Abstract
In this paper, the premise of literary realism is present with these two works by Theodore Dreier and Hamlin Garland, as they describe the direst conditions of poverty in America. For Hurstwood, the paper notes, it is the hobo lines that beg for bread; for the working farmers in Garland's writings, it is the brutal and unforgiving nature of farm life. However, the paper asserts, reality has many facets, which are often left by these authors that wish to only show the life of those that have no other option to escape their poverty.

Tags:poverty, hobo, line, depression, America

Abstract
The paper examines Chapter XLV of Theodore Dreiser's "Sister Carrie" and describes the literary realism that depicts how the character of Hurstwood must survive the grim reality of poverty in the city. The paper also looks at Hamlin Garland's short story "Under The Lion's Paw" from his work "Main Travelled Roads", which uses literary realism to reveal the grim reality of farm life.

From the Paper
"The first reason why literary realism exists in the work of garland's "Under the Lion's Paw" is the way that he defines the life of farmer's, and the often brutal conditions that they must work within as poor workers of the land. The reality of the farmer's life is apparent in Mrs. Council's narrative:
""Yes, I do my own work," Mrs. Council was heard to say in the pause which followed. "I'm getting purty heavy t' be on m'laigs all day, but we can't afford t'hire (Garland, p.491)."

Tags:farm, city, Hurstwood

Abstract
The paper defines the short story, "A Jury of her Peers" as a work of realism and naturalism. The paper defines and explains the two genres, including the theme of the story and the determinist philosophy.

From the Paper
""In A Jury of Her Peers" Susan Glaspell describes ordinary people living ordinary lives. This is a major tenet of the realistic movement in literature and will serve as a basis for defining "A Jury of Her Peers" as a work of realism. That said, the argument can certainly be made-and it will-that the story is a work of a particular genre of realism known as naturalism."

Tags:a jury of her peers, susan glaspell, realism, naturalism

Abstract
The paper analyzes the writings of Sei Shonagon in "The Pillow Book" for their poetic prose, revealing the highly beautiful descriptions of the reality of Japanese life.

Tags:shonagon, poet, japan

Abstract
This paper discusses how and why Mark Twain's short story "Jumping Frog" can be said to be an example of both realism and naturalism. The paper cites examples from the text and discusses the ideas of other critics about these two literary genres.

From the Paper
"Literary Genre Study Proposal. While doing preliminary research for my paper, the statement in the instructions that kept coming into my mind was "Do not worry if the fit isn't exact" for genres are not pigeon holes into which authors force their imaginative creations. I intended to write on "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" because I like Twain and the story is fun and easy to understand."

Tags:naturalism, realism, Twain, Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, literary analysis

Abstract
This paper analyzes three literary movements that emerged in the U.S. during the latter part of the 19th century: naturalism, realism, and local color/regionalism. It cites the work of several authors as examples of the literary movements.

From the Paper
"The latter half of the the century was a time of enormous change in American society. Such changes include the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War, the adjustment to the end of slavery, the increasing growth of urbanism .."

Tags:regionalism, local color, natrualism, realism, setting, character, theme, Chopin, Stowe, James, London, Crane

Abstract
This paper explains that Larry Lauden in his article 'A Confutation of Convergent Realism' formulates an argument against scientific realism from the perspective of pessimistic induction. The author points out that Lauden rightly states that other philosophers' suggestions that epistemological realism is an empirical hypothesis, which is authenticated by its ability to explain the workings of science, is becoming a significant problem. The paper presents Lauden's methods of attack from which he tackles this assumption of reference and demonstrates how the historical, empirical evidence simply does not exist to support the realist claims. The author concludes that Lauden's debunking of scientific realism via their epistemological dependence on reference and retention is a useful and effective method of philosophical analysis.

From the Paper
"Scientific realism is, most basically, the idea that "[m]ature scientific theories are (approximately true." Lauden delves into the meat of this basic statement by dissecting realism into bite-sized chunks that can be more easily analyzed and (in this case) refuted. While Lauden does debunk various aspects of scientific realism, one aspect of it with which he is particularly concerned is the matter of reference. Lauden lists five characteristics of convergent epistemological realism, which he has aggregated from the available resources on scientific realism."

Tags:pessimistic, induction, realism, reference, retention

Abstract
This paper examines a host of issues in order to identify the main lines of argument that writers utilize in the criticism of realism, but the core issue of the ongoing debate between realism and its critics is the foundational realist assessment that the primary task of international relations is to secure relative peace and stability. For forty years, this basic realist position has influenced every aspect of the debate between advocates of realism and their critics, for it has generated justifications and objections to nearly every aspect of realism derived from it.

Tags:realism, pluralism, globalism

Abstract
This paper explores Realism in terms of both its classic assumptions and its contemporary revisions in the context of other theories of international relations and in particular that of Liberalism. It is argued that while there are challenges to Realism as the dominant theory of international relations, the flaws in Realism revealed by some of these challenges do not require the overall rejection of Realism and its assumptions. Rather, as is shown in this paper, no single theory can explain every situation in the international political environment.

From the Paper
"The development and analysis of theories of international relations are necessarily complicated by the social and political context in which they are developed. Although international political theory is, of course, an intellectually autonomous field of study, historically the discussion of international relations "theories are largely shaped by what happens in the sphere of practical world politics" (Haque 135). For example, while the dominant theory of international relations during the Cold War - Realism - fell into abeyance in the 1990s with the end of the Cold War, after the events of September 11, 2001 variations on Realism reasserted their predominance in the field of international political theory."

Tags:realism, liberalism, politics

Abstract
Realism is an approach to the study and practice of international politics. It emphasizes the role of the nation-state and makes a broad assumption that all nation-states are motivated by national interests, or, at best, national interests disguised as moral concerns. This paper discusses Realism and the intricacies involved in this detailed topic. Theory development is also addressed as well as the critical limitations of Realism.

Tags:international, relations, realism