Abstract This work reviews historical and recent literature related to 'free wordorder' languages, or those, which use 'scrambling' in sentence structure. These terms relate specifically to the placement of nouns and verbs within a sentence. The social theory of language acquisition is reviewed as well as cultural influences on language acquisition specifically related to 'free wordorder' language structure. Wordorder in various languages is examined and recent studies are reviewed.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Socio-Cultural Formation of Speech and Language
Previous Study in Language Acquisition
Differentiation between 'verb salient' and 'noun salient' Languages
WordOrder in the Various Languages
Non-Configurationality in Languages
Computer-generated Processing of Languages
Summary
Bibliography
From the Paper " 'Free word order' languages are those in which the structure of a sentence is constructed loosely in relation to the placement of nouns and verbs. The writer notes in the research process that there are many and various explanations and theories surrounding the structure or lack of structure in the free word order languages. Grammatical encoding has never been quite as relevant as in the present as computer-generated language translation is in use frequently in the lives of many. Communication barriers presented are evident in the confused communications and specifically between languages such as the English language with its formally structured sentence use of nouns and verbs and the languages of Korean and Japanese both 'free word order' languages.. "
Tags:linguistics, word, order, Asian, languages, mixed, constructions, language, acquisition, free, word, order, scrambling
Abstract This paper examines the origin of the 'F' word, how the word came to be and how it is used today in American culture. The paper discusses that there are various legends and claims regarding the origin of the 'F' word and while some claim that the word was derived from the language of the Vikings, others claim that the word was derived from an acronym. This paper explores that various sources that make claim to possess knowledge of the origin of the 'F' word.
Outline:
Objective
introduction
Urban Legends And Myths Of The 'F' Word The French Claim To Origin Of The 'F' Word Random House Historical Dictionary Of American Slang
Indo-European Root 'Peuk'
North-Sea Germanic Areal Form
In Depth-Analysis
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper "Because of this, English archers would taunt the French by raising their middle fingers and exclaiming that they could still 'pluck yew' hence the four-letter word." (Wilton, 2004) According to Wilton, this specific legend was a pun and Wilton states: "It is doubtful that whoever came up with this howler meant for it to be taken seriously. But this joke has gained urban legend status thanks to the internet." Wilton relates that four letter words, such as the 'F' word."
Abstract This paper discusses neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), the conceptual application of information in a manner that increases a desirable outcome within the individual. Practitioners of NLP identify the process as one in which the brain's neurological pathways can be restructured in order to achieve purposeful, positive results and/or mitigate or eliminate the presence of undesirable or otherwise unwanted results created through neurological stimuli. This paper identifies these problems in the research methodology and the basic fundamental premise of NLP as a means of demonstrating that neuro-linguistic programming is not appropriately substantiated within the research.
Abstract In this paper, the writer discusses a study that examines the morpheme acquisition order and the stages of five second language learners (L2) of English. The writer looks at the results that show how the there are a number of differences between first language learners (L1) and L2 learners including affective and cognitive factors. The writer explores the nativist views that language acquisition is innately determined, as well as the environmental and psychological factors that elucidate the processes of linguistic development in L2 acquisition. The writer concludes that knowledge of an acquisition order in L2 provides a number of theoretical and pedagogical implications that help L2 practitioners develop effective teaching methods and approaches.
From the Paper "Behaviourist views of language acquisition, that language learning is the formation of habits resulted from interaction between stimulus and response, have began to lose their popularity in the 1960s as nativists contested that language acquisition is a biological process and innately determined. Nativists argue that children are born with an innate capacity that predisposes us to a systematic perception of language that in turn facilitates innate mechanisms such as the language acquisition device (LAD) (1965, cited in Brown, 2007, p. 28). The findings of later research that investigated the morphemes acquisition order provided empirical evidence for the systematicity of the language acquisition process in which an infant develops linguistic features of a language in similar sequences. A morpheme (a smallest meaningful linguistic unit) may be lexical or grammatical depending on the meaning, for example, the word dogs consist of the lexical morpheme dog- and the grammatical morpheme -s, and morpheme studies are primary concerned with grammatical morphemes."
Analysis of flag desecration as symbolic speech including symbolic speech and the first amendment; symbolic speech and fighting words and the landmark decision of Texas V. Johnson.
2,241 words (approx. 9 pages), 8 sources, 2001, $ 69.95
Abstract This paper provides a thorough analysis of the landmark case involving flag desecration, Texas V. Johnson, and the idea of flag desecration as fighting words. In order to argue for the recognition of flag desecration as fighting words, which are federally recognized elements of speech that by their very utterance incite a breech of the peace, the author first makes a clear and concise argument for flag desecration as symbolic speech.
