Abstract
This literature review begins with Leininger who as the founder of trans-cultural nursing provides an overview and brief history of the theory. The articles provide varying perspectives on trans-cultural nursing care from the contexts of potential child abuse and neglect, end of life care, use of the theory in health care administration in the Third World, and the need for this theory to be ethically and professionally protected. The paper discusses Mitchell and Gale who provide very insightful criticisms of the theory.

From the Paper
"Literature Review: Trans-cultural Nursing Care This literature review begins with Leininger (2001) who, as the founder of trans-cultural nursing, provides an overview and brief history of the theory. The articles provide varying perspectives on trans-cultural nursing care from the contexts of potential child abuse and neglect, end-of-life care, use of the theory in health care administration, in the Third World, and the need for this theory to be ethically and professionally protected. Mitchell and Gale (2002) provide very insightful criticisms of the theory. Their criticisms lead to a valuable thesis that trans-cultural nursing care cannot stand alone, and some other structure is needed for social justice."

Tags: literature, review, nursing

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the influences of cultural variations on childhood development, by looking closer at the research that already exists on the topic. It holds that existing literature does not pay enough attention to the impact of culture, especially regarding the parent-child relationship, on developmental psychology. While the role of parenting has been long recognized as an important component in development, this recognition has existed mostly devoid of cultural context. The paper argues that culture does have an influence on development, and will consequently have an influence on any planned intervention strategy. The paper concludes that what is critically needed is further research into the subject to demonstrate statistically viable methods for conducting important therapies and interventions in different cultural settings that are backed by legitimate theory and research.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review and Analysis
Current Limitations of Family Therapy Theory
Importance of Cultural Context
Emerging Picture of Culture's Effects
Conclusion

From the Paper
"On a theoretical level, developmental psychologists and theorists have been plagued by the same impulses that beset researchers in most disciplines: the desire to devise a single, all-encompassing theory. What dedicated researcher doesn't dream of a single theory that can provide all of the answers for all of the questions that have been (and will be) asked? This impulse has led to the creation of many theories, such as attachment theory, that strive toward a grand theory of development. But attachment theory has been exaggerated in its usefulness to explain actual instances of childhood development. Lamb (2005) concludes that development is much too complex, owing largely to the complicating effects of culture, to be easily reduced to a single theoretical approach. Contrary to the tenets of attachment theory, empirical data has consistently shown that there is more to development than just the parent-child relationship (though, admittedly, this is an important component)."

Tags: developmental, psychology, parenting, child-rearing, care, family, therapy

Abstract
This paper is a short literature review of tertiary educational systems around the world. The paper discusses promotion of this system, along with a number of other challenges the system is facing, including identifying how best to accommodate the increasing number of students, how to mobilize staff and resources, how to develop relevant curricula and teaching procedures, as well as how to remain competitive during a period of skyrocketing costs.

From the Paper
"There are some important constraints and considerations that must be taken into account in developing appropriate promotional plans for tertiary educational institutions in order to ensure their effectiveness, though. For instance, depending on the geographic setting, a promotional plan for a tertiary educational institution could highlight the additional and more lucrative employment opportunities afforded to graduates. For instance, Shavit, Muller and Tame (1998) maintain that the linking of educational qualifications and occupational achievement is the weakest in less stratified and standardized social systems. According to these authors, 'In Ireland -- a weakly stratified system -- employers rely on success in school because this is tested according to nationally standardized procedures, and thus workers' credentials represent their respective rank in the job queue' (p. 7)."

Tags: literature review, constraints challenges identifying resources growth

Abstract
The paper explains how the literature review is an important part of any study. The paper discusses how it offers a background of the issue and provides an understanding of what other researchers have found regarding that issue. The paper looks at the process followed to conduct a literature review and explores the difficulties in identifying sources. The paper relates that information collected by means of the literature review can generally be thought of as reliable and valid.

Outline:
Purpose of the Literature Review
Process Followed to Conduct a Literature Review
Identification of Sources
Evaluation of Reliability of Sources

From the Paper
"New discoveries can lead to a re-examination of literature that has already been written on the topic and having the background knowledge of what others have found regarding the same issue can help steer the researcher toward the questions that should be asked and answered and/or the hypotheses that will be dealt with. Even if the researcher chooses to look at something new, there will undoubtedly be part of the literature review that will allow the researcher to have some background of at least part of the issue in question or similar issues that must be addressed, thus furthering the understanding of the researcher and the understanding of those that look at the subject in the future (Reed, 1998)."

Tags: researcher, knowledge, information, sources

Abstract
This literature review will examine five scholarly articles focusing on the topic of the determinants of academic success in Asian and other visible minority children. The primary subjects in each studies are children of Asian ethnicity, with children of other ethnic backgrounds selected as controls or comparisons. The five articles were chosen from the existing body of literature on the basis of a brief review which noted points of similarity and contrast in each.

