Abstract The paper explains how the literaturereview is an important part of any study. The paper discusses how it offers a background of the issue and provides an understanding of what other researchers have found regarding that issue. The paper looks at the process followed to conduct a literaturereview and explores the difficulties in identifying sources. The paper relates that information collected by means of the literaturereview can generally be thought of as reliable and valid.
Outline:
Purpose of the LiteratureReview Process Followed to Conduct a LiteratureReview Identification of Sources
Evaluation of Reliability of Sources
From the Paper "New discoveries can lead to a re-examination of literature that has already been written on the topic and having the background knowledge of what others have found regarding the same issue can help steer the researcher toward the questions that should be asked and answered and/or the hypotheses that will be dealt with. Even if the researcher chooses to look at something new, there will undoubtedly be part of the literature review that will allow the researcher to have some background of at least part of the issue in question or similar issues that must be addressed, thus furthering the understanding of the researcher and the understanding of those that look at the subject in the future (Reed, 1998)."
This literaturereview will examine five scholarly articles focusing on the topic of the determinants of academic success in Asian and other visible minority children.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 5 sources, 2002, $ 142.95
Abstract This literaturereview will examine five scholarly articles focusing on the topic of the determinants of academic success in Asian and other visible minority children. The primary subjects in each studies are children of Asian ethnicity, with children of other ethnic backgrounds selected as controls or comparisons. The five articles were chosen from the existing body of literature on the basis of a brief review which noted points of similarity and contrast in each.
Tags: EDUCATION / EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, success minority children
Abstract This paper describes the major impairment areas of autism, and the symptoms of each. It then evaluates the effectiveness of treatments used in treating autism in general, through a literaturereview of 15 different source materials.
Outline
Characteristics of Autism
Impairments
Diagnosis of Autism
Etiology of Autism
Psychodynamic Explanations
Candida Infection
MMR Vaccination
Current Scientific Findings
Treatments for Autism: Questionable Theories
Sensory-Motor Therapies
Psychotherapies
Biological Treatments
Promising Treatments for Autism
Applied Behavior Analysis
Pharmacotherapy
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Auditory Integration Training (AIT) involves listening to filtered, modulated music that presents sounds of differing pitches and volumes. AIT is typically administered in two daily half an hour sessions for a ten day period. The theory is that a major factor in the behavioral problems with individuals with autism is that they have hypersensitive hearing. The idea is that the individual adjusts to the sounds he or she hears in therapy so they become more 'normal.' Arguers for AIT claim that the benefits include improved comprehension, memory, eye contact, appropriate social behavior, willingness to interact with others, and responsibility in school (Berard, 1993)."
Abstract This paper provides a literaturereview using five articles on the issue of brand management as it relates to the hotel industry in Japan. It also looks at factors that influence the decision making process.
From the Paper "Companies who have international operations need to take into account the decision making process of consumers in the foreign markets. While this is an underlying assumption of all international marketing .."
Tags:literaturereview, brand management, hotel industry, hospitality industry, japan
Abstract This literaturereview begins with Leininger who as the founder of trans-cultural nursing provides an overview and brief history of the theory. The articles provide varying perspectives on trans-cultural nursing care from the contexts of potential child abuse and neglect, end of life care, use of the theory in health care administration in the Third World, and the need for this theory to be ethically and professionally protected. The paper discusses Mitchell and Gale who provide very insightful criticisms of the theory.
From the Paper "Literature Review: Trans-cultural Nursing Care This literature review begins with Leininger (2001) who, as the founder of trans-cultural nursing, provides an overview and brief history of the theory. The articles provide varying perspectives on trans-cultural nursing care from the contexts of potential child abuse and neglect, end-of-life care, use of the theory in health care administration, in the Third World, and the need for this theory to be ethically and professionally protected. Mitchell and Gale (2002) provide very insightful criticisms of the theory. Their criticisms lead to a valuable thesis that trans-cultural nursing care cannot stand alone, and some other structure is needed for social justice."
