Abstract This paper examines two distinct inventions: lightbulbs and solar energy. First it discusses the incandescent lightbulb and its inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, and explore the differences between incandescent and fluorescent lightbulbs. Then the long history and increasing importance of solar power and its modern applications are discussed.
From the Paper "On December 31st, 1879, after years of work and many experiments, Thomas Alva Edison gave the first demonstration of the incandescent light bulb at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He was assisted in his invention by Francis Upton, a Princeton Graduate who supplied the mathematical and theoretical expertise that Edison lacked. This invention established Edison's reputation as the world's greatest inventor. Before his invention, electric arc lighting was used to produce light. In this lighting system, lights were connected in a series circuit, so if one failed, the rest of the bulbs on the circuit also failed. (First Public Demonstration?)
Edison was able to spend so much time and money on the invention of the light bulb because of his reputation as an inventor. He had the support of financiers such as J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilts. They established the Edison Light Company and loaned Edison $30,000 for research and development. (First Public Demonstration?)"
Abstract This paper examines the myriad of changes brought about by the invention of the lightbulb. The paper presents issues of safety of lightbulbs as opposed to candles. The paper also claims that the lightbulb has changed the face of travel, enabling safe passage whether by car, boat, airplane or walking. It has also greatly increased productivity worldwide by allowing longer hours of work.
From the Paper "The light bulb was perhaps the most significant invention since fire; although fire was never truly invented. Nevertheless, the light bulb has impacted our lives on a scale similar to that of when our ancestors first harnessed the flame: it has altered the way people live their lives so drastically that it is difficult to even imagine life in its absence. Thanks to its invention, the night is open to far more activities than the candle or even the lantern could ever have provided. Its likelihood as a fire starter is much less than its predecessors, thus increasing the safety of people and their property. The light bulb has changed the face of travel. It has also greatly increased productivity worldwide."
Abstract This paper presents a research proposal to explain the ways in which light can damage retinas. The paper explains the differences between fluorescent, halogen, neodymium and regular incandescent lightbulbs and focuses on the risks and hazards associated with different types of light in the workplace. The paper specifically compares blue lighting to green lighting as it pertains to safety and health issues.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Rationale
Aim
Objectives
Hypothesis
Methodology
Data Collection Tools
Limitations
Analysis Technique
From the Paper "The research will also concentrate on defining the different types of bulbs that are currently available on the market including fluorescent, halogen, neodymium, and regular incandescent light bulbs. In recent years Compact Fluorescent light bulbs have grown in popularity because they have a much longer life span and require less energy than do regular incandescent lights. According to the United States Department of Energy Fluorescent lights utilize "75 percent less energy than standard incandescent bulbs and last up to 10 times longer ("Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs")." However there may be some harmful agents such as mercury contained in the fluorescent bulb. It is believed that the danger in these light bulbs is related to improper disposal or handling of a broken bulb."
Examines the risk and hazard factors of bright blue light in the workplace and compares the use of green light in the work place and examines the safety issues relating to green light use.
Abstract This research paper examines the hazards and risks associated with the use of blue light in the work place. In addition, the paper examines the use of green light in the workplace and the safety issues relating to the use of green light. Also examined is the fact that blue light marketers inform the public that lamps with 'enhanced' UV will ensure better health.
From the Paper "Photometric quantities such as luminance (brightness in cd/cm2 as perceived by a human "standard observer") and illuminance in lux (the "light" falling on a surface) indicate light levels spectrally weighted by the standard photometric visibility curve which peaks at 550 nm for the human eye. To quantify a photochemical effect it is not sufficient to specify the number of photons-per-square-centimeter (photon flux) or the irradiance (W/cm2) since the efficiency of the effect will be highly dependent on wavelength."
Abstract The paper discusses how the private security industry as a whole tends to benefit in times of social unrest and tension, such as during periods of concern about crime, or when other fears spur the public to seek ways to reduce the likelihood of becoming a victim.This paper further discusses security lighting, emphasizing that one of the best approaches to security is to illuminate the vicinity in order to increase one's sense of security, drive away intruders, reduce the likelihood of accidents, and at the same time create a more pleasing look for a building, a yard, or a parking lot. Lighting is required for many types of security system. For some, the lights themselves are a deterrent and constitute the primary security element. In other cases, lighting serves a secondary purpose as well.
