Abstract
This work reviews historical and recent literature related to 'free word order' languages, or those, which use 'scrambling' in sentence structure. These terms relate specifically to the placement of nouns and verbs within a sentence. The social theory of language acquisition is reviewed as well as cultural influences on language acquisition specifically related to 'free word order' language structure. Word order in various languages is examined and recent studies are reviewed.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Socio-Cultural Formation of Speech and Language
Previous Study in Language Acquisition
Differentiation between 'verb salient' and 'noun salient' Languages
Word Order in the Various Languages
Non-Configurationality in Languages
Computer-generated Processing of Languages
Summary
Bibliography

From the Paper
" 'Free word order' languages are those in which the structure of a sentence is constructed loosely in relation to the placement of nouns and verbs. The writer notes in the research process that there are many and various explanations and theories surrounding the structure or lack of structure in the free word order languages. Grammatical encoding has never been quite as relevant as in the present as computer-generated language translation is in use frequently in the lives of many. Communication barriers presented are evident in the confused communications and specifically between languages such as the English language with its formally structured sentence use of nouns and verbs and the languages of Korean and Japanese both 'free word order' languages.. "

Tags:linguistics, word, order, Asian, languages, mixed, constructions, language, acquisition, free, word, order, scrambling

Abstract
This is a summary of the article "Expecting dirt but saying dart: The creation of a blend memory." In order to study expectancy strategies in word recognition and reading text, another form of evidence other than predictability would be helpful. This study therefore emphasizes the use of postpriming measures.

Tags:article, expectancy, strategies

Abstract
The paper discusses how the idea of personality development being affected by the order that a child is born into the family has been debated for decades. The paper explains that some researchers suggest that when there is more than one child in the home the children will take on certain personality characteristics simple because of when they were born in relation to other children. The paper then shows how other researchers suggest that the concept of birth order and personality development cannot be proven, or is only evident in poor families. The paper concludes that because the debate surrounding this issue is so vast, it is apparent that no one common factor can measure the personality development of a child because each child is subjected to his or her own world, which is filled with elements impacting personality.

From the Paper
"The idea of personality development being affected by the order that a child is born into the family has been debated for decades. Some researchers suggest that when there is more than one child in the home the children will take on certain personality characteristics simple because of when they were born in relation to other children. Yet, other researchers suggest that the concept of birth order and personality development cannot be proven, or is only evident in poor families. Furthermore, within the debate is the insistence that what many researchers focus upon as birth order affecting children's personalities..."

Tags:birth, order, personality

Abstract
This paper offers a full discussion of Acts of Parliament in the constitutional area of public order powers. Statutory powers eg: arrest for breach of peace are also referred to. The writer then relates relevant case law and links it to the argument as necessary. The paper concludes with the mpact of political influence.

From the Paper
"Problems with this question first occur when merely trying to define the terms given. We assume that "law" is a reference to either Statutory or the Common Law, and therefore the question is directing us not to consider the practical powers, in terms of resources, financing, etc., that the government award the police. (However, this essay would be incomplete without a brief analysis of the effect of these practical considerations on law-given powers, so there shall be a short section dedicated to these questions later.) By restricting our studies to England we shall also not have to consider the specific public order problems faced, especially in respect to parades, in Northern Ireland, and we shall assume again that the term "police" refers to the public police, not private policing relying on civil powers or indeed unofficial ?self-policing.?"

Tags:constitutional, disorder, english, influence, law, order, police, political, powers, public

Abstract
This paper looks at the differences between English and Korean as it pertains to three things: grammatical structure (word order); the use of English articles a, an, and the; and the demarcation of gender. The relevant linguistic properties for the three phenomena are described as follows: in the English language, the word order is subject, verb and object; in Korean, it is subject, object and then verb. The paper also discusses how people in English know when to use the indirect and direct article when speaking, but ESL learners may not know this; as far as the demarcation of gender goes, the pronouns, "he," and "she" do not exist in the Korean language. In fact, the paper notes that for the most part, there is no demarcation of gender in the Korean language.

From the Paper
"This paper looks at the differences between English and Korean as it pertains to three things: grammatical structure (word order); the use of English articles a, an, and the; and the demarcation of gender. The relevant linguistic properties for the three phenomena I am investigating can be described as follows: in the English language, the word order is subject, verb and object; in Korean, it is subject, object and then verb. Moving onward, people in English know when to use the indirect and direct..."