Abstract This paper is a short literaturereview of tertiary educational systems around the world. The paper discusses promotion of this system, along with a number of other challenges the system is facing, including identifying how best to accommodate the increasing number of students, how to mobilize staff and resources, how to develop relevant curricula and teaching procedures, as well as how to remain competitive during a period of skyrocketing costs.
From the Paper "There are some important constraints and considerations that must be taken into account in developing appropriate promotional plans for tertiary educational institutions in order to ensure their effectiveness, though. For instance, depending on the geographic setting, a promotional plan for a tertiary educational institution could highlight the additional and more lucrative employment opportunities afforded to graduates. For instance, Shavit, Muller and Tame (1998) maintain that the linking of educational qualifications and occupational achievement is the weakest in less stratified and standardized social systems. According to these authors, 'In Ireland -- a weakly stratified system -- employers rely on success in school because this is tested according to nationally standardized procedures, and thus workers' credentials represent their respective rank in the job queue' (p. 7)."
Abstract This paper researches the question that mobile value is likely to constitute a much greater driver for consumer adoption of m-commerce than wireless value. In this paper, the literaturereview presents the demographics of the users, statistics about network services and the type of use across many countries.The author stresses that studies of usability of screens and information output is difficult to generalize to mobile devices. The paper includes 22 figures.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Overview of Mobile Commerce
Methodology
LiteratureReview Types of m-Commerce Transactions
Four Categories of Group-Oriented m-Commerce Services
The Main Distinction between e-Commerce and m-Commerce
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT)
The Success of IMode and m-Commerce in Japan
Summary of LiteratureReviewed Recommendations for Future Research
From the Paper "There have been many various innovations focused toward attempting to make the wireless devices used for mobile commerce user friendly and with an interface design that is effective in transference of meaning in communication. The work of Peter Tarasewich (2002) relates the fact that a "well-designed and usable interface to any application is critical." Websites that are designed properly "help ensure that users can find information that they are looking for, perform transactions, spend time at the site, and return again."
This paper is a literaturereview concerning the testimonies of John the Baptist in the fourth Gospel as an influential history of Christian theology. Specifically the paper looks at Chapter 6 within the Book of Signs.
Abstract The New Testament contains many witnesses to Jesus Christ, but the testimonies of John in the Fourth Gospel have been among the most influential in the history of Christian theology. In the more than eighteen centuries since its compilation, the Fourth Gospel has been the source of intense interest on the part of those who would better understand how the followers of Jesus came to believe that he was the true Son of God and how and why Jesus accomplished his mission on earth. This study provides a review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning the gospel of John, including a survey of the academic literature on the subject since 1948, a description of emerging themes and an assessment of how John 6 is situated within the Gospel. A discussion of Chapter 6 within the Book of Signs and the literary structure of John 6 is followed by a structural analysis of John 6 as a general unit and an analysis of John 6:69 in particular. Finally, a discussion of the context of John 6:69 within the Bread of Life Discourse is followed by a grammatical analysis, a colometric presentation and an interpretation of John 6:69 in the concluding chapter.
Outline:
"The Holy One of God" (John 6:69)
A Survey of the Academic Literature since 1948
Emerging Themes
Situating John 6 within the Gospel
Chapter 6 within the Book of Signs
Literary Structure of John 6
Structural Analysis of John 6 as a Unit
Analysis of John 6:69
John 6:69 Context within the Bread of Life Discourse
John 6:69 Grammatical Analysis Colometric Presentation and Interpretation
From the Paper "Conversely, those who believe in Jesus believe in the one who sent him (12:44). The christological claim of the Fourth Gospel, then, has become so identified with its theological claim that it is no longer possible to speak of Jesus apart from the one who sent him, and it is no longer possible to speak of God apart from the Son whom the Father sent into the world. In a footnote, Matera also notes that, "This establishment of Jesus as Son of God does not mean that he became the Son of God at the Resurrection. Rather, it signifies his messianic enthronement as the Son of God, as the phrase en dynamei ("in power") indicates. Previous to his resurrection, Jesus was, as the Markan Gospel insists, the hidden Messiah. But once raised from the dead, he is enthroned as God's royal Messiah, the Son of God, so that who he was is now apparent."