From the Paper "In 1892, New York Baptist minister, Francis Bellamy wrote a few heartfelt words into his prayer book. The short prayer was to express his appreciation of the freedoms provided for in his beloved country ? America. Today we know that short prayer to be the Pledge of Allegiance. For more than one hundred years, American school children, new American citizens and men and women of the military have recited the patriotic prayer to show their loyalty to America. And although the recitors of the "pledge" face an American flag, the pledge is not of allegiance to the flag, but to the United States of America. In fact, Bellamy wrote that while thinking of the pledge his emphasis was on ?the republic for which it stands.? (Baer) We may further understand that the republic by his definition, is synonymous with America."
Abstract This paper discusses social change, reflected in different social and linguistic values. It discusses the changing Canadian English in French, in relation to "Glocal English", but also, the effect of multiculturalism, in the many languages spoken in large cities. The paper presents an interview with this in mind, indicating adjustments made by native English speakers in Toronto, without thinking, due to the many citizens who do not know English well. The paper concludes that "Glocal English" and Americanization are present, but also, this other fascinating phenomenon of social and linguistic change.
From the Paper "Social Change Reflected in Linguistic Change. Introduction Social change indicates linguistic change, and notably, in an officially bilingual Canada whose English and French populations have seen the infusion of dozens of other languages, many of them that remain in daily use. In Metropolitan Toronto, one-half of the population was born beyond Canada and one grows accustomed to expecting that a stranger to whom one speaks will speak English as the second, third or perhaps fourth language. Another change pertains to both English and French Canada in the arrival of terms and pronunciations considered American and towards a more American idiom of Canadian English."
This paper explores the areas of linguistics and the history of the English language in terms of what an English teacher should know before teaching the subject.
Abstract This paper asks if future English teachers should study the history of English. The writer shows that teachers should have a knowledge of linguistics. Main points of the paper include: why English is complicated, why languages (especially English) change, grammar rules and problems, spelling history and problems, how dialects are developed and how they influence English in the classroom, semantic changes and more. The paper concludes that all these contribute to a better and more interesting English classroom.
From the Paper "The English language has a rich history, spanning centuries and passed on by different tribes. A lot of other languages, especially French, has had some influence on the English language. The language has undergone many changes in its history, including the Great Vowel Shift, which changed the way English was spoken. Some people who know more than one language have said that English is the hardest language to learn. As of today, many educated professors and acclaimed administration members probably don"t know the real reasons behind some grammar rules and depend on technology to correct their fragment sentences. What makes English such a hard language to learn and use, even for its native speakers" Will the knowledge of the history behind the English language enable teachers to help students master English? I believe that knowledge leads to understanding; therefore teachers with a strong background in the history of English will be better equipped to teach this difficult subject."
Abstract This paper is a linguistic analysis of the German language. It compares German with Dutch and Afrikaans. The varieties of the German language; divisions into North Germanic and West Germanic are all discussed.
From the Paper "The German language bears many similarities to other Germanicl anguages such as Dutch and Afrikaans. Standard German is spoken with auvular R although the alveolar pronunciation is used in many of the standard German ..."
Abstract This paper studies the mail order industry and analyzes several key players in it. It discusses the key trends which have influenced the mail order industry and the future expected trends. It studies the structure of the mail order industry today. It specifically discusses Land's End and its major competitors. It concludes with recommendations for the future on how to make Land's End more successful.
From the Paper "The 1950s to the 1980s were an age of materialism. The 1980s began a new order of social thinking. People began to be more concerned about the quality of life and the quality of their home lives. The term "quality time" became a buzzword. The invention of the Internet had its beginning in 1982 [PBS.org, 1997]. Slowly over the next 10 years it grew in popularity. Today, the Internet is an integral part of our society. It is this shift in thinking that is responsible for the success that mail order and e-commerce have had in the recent decade.
"According to statistics from the Direct Marketing Association released June 4, 2001, catalog sales continue to increase at a rate more than twice that of overall retail growth. Catalog sales for 2001 were expected to reach 120 billion US dollars. That is an 8.9 percent increase over 2000 sales. By comparison, overall retail sales were only expected to grow 3.1 percent [DMA, 2001]."
Abstract This paper examines and compares two articles on how birth order affects a person's behavior. The two articles, "Born for Each Other" by Pamela Withers and "How Your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment" by Lucille K. Forer, both express a general agreement that birth order does shape our attitudes and behavior.
