Abstract
The paper illustrates how Lodovico defines the immorality and cruelty in Othello's behaviors that will eventually end in his tragic death. The paper explains that Lodovico as a marginal character is written into the play by Shakespeare to help the reader realize the gravity of Othello's actions and the inevitable tragedy that surrounds the deceptions of Iago.

From the Paper
"Lodovico's role as moral commentator on Othello's behaviors brings insights into the tragedy of the play, which many of the other characters are too self-involved to perceive. In latter parts of the play, Othello's increasingly violent behaviors are clearly noticed when he strikes Desdemona: "Is this the noble Moor whom our full Senate/Call all in all sufficient?" (IV, i., ll.2712-2713). This increasingly potent sense of volatility on the part of Othello is clearly defined by Lodovico, who can see the immorality of this action against a woman. Shakespeare portrays Lodovico as a moral gauge that allows the audience to realize the effects of Othello's behavior through an external source (Bloom 45)."

Tags:immorality, cruelty, tragedy, behavior, ethics

Abstract
The paper discusses how a moral agent is an entity who generally qualifies as an active or passive agent open to responsibility ascriptions and possesses the general capacity to evaluate reasons for acting and the capacity to experience benefit/detriment. This raises the question of whether a moral agent must have the capability of understanding abstract moral principles in order to apply them in making decisions. The paper argues that the answer is affirmative, for moral agency requires the possession of moral principles and values, memory, self-consciousness, and the faculty of reasoning. The paper asserts that these attributes and capabilities are relevant in that they enable a moral agent to examine alternatives, and then identify and apply the means of achieving their objectives.

From the Paper
"A moral agent is an entity who generally qualifies as an active or passive agent open to responsibility ascriptions, and who possesses the general capacity to evaluate reasons for acting and the capacity to experience benefit/detriment. This raises the question of whether a moral agent must have the capability of understanding abstract moral principles in order to apply them in making decisions. The answer is affirmative, for moral agency requires the possession of moral principles and values, memory,..."

Tags:moral, acts, analysis

Abstract
This essay discusses the role that the emotions play in human understanding and conduct. It starts by pointing out that the British tradition of empirical scepticism does not preclude moral objectivity, and that Hume in particular lays much stress on the emotions as guiding towards moral truths. The writer then describes the moral subjectivism of the logical positivists and there efforts to dismiss the emotions as insignificant states of mind. Against this strain the essay presents the arguments of various realists and quasi-realists. Wiggins is shown to argue that moral judgments can be both subjective and objective at the same time, and where the emotions play the role of guiding the subjective impressions towards objectivity. Blackburn is shown to guide this line of reasoning towards practical and moral life, where the latter is shown to be the sublimation of the former, and is filtered through the emotions. Finally, Oakley is shown to describe the emotions in terms of strengthening of purpose. The conclusion drawn that morality is not a mere state of mind but describes the impulse to activity, which is also the embodiment of objectivity, and the emotions play a crucial role in guiding towards truth.

From the Paper
"In the British tradition of empirical scepticism, all knowledge is derived from the senses, and is thus subject to relativism. The four great sceptics in this tradition are Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume. Yet in none of their cases does material scepticism lead to moral scepticism. Hobbes was staunchly conservative; Locke advanced a theory of the natural rights of man; Berkeley was confident that all objective truth was in the mind of God, and Hume proposed a ``science of man''. The recent debate surrounds the question as to what extent moral perceptions are objective. The realists hold that they are purely objective, while the anti-realists argue for pure subjectivity. The quasi-realists fall somewhere in between. Simon Blackburn, a proponent of quasi-realism, insists on the subjectivity of moral perceptions, yet believes that rational accounts can be given for such perceptions. Wiggins, on the other hand, does not see why there should be an either/or option."

Tags:states, of, mind, moral, subjectivism, non-cognitivism, morality, realism

Abstract
Paper begins in two excerpts from works of John Mackie who rejected moral facts and instructed reader to see the error of queerness, as compared to the moral realism of Peter Railton, a consequentialist to point out that moral facts need not exist, of course, but with other kinds of facts there can be moral responses to situations to produce more moral outcomes. NB Mackie's rejection of 'free will' in his day, a value held up as a virtual fact when a mere theme that did not have to be right or good in the least.

From the Paper
Analysis of Louise Halfe's "Body Politics" This essay will critically analyze the poem, "Body Politics," by Canadian First Nations poet Louise Halfe. The thesis will be argued that in this work Halfe reconfigures the contemporary feminist preoccupation with body politics within a framework of aboriginal identity. In particular, it will be shown how Halfe employs imagery of nature - through the poetic avatar of an urban Indian woman - to critique the predominant, and implicitly unnatural, paradigm of feminine beauty in our urban civilization. In the process, as will be seen, the poem fashions the paradigm of a First Nations feminine self whose body imagery is defined by natural realities.

Tags:j mackie, p railton, moral fact/realism

Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a cornerstone of our understanding of moral development. The writer notes that in the tradition of Piaget, Kohlberg proposed that children form their ways of thinking--including their moral reasoning--through their experiences during development. Thus, the writer relates that moral development and reasoning is a function of the usual childhood development and lies well within the realm of psychology. The writer concludes that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a strong extension of work already conducted by Jean Piaget on the developmental process. However, the writer claims that it is severely limited in its applicability as Kohlberg imagines incorrectly it can function as a universal guide for moral reasoning.