This paper reviews the use of seclusion - the isolation of patients who may be dangerous to others or themselves - around the world, within the field of psychiatry.
Abstract Seclusion is an intervention widely used and has a long history within psychiatric care. The paper shows that literature over the past ten years suggests seclusion is effective in control of violent/aggressive behaviors. However, the concept of seclusion has been too often interchanged with the concept of solitary confinement, as is the rationale for initiation of seclusion and this would lead to questioning the intended outcome for the patient. This paper reviews the literature in relation to the use of seclusion and asks the question: Is seclusion used as a therapeutic nursing intervention? For the purpose of this paper, the literaturereviewed focuses on primary research around the subject of seclusion as an intervention with the patients and nursing staff's perceptions being explored.
From the Paper "Within mental health nursing practice there are routines and responses which require ongoing critique and review. With decreasing length of admission and increased acuity, today the challenge for the nurse is to maintain the therapeutic milieu while maintaining the safety of patients and staff. The rights of the patient to receive treatment appropriate their needs is involved in this balance and interventions chosen by staff are reflected directly in the outcomes for the patient."
Tags: psychiatric, nursing, intervention, methodological, study, literature, review, mental, health
Abstract In this article, the writer provides a review of three different pieces of academic literature that deal with the Union's role in international politics. These works are an article by Birol Yesilada, Brian Efird and Peter Noordijk entitled 'Competition among Giants', Stanley Sloan's 'NATO, the European Union and the Atlantic Community' and Stephanie Anderson's book 'Crafting EU Security Policy'. The methodological approach is outlined for each work along with the main issues it highlights. Ultimately, the writer assesses to what extent these pieces of academic literature offer new and developed insight into the question of international relations from the European perspective. The writer concludes that the wide diversity of possible solutions available with regard to European expansion and international relations are clear by the different answers and responses contained within each of the above mentioned academic works.
From the Paper "Indeed, although the NATO alliance has undergone some particularly difficult years implementing a united policy, particularly with regard the war on terror, I still agree that this is where the most effective future for the European Union lies. Above all, the framework for cooperation on this basis has already been largely established with all the leading union members also being members of NATO. Moreover, Sloan is quite right to declare that social and cultural similarities that have developed over decades and centuries provide much support for a reinvigoration of the Atlantic alliance.
"However, is it possible that there is a third option that does not require the union forging ever closer links with outside powers, whether they are Russia or the United States?"
Abstract This paper explains that, to completely comprehend the different methods and materials associated with bridge building and to understand the history of technology in this area, one must first grasp the materials used in construction, how they are used and what technology is applied in their use. The paper then explains that the purpose of the research proposed is to provide a better understanding of materials and technology that have been historically utilized in building bridges including elements of hydraulics and drilling. The paper includes two tables.
Table of Contents:
Statement of Thesis
Study Purpose
Significance of Study
Questions of the Research
Methodology
LiteratureReview Summary of LiteratureReviewed Recommendation for Further Research
From the Paper "A great new range of materials has opened up for the use of 20th-century man: refractory metals, light alloys, plastics, and synthetic fibers, for example. Some of these do better, or cheaper, what the older ones did; others have combinations of properties that enable entirely new devices to be made or quite new effects to be achieved. We now employ in industrial processes a majority of the ninety-two elements in the periodic table, which are found in nature, whereas until a century ago, all but 20, if known at all, were curiosities of the chemistry laboratory."