Tags: EDUCATION / EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, success minority children

Abstract
This paper describes the major impairment areas of autism, and the symptoms of each. It then evaluates the effectiveness of treatments used in treating autism in general, through a literature review of 15 different source materials.
Outline
Characteristics of Autism
Impairments
Diagnosis of Autism
Etiology of Autism
Psychodynamic Explanations
Candida Infection
MMR Vaccination
Current Scientific Findings
Treatments for Autism: Questionable Theories
Sensory-Motor Therapies
Psychotherapies
Biological Treatments
Promising Treatments for Autism
Applied Behavior Analysis
Pharmacotherapy
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Auditory Integration Training (AIT) involves listening to filtered, modulated music that presents sounds of differing pitches and volumes. AIT is typically administered in two daily half an hour sessions for a ten day period. The theory is that a major factor in the behavioral problems with individuals with autism is that they have hypersensitive hearing. The idea is that the individual adjusts to the sounds he or she hears in therapy so they become more 'normal.' Arguers for AIT claim that the benefits include improved comprehension, memory, eye contact, appropriate social behavior, willingness to interact with others, and responsibility in school (Berard, 1993)."

Tags: autism, disorder, hot, interesting, literature, review, treatment

Abstract
This paper provides a literature review using five articles on the issue of brand management as it relates to the hotel industry in Japan. It also looks at factors that influence the decision making process.

From the Paper
"Companies who have international operations need to take into account the decision making process of consumers in the foreign markets. While this is an underlying assumption of all international marketing .."

Tags: literature review, brand management, hotel industry, hospitality industry, japan

Abstract
This paper provides a thorough analysis of flexible work arrangements that will integrate other aspects of organizational development and human resource management so that the benefits and challenges of the process can be reviewed. The paper provides an analysis of the current literature involving flexible work arrangements within an organizational setting. Also, the paper demonstrates methodology by outlining a case study for an organization that has implemented the flexible work schedule and thoroughly outlined the issues or elements that have affected the operations of the human resource model as well as the overall strategic development of the organization. Finally, the paper concludes with the noted recommendations or implications of the research, which will be supported with elements of a literature review and analysis section.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"HP had disappointing profits, especially in wake of the software boom and increased competition from other technology companies catering to business solutions. Divisions had even more disappointing figures and have showed a very low productivity rate. There has also been a high staff turnover and increased absenteeism, (Georgetown Case Study, n.d., p 2). There are some blatant internal issues affecting the HP, which are centered on lack of creativity and flexibility within the technology unit; especially with competition that was innovative and creating more effective products. Similarly, employees were being constantly lured away by our competitor."

Tags: organization, human resources, profit culture development methodology

Abstract
This paper reviews the evolution of organizational development (OD) from its earliest years to its much wider present state, ending with its ability or lack thereof to address today's specific issues. The field of OD has had many ups and downs, including a rise in the 1960s, a downturn in the 1970s, and its recent updating into many forms. The current broader definition of OD suggests that it may be continue to play a role if it can alters enough to assume strategic roles in organizations to focus on core values to resolve problems that have been avoided or ignored over the years. This paper conducts a systematic review of relevant literature on OD and develops a theoretical framework concerning how OD can relate to changes that occur with mergers and acquisitions and culture.

Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Problem Definition
1.3 Research Objective
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Methodology
1.6 Data Analysis Method
1.7 Thesis Structure
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background of the Telecommunications Sector and Job Satisfaction with Management
2.3 Overview of Motivation/Job Satisfaction Framework
2.4 Cases
Chapter Three: Research Design and Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problem Statement
3.3 Research Objective
3.4 Methodological Framework
3.4.1 Major Research Question(s)
3.4.2. Minor Research Question(s)
3.4.3 Limitations
3.6 Data Analysis Methods
Chapter Four: Data Analyses, Findings, and Discussion
4.1 Descriptive Analysis
4.2 Discussion and Findings
Chapter Five: Conclusion, Recommendations, and Further Research
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 Further Research
Bibliography

From the Paper
"There are many trends when it comes to employee motivation and compensation, because big business has determined that money is not the only thing that employees want. Instead, these employees are motivated by different things. It used to be that everyone assumed that employees wanted more money, and they could do any job forever, as long as they were given periodic raises and/or bonuses. In other words, the employer assumed that money was all that mattered to these people that worked for the company. However, employers eventually began to realize that praising employees made them smile, and having a casual day once a week for employees that worked on-site at the company made employees more relaxed. In addition, giving more freedom to employees that work in the field as part of an outside sales force also helps to keep them motivated."

