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World Health Organization, 2007.
This paper discusses the World Health Organization under new direction, but not a new paradigm.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) has an explicitly delineated aim of promoting world health and overall social good. But, the writer points out, as the state of world health is in constant change, the organization has changed as well. The writer discusses that under its new director, the W.H.O. organization has attempted to reformulate and regroup to better meet contemporary international health demands. The writer then examines when analyzing changes to the bureaucratic structure, as seen through G. Burrell and G. Morgan's four paradigms for the analysis of social theory, what perspective the new leader really subscribes to and whether his viewpoint is really so new, after all.
From the Paper
"The Radical Humanist Paradigm or subjective-radical change rubric is equally subjective, but has a more assertively political rather than psychological focus. Social theorists from this paradigm are mainly concerned with analyzing perceived social constraints and to liberate human beings so they can realize their full potential. Dominant ideologies and organizations are not rational, nor inevitable; rather they only separate people from their individual identity. The contrasting Radical Structuralist Paradigm or objective-radical change paradigm supports organizational expansion and sees people as groups rather than as individuals. It believes that inherent structural conflicts within society perpetuates inequities and generate constant political and economic crises that are not inevitable or rational. Change is rational, not upholding the status quo."
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Qualitative Research and the World Health Organization, 2007.
This paper looks at the qualitative research methods used by the World Heath Organization.
823 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the World Health Organization makes use of qualitative as well as quantitative research to address problems such as malaria containment and the health and psychological consequences of the tsunami in East Asia. The paper points out the different approaches to conducting qualitative research that were employed in the malaria and tsunami studies.
From the Paper
"Interviewers are trained "to assess the specific control interventions planned" for different countries in the area of malaria containment ("Training workshop on Methods for Evaluation of Pilot Intervention Studies of the Malaria Control for Ethnic Minorities in the Greater Mekong Subregion Project," 2006, WHO). Persons in the field are also trained so WHO can deploy both "qualitative and quantitative methods" and a drive to recruit local interviewers is crucial because currently access to such anecdotal data is limited, "especially in qualitative methods"."
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An Ethical Health Care Organization, 2008.
Describes a hypothetical health care organization that would provide services for all the community.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, with today's growing cost of health care and the amount of Americans that remain uninsured, the author's dream is to be a part of an organization that provides health services to anyone and everyone. This organization will give services that many people would never be able to afford or receive based on their income level or situation. The author relates that, as a non-profit organization, this health care center will rely on donations, grants and people willing to volunteer their time. The paper stresses that each staff member will uphold the ethical and moral guidelines set by the organization to maintain the client's dignity.
From the Paper
"Our organization wants to let the community know that we are here for them. We want to provide a service that they will not be able to get anywhere else. The community is very important to us and we want to include their input in decisions that we make. This can include the look of building to our hours of operation. How the residents of the community view our organization is very important to us. We want them to feel proud that they have our services and encourage them to be a part of it. This organization is serious and committed to helping others in need and we enjoy doing it."
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The World Health Organization's Policy to Eradicate Polio, 2001.
An analysis of the positive aspects of eliminating this disease and weighing them against the costs or negative effects, in order to equitably determine whether or not this is a worthwhile cause.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 13 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"In May of 1988, at it?s annual meeting, the World Health Organization (WHO), resolved to eradicate polio from the world by the year 2000. This deadline has come and gone and there are still verified cases being reported in various parts of the world. However, since the inception of the eradication program, the number of confirmed, global poliomyelitis cases has fallen by over 95% (Aylward, 2000). The most effective way of determining if the eradication campaign is misguided is to do a cost-benefit analysis. By analyzing the positive aspects of eliminating this disease and weighing them against the costs or negative effects, one can equitably determine whether or not this is a worthwhile cause. When the humanitarian, economic and consequent benefits of this initiative are measured against the costs, a strong argument is made for eradication as a valuable disease control strategy."
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Health Care Organizations, 2005.
A discussion on the strategic management process in health care organizations.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the strategic management process in health care organizations in the present age. The paper reveals the various external factors which impact upon the organizational decisions of an organization and then notes the internal dynamics which also influence such decision making. It also stresses the need for excellent communication amongst all levels of the organizational hierarchy. The author acknowledges how external stimuli are forever causing adaptations or reassessments by the organization of what it is doing, why it is doing what it is doing, and how what it is doing might be improved upon.
From the Paper
"There can be little doubt that the strategic management process of a sophisticated health care organization is daunting in its complexity and astonishing in its breadth. The following paper will briefly review the environmental factors which shape strategic thinking in such organizations and it will also examine the internal factors which must come into play in any such organization if it is to achieve success in a competitive, demanding sector. With the aforementioned in mind, it is to a discussion of the strategic management process in health care organizations that this paper now turns. Drawing upon exhibit 1.4 in our course textbook, a few things become immediately apparent. The first of these is that the external environment shapes internal decision-making; no organizational move is made en vacuo. For instance, the general environment - consisting of government, business organizations, educational institutions ..."