From the Paper "The two articles to be compared in this report each focus on questions related to birth order. Pamela Withers, in "Born for Each Other", provides a list of common birth order characteristics and also discusses some aspects of what it means to be an only child. Lucille K. Forer in, "How Your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment", considers the effect of birth order on relationships with parents siblings and self development. This essay will compare and contrast these two related articles each..."
Abstract This paper looks at studies which discuss whether the order of child's birth (first born, second born, etc) influences their personality and future. It compares how different children function according to their birth order and whether there are similarities in these. Psychological examinations are also performed and examined.
From the Paper "In previous years there have been quite a bit of research conducted on the subject of birth order and personality. However research on this matter has declined in at least the last 10 to 20 years. In all regards, it is the common perception that people who are first-born have the strongest disposition and have leadership tendencies. Research also tends to point out that children who are first-born usually have greater achievements in their professional careers. By the same token, these students are also more likely to have more mental disturbances than their younger siblings ( Nyman). There are conflicting results as to the popularity factor concerning the first born. Some researchers content that the first-born are generally more popular, thus more out-going. While others contend that the first-born are less popular?and perhaps more stand-offish (Nyman)."
Tags: sibling, rival, pressure, leader, follower, birth, order
Abstract This paper discusses the idea that many people believe that birth order has some kind of an impact on personality formation. This paper analyses the evidence, as documented in academic and scientific literature, in an attempt to answer the question if these ideas are valid, or are they like the claims of astrology - too vague, and too subject to myriad other influences, to be substantiated in any way? This paper shows there is in fact clear empirical evidence that birth order can have a significant impact on at least some important aspects of human personality.
This paper reviews an article by L.O. Linares, B. McAlister Groves, J. Greenberg, E. Bronfman, M. Augustyn and B. Zuckerman entitled, "Restraining Orders: A Frequent Marker Of Adverse Maternal Health".
Abstract This paper reviews an article which studied domestic violence and restraining orders. The paper summarizes the article's main points, as well as offers some of the statistics presented in the article. The discussion section describes how doctors can use intake forms about whether the parent has had to file for a restraining order as a method for determining which children are at risk for domestic violence, mental health problems, and substance abuse issues. Works by Roslyn Muraskin are incorporated into the paper to support the author's hypothesis.
From the Paper "Domestic violence has become a recognized public health issue, particularly among women of childbearing age who live in low-income neighborhoods. In Massachusetts, where this study was conducted, women are able to obtain a restraining order (RO) after reporting domestic violence. The authors of the study used a hospital database to identify women living in police districts with high levels of reported crime. Surveys were completed with mothers who agreed to participate; first by phone, then follow-up visits in person. Mothers were interviewed about family histories of domestic violence, and the researchers defined four major categories of DV abuse (verbal harassment, verbal threats/intimidation, physical assault, and destruction of property). After measuring the outcomes of these interviews, researchers assessed the common demographic characteristics. The sample of 160 mothers and their 3-6 year old children found that on average, the women were in their early thirties, 53% African American, 22% Hispanic, with the remaining mothers spread throughout other ethnic groups. 42% had a high school education, 32% had some college or beyond, and the remaining moms had less than a high school education. 63% of women were US-born, and 45% were on public assistance. 64 of the mothers, or 40% reported a history of filing for an RO, and 13 (20% had filed more than one. Mothers in the RO group were less likely to be married, more likely to report sexual abuse, but there was no difference in reported drug or alcohol use."
A discussion of the law which provides the police in England with sufficient powers to maintain public order and end any outbreaks of public disorder that may occur.
Abstract This paper offers a full discussion of Acts of Parliament in the constitutional area of public order powers. Statutory powers eg: arrest for breach of peace are also referred to. The writer then relates relevant case law and links it to the argument as necessary. The paper concludes with the mpact of political influence.
From the Paper "Problems with this question first occur when merely trying to define the terms given. We assume that "law" is a reference to either Statutory or the Common Law, and therefore the question is directing us not to consider the practical powers, in terms of resources, financing, etc., that the government award the police. (However, this essay would be incomplete without a brief analysis of the effect of these practical considerations on law-given powers, so there shall be a short section dedicated to these questions later.) By restricting our studies to England we shall also not have to consider the specific public order problems faced, especially in respect to parades, in Northern Ireland, and we shall assume again that the term "police" refers to the public police, not private policing relying on civil powers or indeed unofficial ?self-policing.?"
Abstract This paper discusses the theme of spatial order in Wallace Stevens' poem "Anecdote of the Jar" and in lines 87-115 in Act I Scene 3 of William Shakespeare's play "Troilus and Cressida." Tone, diction, and point of view are examined as well.