Tags: downsizing, development, demise, challenges

Abstract
This paper is based on the hypothesis that an individual's work achievement can be best predicted by measuring their intelligence. The paper presents a literature review and concludes that efforts to define and understand intelligence have prompted a more integral expansion of the definition and conceptualization of intelligence. Nonetheless, the utilization of standardized intelligence tests as a dominant predictor of individual behavior does not appear to be a organization valid practice. The paper concludes that the collective intelligence of the organization and its culture may influence the development of positive behavior of the intelligent employee.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Intelligence: Definition and Scope
Intelligence and Individual Work Performance
Discussion/Conclusion

From the Paper
"Other scholars examining the issue of intelligence and its impact on predicting behavior have argued that general intelligence assessments can only provide a rudimentary understanding of how the individual will respond in the organization. According to Youndt and Snell, individual intelligence must be developed in the context of the organization in order to make it a relevant concept for measuring and predicting both individual performance and overall organizational performance. What this effectively suggests is that the specific environment in which intelligence is developed and nurtured will have a direct impact on the specific results that will be achieved."

Tags: controversy evolution tests metacognition, organizational culture

Abstract
This paper discusses how like everything else in life, the Internet has its darker side and how the developing countries experience it more than the developed countries. In particular, it examines how certain countries in Asia are dealing with theses negative impacts. The countries looked at are Malaysia, India and the Philippines and how they are dealing with the digital divide; Thailand, India and China and how they are dealing with exclusion by language; and Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam and Singapore and how they are dealing with cultural pollution.

Outline:
Abstract
Table of contents
Chapter one - Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Relevance of the Research
1.6 Scope and Limitation
1.7 Research Methodology
Chapter two - Literature Review
2.1 Early History of the Internet: The First Twenty Years
2.2 The Internet and Developing Countries
2.2.1 Internet Statistics - Host Distribution and User Demography
2.2.2 Cost and Fees
2.3 Positive Impacts of the Internet on Developing Countries
2.3.1 Education and Research
2.3.2 Health
2.3.3 Job Transfer into the Third World
2.4 Negative Impacts of the Internet on Developing Countries
2.4.1 The Digital Divide
2.4.2 Exclusion by Language
2.4.3 Cultural Pollution
Chapter Three - Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Nature of the Research
3.1.2 Cost
3.1.3 Accessibility
3.2 Advantages of Library/Desk Research
3.3 Disadvantages of Library/Desk Research
3.1.3 Accessibility
3.2 Advantages of Library/Desk Research
3.3 Disadvantages of Library/Desk Research
Chapter Four - Findings
4.1 Dealing with the Digital Divide
4.1.1 Malaysia and the Multimedia Super Corridor
4.1.2 India and the Software Technology Parks
4.1.3 The Philippines and her Plan to Bridge the Digital Divide
4.2 Dealing with Exclusion by Language
4.2.1 Thailand
4.2.2 China
4.2.3 India
4.3 Dealing with Cultural Pollution
4.3.1 Myanmar (Burma)
4.3.2 Vietnam
4.3.3 Singapore
Chapter Five - Summary of Findings, Limitations of the Study, Suggestions for Further Research and Conclusions
Summary of findings
Limitations of the Study
Suggestions for Further Research
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"In the Philippines, it is a similar story as that of Malaysia and India, in that the government is involved in the attempt to bridge the digital divide. In 2001, Macapagal-Arroyo's administration proved that it was serious about using information and communications technology to eliminate poverty. The president allocated an entire chapter of her economic agenda to bridging the so-called digital divide (Calimag, 2001). The Socioeconomic Planning Secretary Dante Canlas said that in the medium term, the Philippines government was committed to address the digitally disenfranchised, that is those who do not have access to computers. The government, he said, would address the continuing disparities in access to high-quality technologies. He stressed that in order for the country to live up to its goal of becoming a software development center and e-services hub of Asia, it had to strive to give firms and households access to quality information in real time. "

Tags: cultural, pollution

Abstract
This paper presents a study to identify pertinent traits that characterize effective leaders in various societal settings. The paper relates that the mixed methodology used in this study is (1) a qualitative analysis of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning the specific relationship between leadership styles, organizational culture and the larger society and (2) a review and synthesis of various case studies concerning the impact of leadership on cross-cultural organizational performance. The paper includes a summary of the major aims and objectives of the study and an analysis of implications for leaders and recommendations for organizations such as "treat all people fairly".