Tags:language, korean, english

Abstract
This paper explains that, within the military, new words are often created out of a need for efficiency and clarity. The author points out that acronyms, truncated words, different words, nicknames, radio terminology, and obscenities play a key role in U.S. Army lingo. The paper includes examples of truncated words, such as 'Medevac', which stands for medical evacuation; 'comms check' for a communication check; 'mando study' or 'mando' is mandatory study; 'reclass' stands for reclassify; 'ammo' for ammunition; and a 'warno' is a warning order, which tells you that something is coming up.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Army Lingo: Acronyms, Truncated Words, Different Words, Nicknames, and Radio Terminology
The Phonetic Alphabet
Phonetic Numbers
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The list of truncated words in the U.S. Army is seemingly endless. Army personnel eat chow at the chow hall. The phrase "cherry pickers" refers to an exercise that resembles picking cherries, while a bird is a helicopter. A lifer is a career military man (usually derogatory), while falling out is the term for falling behind in a run. Rocking out is totally failing a course. If you are lucky, you will just roll back, or get recycled, which is repeating a course of study. Ruck up means to put on your ruck sack and gear. "Hooah!" is similar to saying "Go Braves", however it is so versatile that it can be used to show excitement, say "yes", or say that's "cool", or that's "inspiring". The term barracks refers to dorms."

Tags:truncated, acronyms, nicknames, phonetic, medevac

Abstract
This paper explains that some linguists insist that in order for true synonymy to exist the two words must be identical in meaning when they are transposed into the same sentence; however, this is often not possible because of the dual meanings that some words possess and the possibility that switching the words may have a different impact on the reader because of slang. The author points out that, when different cultures are considered in relation to words, the sameness may become confusing because the words or phrases are interpreted by people with differing cultural associations. The paper stresses that teaching synonymy requires students to work on activities, which are directly related to each concept. The author analyzes the contents of an included email and suggests teaching activities.

From the Paper
"Klembe (1983) states that "utterances" may classify as synonymy. This is because utterances are expressions that may not have a specific meaning if broken down word by word, but they do have an implied meaning if they are interpreted as the speaker intended them to be understood. Field, (2001) states, however, that defining utterances as synonymy is much the same as arbitrarily insisting that a word or phrase has meaning when it does not.. Yet, Fine (1993) stipulates that Aristotle accepted both approaches as arguments and that ultimately how synonymy was determined was left to the listener. "

Tags:utterances, word and phrase sets, slang, dual meanings, exact meanings

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that interrogative expressions in language can be divided generally into two basic categories that are yes-no questions and content questions. Question formation should be very challenging for language learners especially for those whose first language is structured very differently. However, common features including the sentence structure and intonation can still be identified across different languages. This paper introduces several characteristics of question formation in Japanese and Chinese, and examines the similarities and differences between the languages with reference to those in English. The writer concludes that it is possible to assume that there is no obvious movement transformation in Japanese and Chinese, for the purpose of forming yes-no questions and content questions, which is equivalent to that in English.

From the Paper
"Although yes-no questions in English typically require that the operator, such as an auxiliary verb, to precedes the subject (Kuiper & Allan, 2004), this is not the case in Japanese and Chinese. Instead of rearranging the word order for the purpose of forming yes-no questions based on declarative sentences, the question particle ka or ma is added at the end of the sentence in these languages. There is no change in word order to form yes-no questions. The use of a sentence-final particle ba in Chinese can also form yes-no questions in the same way as a question particle ma, but it is only used where the answer is expected or assumed."

Tags:sentence, structure, formation, particle, word, order

Abstract
The paper describes the setting of Margaret Atwood's dystopian novel "A Handmaid's Tale" where women are prevented from voting in elections and even from reading or writing. The paper shows how within Gilead itself, Atwood's fictional setting, both language and its repression are continually and deliberately used to maintain power over the women. Atwood's Gilead has its own new vocabulary, inflected with words, phrases and word-usages designed to reinforce the skewed attitudes and values of the established order. The paper's analysis illustrates how a loss of linguistic freedoms leads easily to the repression and loss of other freedoms as well.

From the Paper
"In The Handmaid's Tale, Margaret Atwood describes the nightmarish potential of a complete reversal of all of the progress in women's rights made during the 1960's and 1970's women's rights movement. Within Atwood's fictional setting, Gilead, right-wing religious extremists seize power, and then based their new leadership on a "return to traditional values", e.g., male hegemony over women by men. Abortion is now illegal again; as is birth control."
"Women are prevented from voting in elections, and even from either reading or writing anymore. Women are instead, again, quite simply, now present for the subjugation by, and the pleasure of men."

Tags:freedom, control, linguistics, words, reading, writing

Abstract
The paper offers a literature review that highlights how different choices of words are used by different groups in order to create social ideologies. The paper conducts a study on several news reports from Myanmar to prove that news reporters from different sides always use different terms to refer to the same thing. The paper includes a table that compares the lexical choices journalists utilize and emphasizes how reality is constructed by the use of words.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Reviews
The Study
Samples of Data
Conclusion

From the Paper
"News reports are expected to reveal facts or truths to the public. News is supposed to be presented in a neutral voice - without any bias. However, is it true that news is presented neutrally? In our common-sense and everyday life, we consider language a simple instrument for the neutral reflection, the mirroring of the world. But is this realistic? Is there not always more than one synonym at hand, with a slightly different connotation? Is not the use of euphemisms and metaphors commonplace? Even if journalists strive for unambiguous language, is this an attainable ideal?"

Tags:media, discourse, news, linguistics, politics, euphemisms, jargon, doublespeak