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Health Maintenance Organizations, 2007.
An analysis of the creation and development of health maintenance organizations (HMOs).
1,511 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and health care delivery. It discusses the creation of HMOs and the situation before their existence. The paper then discusses their management and describes the use of technology with regard to service delivery. Finally, the paper describes some of the problems associated with HMOs.
Table of Contents:
Current Delivery and Accessibility Issues
Management
Technology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) have been evolving for Americans since the beginning of industrialization. The concept of the HMO was to ensure that workers had access to health care that was affordable and consistent. However, as time has progressed it has become apparent that HMOs are not necessarily the best alternative for health care because of rising costs, the lack of employers to pay portions of the HMO fees and the belief by physicians that HMOs do not allow them to practice medicine by their own ethical values. The creation of HMOs, however, has led many within the country to begin to realize that health care should be available to all people, regardless of their employment affiliations. While this was the original intention of the HMO in the nation, over time the complete existence of these organizations has begun to focus solely on monetary gain. Perhaps if the health care community and the government can refocus their concentration on the HMO as a type of provider for all Americans, the future of the HMO will progress successfully in the United States."
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Ethics and Health Organizations, 1999.
Examines ethical standards established by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 19 sources, $ 111.95
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Abstract
Examines ethical standards established by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations, with a focus on patient welfare and rights, a critique of utilitarianism, bioethics and nursing practice.
From the Paper
?GOOD PRACTICE IS GOOD ETHICS IS GOOD MANAGEMENT POLICY?: APPLICATION OF THE JCAHO ETHICAL REQUIREMENTS
Introduction
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations (JCAHO) establishes standards for health organizations that cover a wide spectrum of operations and responsibilities. One area for which standards are established by the JCAHO is ethics. Ethical standards for health organizations apply to clinical practice, research, and all other aspects of the management of health organizations (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations, 1996c).
To be accredited by the JCAHO, a health organization must be rated satisfactory on an assessment of the organization conducted by the JCAHO. This assessment covers all JCAHO ..."
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Health Maintenance Organizations Act Amendments of 1988, 1996.
Need for, legislative history, provisions, federal qualifications, costs & benefits, politics, impact on health industry.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
In 1988, the employers' war against escalating health care costs shifted to a new front as demands rose for a variety of measures to control the premiums paid to health maintenance organizations. Foremost in this war were the 1988 amendments to the HMO Act, approved by Congress and signed into law on October 24, 1988. This research examines the causes of these amendments, their legislative history and their impact on the health care industry.
In order to protect and nurture what was then a new approach in health care, Congress passed the HMO Act of 1973. The HMO Act of 1973 offered financial support for the development of health maintenance organizations and required employers who offered traditional health care plans to also offer an HMO alternative if a "federally qualified" health..."
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Health Maintenance Organizations in the U.S., 2005.
Examines the viability of having HMOs as part of the American healthcare system.
4,570 words (approx. 18.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
The term "HMO" was developed in the early 1970s as part of a Nixon Administration strategy to promote the growth of prepaid plans as a way of improving the capacity and efficiency of the nation's health system. The 1980s were a time of great development. In response to the access of high quality health care at affordable rates, HMO numbers increased, as did the number or members enrolled. The paper shows that today, however, consumers are starting to question the quality of health care that they are receiving. Therefore, HMOs are beginning to lose their popularity and fight an ongoing battle in the high cost of health care.
From the Paper
"There is also something of a conflict of interest in the way NCQA is financed. About half of its budget comes from accreditation fees, which may create an incentive against setting standards too high. Critics of NCQA and HEDIS say someone who is outside of the industry should perform accreditation and quality review. Bruce Vladeck, former head of the Health Care Financing Administration, suggested that for HEDIS to be a true measure of acceptable HMO practices some indicators should be on a "pass-fail" basis -- certain practices should be flatly off limits. However, according to NCQA president Margaret O'Kane, only one practice is flatly banned: giving utilization reviewers explicit financial rewards for minimizing treatments or admissions."
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Health Maintenance Organizations, 1992.
Examines purposes, fees, benefits, types and examples (Humana, Pacificare).
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) offer managed health care to their members. Members pay a fee to belong to the HMO, and are entitled to a wide range of benefits. Most often, the fee is either paid for or subsidized by the patient's employer, and most employees also opt to include their dependents on the plan. This research examines the HMO industry in the 1990s, and takes an in-depth look at one HMO in particular, PacifiCare.
Managed care, the umbrella term used to describe HMOs, refers to an organized group of medical professionals and facilities which works to control healthcare costs while maintaining appropriate levels of care. Many HMOs are publicly held corporations, in contrast to not.for.profit and private hospitals which may have smaller constituencies to answer to.. HMOs are generally responsible for delivering healthcare to an ..."
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Health Systems of the World, 2002.