Abstract Sources of light have different characteristics and properties. In this paper, we will study the metal filament lamp and the arc lamp in order to determine some of these differences.
Abstract This paper explains the uses, price, size and techniques involved in the workings of a black light. Black lights are UV rays that fascinate the young due to their fluorescent qualities and mystic effect.
Abstract In this article, the writer offers the examination of "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place", as a look at the postwar nihilistic ideas of Hemingway and others after World War I. The writer states that many view the images of light and darkness in Hemingway's work as an escape from reality in the real world. The writer discusses the view that this story also portray Hemingway's view of society following the war.
From the Paper "It has been argued that in 'A Clean Well-Lighted Place' Hemingway uses images of light and darkness to convey the need for refuge and escape from the darkness of reality in the outside world. While this is certainly true, it is possible to look deeper into this idea and see the story as Hemingway's nihilistic view of society after the horror that was World War I. Ernest Hemingway was a modernist and a philosopher. Just as important to this argument ... "
Tags: hemingway, nihilism, world war I, a clean well-lighted place
Abstract This paper examines how "Northern Lights" by Philip Pullman revolves around Lyra and her daemon Pantalaimon who are journeying North to rescue their friend Roger from an evil organization run by Lyra's estranged mother. It looks at how set in an alternate dimension, daemons are a huge factor in the story and evaluates how people and their daemons are connected and cannot survive apart. It shows how daemons can be considered our thoughts, feelings, personalities and consciences personified so that they can walk, talk and feel like us.
From the Paper "Pantalaimon represents Lyra's soul in a visual form. He also acts as a conscience working in a visual manner. The 'shrill cries' represents the hidden pent up anger and secret fear that Lyra is experiencing. These emotions would normally be hidden from the reader if it was not for the daemon. These 'hidden emotions' bring us closer to the characters. 'Lyra had to stop herself crying out , and Pantalaimon fluttered his wings so sharply that the other girls noticed.' This shows that the characters also relate to each other using the daemons. I think that the girls would not have known Lyra's intimate feelings if it were not for Pantalaimons unstoppable jolts of emotions. This also allows us to see deeper into the character's emotions. The daemons express the truth about human nature."
Abstract This paper reviews the 2004 movie "Friday Night Lights" about high school sport in America. The author includes an introduction, analysis, justification for the movie, relationship of the movie to sport in American life, contribution to society and conclusion.
From the Paper ""Friday Night Lights" starred Billy Bob Thornton, Tim McGraw, Derek Luke, Jay Hernandez, Lucas Black and Garrett Hedlund. "Friday Night Lights" is a movie that chronicles the true story of the Odessa Texas high school football team the Permian Panthers and ..."
Tags: Friday Night Lights, sports, obsession, movie review
Abstract The paper discusses a study where the goal is to measure the rate of photosynthesis that Elodea shoots have when they are exposed to specific light sources and distances. The paper hypothesizes that the quality of the light, not the quantity of the light, makes a difference, and having a lot more light will not necessarily make photosynthesis occur any faster. The paper lists the materials and methods used and explains the results that indicate that the rate of photosynthesis with a 100-watt bulb is much higher than the rates with 150-watt bulbs. The paper includes three charts of results.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Materials and Methods
Results
From the Paper "People have been interested in plants for hundreds of years, and a lot of people study them and grow them as hobbies. There are many different things that affect how a plant grows. Some of these are soil, temperature, oxygen, water, and nutrients (The soil, 2004). Light is also important for a growing plant because it must have light for photosynthesis to take place. In the simplest of terms, soil and light are the most important things for most experiments discussed and created with plants. The soil has a certain amount of water in it, and how much depends on what kind of soil it is. Different soils have different structures, and this determines how much water drains through and how much stays in the soil for the plant to use (The soil, 2004)."