From the Paper
"Kohlberg's theory of moral development is built on a foundation of Jean Piaget's own work on the question of moral judgment and development. Piaget's work on the subject divided moral judgment into two stages of development, with a stark division in ways of thinking between children aged more or less than ten or eleven. Younger children, Piaget argued, view morality and rules as fixed and absolute, while older children treat moral issues in more relativistic terms based on individual circumstances. Piaget found that a number of related changes occur at about the same time, when children are roughly ten or eleven. In addition to above mentioned change, when children pass this milestone they also shift from a focus on consequences to a focus on intentions. For a young child, the end result of a decision is the basis for the child's evaluation of the decision as moral or not. An older child will consider the intention of the act before making any strict judgments. Piaget's two stages of moral development are, however, quite limited and do not consider potential changes in moral reasoning that might occur as individuals pass other developmental milestones. Kohlberg recognized this deficiency and extended Piaget's work to develop a greater number of stages in moral reasoning. He argued for a more gradual, longer process of moral development that involved six distinct stages divided into three discrete levels of development. This extension of Piaget's work has been one of Kohlberg's greatest contributions to the study of moral development."

Tags:Piaget, moral, development, reasoning

Abstract
Moral development is part of the process of acculturation that takes place in the raising of a child, though the degree of moral development achieved can vary greatly. As is noted by Hannah and Sweeney, the nature and extent of the moral development of troops may vary greatly and may require added and more focused training, especially for the officer corps that then needs to impart this same training to the troops.

From the Paper
Moral development is part of the process of acculturation that takes place in the raising of a child, though the degree of moral development achieved can vary greatly. As is noted by Hannah and Sweeney ( ), the nature and extent of the moral development of troops may vary greatly and may require added and more focused training, especially for the officer corps that then needs to impart this same training to the troops. Hannah and Sweeney note that morals refer to "the shared beliefs and practices of a people" (p. 129), and moral development would thus normally be addressed in the acculturation process of childhood as the child learns these beliefs and practices. The authors cite the West Point experience as a continuation of

Tags:moral, development, military

Abstract
The paper relates that the development of moral reasoning has been examined by many theorists who want to show how human beings came to have moral reasoning and how they exercise it. The paper discusses how one of the leading theorists of the last century was Lawrence Kohlberg, who viewed moral development as a progressive matter with a series of stages showing how moral thought develops in the individual.

From the Paper
"The development of moral reasoning has been examined by many theorists who want to show how human beings came to have moral reasoning and how they exercise it. One of the leading theorists of the last century was Lawrence Kohlberg, who viewed moral development as a progressive matter with a series of stages showing how moral thought develops in the individual. In this regard, he took a similar route to Piaget, who saw intelligence as developing in a series of stages, or Erikson, who saw the life cycle as a series of stages. Kohlberg was not accepted by all, and some other theorists believed that he was concentrating too narrowly on one type of moral thinking to the exclusion of others."

Tags:kohlberg, moral, development

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the moral evolution of Dora in 'The Bell' by Iris Murdoch, from a flighty soubrette to a person with looming moral sense. The writer discusses the moral action involved in Dora's behavior on her first train ride to Imber. The writer looks at her two moral dilemmas in detail and explains what they show about Dora's character.

From the Paper
"Murdoch's philosophy is concerned with moral consciousness moral activity as mental activity as individuals decide upon a course of moral action. Write a paper discussing how Dora's behavior on her first train ride to Imber exemplifies Murdoch's point. Discuss her two moral dilemmas in detail and explain why they both demonstrate Murdoch's position and what they show about Dora's character. Do you agree with Murdoch or with Socrates? Are Dora's actions virtuous or are they something else? Be sure to discuss how Dora is different in chapter as compared ..."

Tags:moral consciousness, virtue, character transformation, recollection

Abstract
This paper analyzes the moral freedom of the individual in "L'Ingenu" by Voltaire. It looks at how the central character Ingenu (the Ingenuous One or The Huron) is often described by Voltaire as the "noble savage", ultimately representing a far more noble morality in relation to the 'civilized' Europeans in the story. It examines how Voltaire uses the outwardly barbaric nature of a Native American to define the relativity of moral values, which reflect the objective diversity of moral tenets outside of French moral absolutism.

From the Paper
"The subjectivity of moral values in Voltaire's novella L'Ingenu is revealed through his main character, the Huron. Although the Huron appears to be a representative of the "barbaric" Native American culture, he is actually being represented as an alternate source of morality outside of Voltaire's own culture. Of course, the Huron meets many upper class elites from French society, and they define him as being the "noble savage" or a tribesperson below their civilized station. The French view of the Huron Indians is often deemed unworthy of the refinement that French society represents in the world through Voltaire's narrative. "

Tags:moral, absolutism, Huron

Abstract
This paper examines Jan Narveson's position on moral relativism and comes to the conclusion that it is a confused one. The paper reproduces his argument against both subjectivism and moral relativism, taking particular note of how he tacitly posits the existence of a transcendental moral absolute in order to reach his conclusions. The paper suggests that Narveson's analysis is sound, but his position regarding moral absolutism remains obscure.

From the Paper
" Narveson believes that subjectivism and moral relativism only apply to individuals in isolation, and becomes meaningless when people begin to interact with each other. He analyses how human interaction and the necessity for corporation introduces the possibility of a common morality. Narveson's analysis is sound, but his position regarding moral absolutism remains obscure. He seems to suggest that there is a moral absolute, because the problems of human society are always potentially solvable, and the solution necessarily refers to the moral absolute, i.e. the transcendent good. But he also makes it clear that he does not believe in a transcendent good, and that he is only concerned with practical issues, and this makes his philosophy a confused one.
Subjectivism in moral matters holds that moral statements express only subjective attitudes or moods. The implication is that they are not properly reasoned towards, and neither are they subject to logical analysis. According to this stance morality is of little consequence, and it cannot be distinguished from taste. Moral relativism, on the other hand, does not dismiss morality as lightly.

Tags:Subjectivism, moral, absolute, justice, logic, transcendental, good