Examines how governments handle health issues in Brazil, Portugal, Angola and the U.S.A.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the health care system of Brazil and compares it to those of the U.S.A., Portugal and Angola, (in effect comparing the health system of a developing country to that of developed countries and the Third World). The paper looks at the problems each country is forced to contend with, including AIDS, malaria and cancer. Statistics are provided.
From the Paper
"Portugal, a European country with a population approximately equal to that of Angola, is a totally different case. Portugal is second only to the US in its governmental funding of health care. Due to the high literacy rate and good public education, the country has done a lot to prevent AIDS. Health care is number one priority of the Portuguese government, and the country has probably the best free health care in the world. Although smoking and heart disease are major problems in Portugal, and in Europe as a whole, they will not be discussed in this essay because they are not infectious diseases of any kind."
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The World Trade Organization: Its Structure and Organization, 2001.
A personal paper arguing for the need of the World Trade Organization.
1,546 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the World Trade Organization, or WTO and debates whether or not the WTO has a positive effect on the world. The author takes the position that one needs a place to take disputes and set regulations for the international economy.
From the Paper
"The World Trade Organization, which was created in 1995, was the biggest reform of international trade since 1948. During the previous years, international commerce had been organized under GATT, which established a multilateral trading system. However, by the 1980s major restructuring was needed. The Uruguay Round brought about that overhaul. It was the largest trade negotiation ever."
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Mental Health and Physical Health, 2005.
Discusses the reasoning behind two beliefs - whether or not mental health should be treated on par with physical health.
930 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
There are two arguments regarding the treatment of mental health. Some believe that it should receive the same amount of health care coverage as physical illness, while others argue that the costs of treating mental illness could lead to severe problems. To better understand these arguments, this paper examines two articles, "Mental Health Should be Treated on Par with Physical Health," by Lewis L. Judd, and "Mental Health Should Not be treated on Par with Physical Health," by Richard E. Vatz, as well as two of their reference sources.
From the Paper
"Martin Bobgan and Deidre Bobgan, the writers of an article titled, "Mental Illness is not a Disease" would probably agree that spending money on mental illness, and treating it equally to physical illness would be a lost cause. Although their opinion is much more drastic than that of Richard Vatz, all three writers would probably seem to agree that covering mental illness in insurance coverage would not be helpful to society. In the article, Mental Illness is not a Disease," Martin and Deidre Bobgan profess that people "continue to promote the false concept of mental illness, to align it with medicine, and consign it to science." It is apparent that these writers believe that the mental state and one's physical well-being fall into completely different categories."
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Health Education and Health Promotion, 2002.
An overview of health education and promotion programs in the States today.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 14 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper examines programs for health education and health promotion in the United States today. It identifies the importance of health promotion and theoretical models of health promotion. It also focuses on appeals to diverse groups within American society.15 pgs, bibliography lists 14 sources.
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Global Sanitary Health Conditions, 2006.
This paper is an empirical study of World Health Organization data evaluating the relationship of sanitary health conditions to the number of cases of HIV and tuberculosis.
7,765 words (approx. 31.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 168.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that home-based care is a strategy increasingly relied on by many countries adversely affected by HIV/AIDS because they have weak health systems and infrastructures and are overwhelmed by the volume of patients requiring long-term care, and yet, their sanitation and hygiene, which underpin these home care strategies, are often poor. The author uses variables such as the number of people living with HIV, GDP/Capita (US$), expenditure on health per capita (US$), access to improved water resources in urban and rural areas, access to better sanitation facilities in urban and rural areas, prevalence of contraceptives (which serves to explain the sexual behavior) and the number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases detected in a year. The paper is based on a statistical regression procedure including ANOVA on all the selected variables with the number of people with HIV and tuberculosis living in 70 countries; the data is reported by organizing these countries into global regional zones.
Table of Contents
Analysis of Data for the World
AFR (African Region)
HIV
Tuberculosis
South-East Asian Region
HIV
TB Cases
West-Pacific Region
HIV
The Eastern Mediterranean Region
HIV Cases
TB Cases
American Region
Data
HIV Cases
TB Cases
European Region (EUR)
HIV Dependent
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"While in many African countries, everyone is vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, the people worst affected are those living in poor, over crowded areas that lack adequate sanitary facilities, water supply, and medical care. Having a potable water supply and latrine close to one's home is a basic human right. Access to adequate water supply and sanitation facilities helps people to live healthier lives, free from the risks of water and sanitation related illnesses and affords them the dignity that is due to them being human being. For a person living with HIV/AIDS access to water and sanitation facilities is especially critical. The risks posed by poor facilities can be fatal. It is an undeniable fact that poverty goes hand-in-hand with inadequate hygiene and sanitation facilities and people living in over crowded slum areas severely face this inadequacy. It is observed from the data obtained from WHO that the incidence of HIV is positively correlated with absolute poverty (in terms of income <$1) by a factor 0.25 and with the Gini coefficient by a factor of 0.21. In this study, data have been analyzed on various variables and has made an effort to explain the correlations and trends for each of the regions classified by the WHO."
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