Abstract Light beers have become a viable product in the last few years showing a certain ambiguous health consciousness on the part of the public, at least in America, so that people continue to drink beer but try to reduce their caloric intake at the same time. This paper compares the international markets for the products Bud Light (Anheuser-Busch International, Inc) and Coors Light (Coors Brewing Company).
The paper shows that taste may be a consideration in deciding which beer to purchase, but the success or failure of a lite beer in the international marketplace will depend as much on the marketing and distribution apparatus and skills of the companies that produce these beers, thus raising the issue of whether Anheuser-Busch or Coors will be better able to deliver the product to the consumer. The paper concludes that by this criterion in particular, Bud Light is in a better position than Coors Light.
From the Paper "Coors has been making progress in the international marketplace as well, but it has also encountered some problems. Canada is a major market for beer, as noted, and Coors had an agreement with Canada's biggest brewer, Molson Breweries, for licensing rights to Coors' top-selling beers in Canada. A dispute arose in 1996 leading to an agreement that Molson would continue to brew and sell Coors Light, Canada's dominant light beer, and Original Coors through June 30, 1997, with doubts about what would happen after that. A court ruling had found that Molson had breached its licensing deal by allowing Miller Brewing Co., a unit of Philip Morris Cos. Inc., to buy a 20 percent stake without Coors' consent in 1993. Molson Breweries is also owned 40 percent each by Toronto-based Molson Cos. Ltd. and Australia's Foster's Brewing Group Ltd. Molson had to pay Coors damages in the millions of dollars (Schuettler, "Coors/Molson Agree"). Coors Light is the dominant light beer in Canada, commanding a 5 to 5.5 percent share of the beer market, and Coors can ill-afford to ignore this market (Schuettler, "Molson Shares Dive")."
Abstract This paper overviews light rail technology and, specifically, Houston's light rail system. It also investigates whether or not the light rail has been a partial solution to Houston's crowded streets. Also, the costs of the system are discussed as well as future expansion plans.
Table of Contents
Light Rail Technology Overview
The Houston Light Rail System
Has the Houston Light Rail Been a Partial Solution
to Traffic Congestion in Houston
Costs of Building and Operating the Houston Light Rail
System and Future Expansion Plans
Opportunity Costs
MetroRail Accidents
From the Paper "Light rail systems typically are operated by electricity that is delivered through overhead lines. Occasionally, they use a third rail for its electrical power, whether they are standard or special third rail systems that only transmit power when the train is on that segment of the track. A few use diesel powered trains; however, this is often used as an interim measure until funding is available for the installation of electric power."
Abstract This paper deals with the two competing theories of light. The first part of the paper details the evidence supporting the theory of light as a particle, including both the most prominent scientists and the most conclusive mathematical data (Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, etc.); the second part lists the evidence in favor of the wave theory of light, including prominent supporters and the most concrete scientific evidence (Young's double-slit experiment, Clark Maxwell's mathematical equations). The paper concludes by detailing the newest theory to encompass both the particle and wave theories.
Particle Theory
Einstein
Isaac Newton
Scientific Evidence
Photoelectric Effect
Compton Effect
Wave Theory
Huygens
Scientific Evidence
Young's Double-slit Experiment
Maxwell Clark's Mathematical Equations
The Dual Nature of Light
From the Paper "If it is part of the material world, it is certainly, by dint of its surpassing subtlety, the part that is closest to the spirit, said Johannes Kepler in his description of light (Holt, 1). As elusive and mystical as the Almighty, light has been a companion, rivaled only by oxygen, to mankind since men first trod upon the earth, an eternal, comforting friend. It terrified and was deified by the men and women of religion; it fascinated and frustrated the theorists, the scientists, and countless cracks; and yet for both it offered an enigma to be solved, a question worthy of an answer. Thus, from the foothills of Classical Greece to the stone castles of Italy and Germany, humanity found itself hounded by a question seemingly so basic: What is light? This question remains only marginally answered at the end of this century, three millennia after the Greeks first hypothesized about the subject. Although centuries upon centuries of labor and experiments have led to millions of dusty binders and folders, only two camps ever gained the blessings of science in a quest for a solution: those who believed light to be a particle and those who believed it to be a wave. "
