Vitoria is known as the "father of international and natural law".

From the Paper
"While Vitoria's ideas did not always match Catholic philosophy, he consistently remained in favor with the Popes in power. They often asked for his guidance and ideas on thorny topics, from suicide to law governing the conquest of foreign lands. His biographer and translator, John P. Doyle notes, "Indeed, his favor with the emperor was an important factor in the positive reception of that condemnation and the adoption in 1542 of 'The New Laws of the Indies,' which has been called the 'most Christian code ever promulgated in a colonial situation'" (Doyle 13). Thus, while sometimes his theories did not match those of the Church, he still gained the respect and admiration of Church leaders, so much so that he was often consulted in theological and spiritual matters. In fact, Emperor Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556 asked Vitoria to represent Spain at the Council of Trent that had been commissioned by Pope Paul VI in 1545. However, Vitoria could not attend the momentous Council, as he was in very poor health and died the following year."

Tags:Spanish, Jewish, Catholic, Church, Dominican, Aquinas, pope, Conquistadors, indians, law, Old, Castile

Abstract
This paper examines the San Francisco Renaissance, which arose from the West Coast Bohemianism, in comparison to the New York School and the Black Mountain School. It shows how the San Francisco Renaissance was particularly important because it not only represented the collected works of geographically limited poets, but also served as a center from which ideas were exchanged and brought to life. It also discusses how one would be hard pressed to firmly separate any of the important beat poets from the San Francisco Renaissance, such as Robert Duncan and Robert Creeley.

From the Paper
"The first reading for the San Francisco Renaissance featured poetry by Kenneth Rexroth, Jack Spicer, and Robert Duncan. The latter would shortly serve as a teacher at the Black Mountain College, working with fellow San Franciscan Robert Creelet to forge strong links between the two schools. (Wikipedia, "San Francisco...") Yet despite this early reading, and similar such displays of avant- garde work, the true emergence of the San Francisco Renaissance was linked to a reading at a much later date. In October of 1955, at the Six Gallery, influential San Francisco poets Mike McClure, Gary Snyder, and Phil Whalen were joined by newcomer Allen Ginsberg (and Lamantia reading the work of a deceased poet)."

Tags:robert, duncan, creeley, black, mountain

Abstract
This paper examines how the world has changed from an agricultural hub to a massive technological center and how little attention has been paid to the long-term costs of this transformation. In particular it looks at San Francisco, which has grown rapidly in merely 150 years and turned from almost a non-extent entity into a major city of the United States. It analyzes how the process of its growth has literally killed its neighboring areas by re-directing water supply and extracting minerals and other resources to feed the businesses of city financiers, corporate heads and other major wealthy elite and how its constant hunger for more development and growth has completely ruined its own landscape and stripped its surrounding areas of their natural wealth. It examines how the core of San Francisco's rising costs of maintenance reside diminishing corporate ethics and rapidly increasing lobbies serving the interests of large multinationals.

From the Paper
"Brechin reminds us that at the core of San Francisco's rising costs of maintenance reside diminishing corporate ethics and rapidly increasing lobbies serving the interests of large multinationals. Western Urban Water Coalition for example is a conglomeration of 21 water supply agencies that snatch water away from farmers to meet the growing demand of 35 million city dwellers in California. Apart from more water, this increasing population needs numerous other things including public funded education and other essential amenities."

Tags:maintenance, landscape, development, growth