Abstract This paper examines the use of zero tolerance policies as a preventative measure against school violence. It points out that studies reveal conflicting opinions about zero tolerance. It argues that the research available shows a clear need for a change in how zero tolerance policies are applied and a need for various alternatives. The paper includes tables and survey statistics to illustrate this. To conclude, the paper suggests that now is the time to make adjustments in policy, practice and research to implement policies that can keep schools safe and preserve the opportunity for all students to learn.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Purpose
Review of Literature History of Zero Tolerance
Perceptions of Teachers, Administrators and Parents
Suspension and Expulsion
School Shootings
Negative Impact of Zero Tolerance
Alternatives to Zero Tolerance Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper "A particular strategy that has caught the attention of many school districts in the last two decades or so is the zero tolerance policy. The zero tolerance policy has become a one-size-fits all solution to all the problems facing schools. Skiba (2000) offers this definition for zero tolerance...it is "a method of sending a message that certain behaviors will not be tolerated, by punishing all offenses severely, no matter how minor". The said purpose of the zero tolerance policy is to create a safe and secure learning environment for all students, something that is in fact a right of all students and parents to expect from any educational institution. However, in practice, it has been used to direct students who misbehave intentionally, targets serious risk students who cause disturbances in schools, and applied to students who have an emotional problem or other disability (Noguera 2003)."
Abstract This paper explains that much of the current existing literature on global warming is based on the same preliminary studies, focuses on the same or similar elements and in general demonstrates considerable shortcomings in forming a comprehensive understanding of the overall problem of climate change.
From the Paper "Global warming is a hot topic. Literature, publications, and opinion pieces on global warming appear almost daily in news sources and academic journals. The Internet is also replete with sources on the topic of global warming. Because global warming affects the Arctic at a far faster and more intense rate than it affects other parts of the globe, global warming in the arctic deserves far more media attention than it has received thus far. Nevertheless, many articles in trade publications can help researchers initiate a study of global warming in the arctic. Perhaps because the arctic is relatively uninhabited, the effects of global warming do not seem as severe there as they might in more populous regions of the globe. However, studies show that the Arctic exhibits the early warming signs of global warming before they reach the rest of the inhabited world. Based on a literature review conducted on the Internet, global warming in the Arctic deserves more attention and research."
Abstract This paper provides a thorough literaturereview about the abuse of women during pregnancy. The paper brings in several sources and then offers a brief discussion and conclusion regarding the issue.
From the Paper "In conclusion, notwithstanding the need for better study methodology and more reliable research from which to draw empirical data about abused pregnant women, the Gazmararian article does make several points worth mentioning: 1) an estimated 4% to 5% of all pregnant women have violence visited upon them; 2) violence is associated with "unintended pregnancies"; 3) improved knowledge of risk factors for violence "is critical for effective intervention design and implementation.""
This paper reviews and examines the themes of racial and gender inequality present in William Faulkner's "That Evening Sun" and Zora Neale Hurston's "Sweat."
Abstract The writer of this paper focuses on Nancy and Delia, the main characters in "That Evening Sun" by William Faulkner and "Sweat" by Zora Neale Hurston, respectively. This paper analyzes how both authors deal with issues of gender and racial injustice in America in the early 1900s and show how two different solutions to a similar problem can lead to two very distinct outcomes. The repression of women by men is prevalent throughout both novels and clearly cited in this paper. This paper reviews the plots of both novels, while at the same time detailing the many similarities between Delia and Nancy, which underscore the role that race, gender and social class play in each of their suffering. Nancy is a housekeeper while Delia is a wash-woman. Their jobs are similarly menial. The writer discusses the manner in which both Nancy and Delia essentially share the problem of social injustice toward black women as well as how each woman resolves the situation she's in. The writer contends that Faulkner lets the reader see the silence, acceptance of inequality and re-activity in Nancy's solution while Hurston shows speaking-up, denial of inequality and pro-activity, which leads to a better life for Delia.
From the Paper "The many similarities between Nancy and Delia underscore the role that race, gender, and social class play in each of their suffering. Nancy is a housekeeper; Delia is a washwoman. Their jobs are similarly menial. Such jobs were typical for black women in the American South at the time, and, for most black women. In most cases, this was the only kind of work they could find. Faulkner and Hurston each choose black women as main characters in order to illustrate how black women in particular were treated by men at this time. Nancy and Delia have one very serious common problem: each is violently abused, and violently repressed by her husband. Delia works very hard to own her dream home, but Sykes still feels that because he is the man of the house, he has the right to control Delia. Jesus and Sykes each act as leaders of their households, not because Nancy and Delia want to be followers, but because they, as men, insist on dominating their wives."