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Aims and Objectives
Significance of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Literature Review
Background and Overview
Definitions of Culture
Table: Bureaucratic, Innovative and Supportive Organizational Cultures
Table: Family-Owned and Operated Organizational Cultures
Table: Masculine and Collectivist Organizational Cultures
Cultural Aspects of Organizational Leadership
Relationship between Organizational Leadership and Society
Table: Types of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
Table: Potential Reasons Why Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) Influence Work Group And/Or Organizational Performance
Discussion
Chapter Summary
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-Collection
Sample
Setting
Ethical Considerations
Evaluative Action Plan
Instruments/Measurements
Chapter Summary
Results and Presentation of Findings
Discussion, Implications and Recommendations
Results and Presentation of Findings
Introduction
Sample
Studies
Table: Recapitulation and Summary of Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles Consulted
Setting
Ethical Considerations
Evaluative Action Plan
Table: Noblit and Hare's Meta-Ethnographic Comparative Method
Instruments/Measurements
Chapter Summary
Discussion, Implications and Recommendations
Introduction
Summary of Major Aims and Objectives
Implications
Recommendations
Limitations

From the Paper
"These responsibilities frequently involve decision processes that are unstructured, complex, and ambiguous; the studies to date indicate that the outcomes of such decision processes can be affected greatly by the characteristics of the team and its members.
"Taken together, the foregoing suggests that an organization's culture is highly influenced by its top leadership, but workers play a reciprocal role by helping them achieve the organization's goals and keeping it competitive."

Tags: cross-cultural, validity, continuum, sample, meta-synthesis

Abstract
The following research paper includes a review of relevant literature regarding plagiarism and also a proposal for future research. The review of literature explains that plagiarism is viewed differently cross-culturally along with several reasons for this. The proposal states what actions need to be made to make people aware of the different cultural views and suggestions of what to further research in regards to the topic.

From the Paper
"Upon reading a research paper, a university composition instructor notices a passage that is clearly not of the intellectual capacity by that of the freshman author. Most composition professors view copying as unethical and would certainly not accept the paper and, in this situation, would possibly go to such extremes as to contact the Dean of the University and have the student expelled, as many university guidelines state. However, English as a Second Language (ESL) instructors may have a slightly different situation on their hands in the event of plagiarism. The relevant literature has examined cross cultural definitions of plagiarism, values of other cultures, and the way plagiarism is introduced to newcomers in the Western societies."

Tags: value, culture

Abstract
This paper explains that there is evidence that color, especially the viewer's favorite colors, plays an important role in graphic design, especially print media and advertising. The author points out that color has symbolic meaning, which differ culturally: in western societies, white is seen as the traditional color for weddings but, in the Chinese culture, white is used for funerals; and, in America, red is often associated with rage or anger but in China red is used for happiness. The paper relates (1) the importance of graphic designers to study the role of color, how it makes people feel and why this is so significant and (2) the need for more research to understand this phenomena.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Research Questions
Hypotheses
Importance of the Study
Significance of the Study
Rationale for the Study
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Validity and Uniqueness of the Data
Summary
Review of Related Literature
Literature on Color in Print Media
History of the Psychology of Color
What Is Your Favorite Color?
The Perception of Color
Color in Graphic Design
Case Study: British Telecom
Case Study: British Gas
Case Study: MacDonald's
Summary of the Literature Review
Methodology
Research Design and Rationale
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Summary
Analysis of the Data
Summary, Recommendations, and Conclusion
Summary
Recommendations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The favorite color that an individual has is considered to say a great deal about them. It is important here to look at the most popular colors briefly and what they say about individuals. Black is considered to be a color of power and authority. It is also very popular and fashionable because many people that wear black look thinner. Black is considered to be timeless and very stylish, but it also implies submissionFor example, priests wear black to signify that they are submissive to God There are those in fashion that indicate women who were black imply that they are submissive to men but many black outfits are also utilized for aloofness or evil, such as those traditionally worn by villains in many television shows and movies."

Tags: screen, newton, brain, culture, psychology

Abstract
This paper relates that this literature review about adolescent smoking indicates the complex socio-cultural context in which personal conceptions arise. The author points out that, among the numerous variables affecting these conceptions are race, ethnicity, socio-cultural expectations, gender, peer group and nicotine. The paper summarizes that this literature review reveals that adolescents' conceptions both deter and encourage smoking. The author reports that all the researchers use quantitative methodologies and interpretive paradigms; however, a major limitation, which is common for all these studies, is that they are based on self-reports.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Studies
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Rasmussen-Cruz, Martin & Nuno-Gutierrez's (2006) purpose was to explore tobacco consumption and motives for use among university students. The research question was: why do university health sciences students who are informed about tobacco risks consume tobacco? The design was a basic quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The method was an online survey of 282 students, aged 15 to 24. The authors used an interpretive paradigm. The results were that conceptions involved motives such as coping with emotional problems, reported by 76 percent."

Tags: longitudinal, socio-cultural, variables, self-reports, country-specific